15 results on '"Chen, Yongqiang"'
Search Results
2. A breakthrough method for the recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries without pre-sorting.
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Zhang, Jialiang, Liang, Guoqiang, Yang, Cheng, Hu, Juntao, Chen, Yongqiang, and Wang, Chengyan
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LITHIUM-ion batteries ,SUSTAINABLE chemistry ,INDUSTRIAL capacity ,METALLURGY - Abstract
Inspired by the process of "metallurgy first and then beneficiation" for disposing low-grade and complex mineral resources, we proposed a breakthrough method to recover valuable metals from spent entire lithium-ion batteries that experienced only discharge and simple cut, removing the pre-sorting process, which is an inevitable but problematic process in the commonly used hydrometallurgical method. Reduction roasting was first conducted to directly treat spent entire LIBs, and the cathode materials are dissociated and transformed to simple substances. Moreover, the harmful electrolytes, binder and membrane are decomposed into the gas, and can be disposed by the well-established, widely used technology. Over 81% of Li can be preferentially extracted from the roasted products by carbonation water leaching. In addition, more than 95% of Ni, Co and Cu can be leached by additional oxidation ammonia leaching, while Mn in the ammonia leaching residue can be recovered via beneficiation process. Finally, the ammonia solution can be reused after the recovery of valuable metals. Overall, this new recycling method with advantages of high metal recovery efficiency, easily accessible equipment and environmental friendliness can meet the requirements of green chemistry, and has great potential in industrial production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
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3. Graphite regenerating from retired (LFP) lithium-ion battery: Phase transformation mechanism of impurities in low-temperature sulfation roasting process.
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Gao, Yang, Zhang, Jialiang, Chen, Yongqiang, Wang, Ling, and Wang, Chengyan
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SULFATION , *PHASE transitions , *ROASTING (Metallurgy) , *LITHIUM-ion batteries , *HEAT treatment - Abstract
Regenerating spent graphite from retired lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) makes a great contribution to alleviate the shortage of plumbago and protect the ecological environment. In this study, low temperature sulfation roasting-acid leaching integrated with high heat treatment was applied on regenerating spent graphite. Firstly, the results of EDS combined with XRD analysis show that spent graphite contains the phases of FePO 4 , FePO 4 ·2H 2 O and elemental Al. Next, based on the thermodynamic calculations and SEM-EDS analysis before and after sulfation roasting process, the phase transformation mechanism of impurities was proposed, namely, these impurities contain Fe and P, as well as elemental Al can be converted into corresponding water-soluble sulfate or phosphate. Afterwards, XRD and Raman analysis is conducted on these specimens, including the graphite before and after regeneration as well as commercialized graphite (CG). The result shows that regenerated graphite (RG) has a good degree of crystallinity and graphitization, which is very similar to that of CG. At last, RG exhibits an outstanding electrochemical property with an initial charge capacity of 353.4 mA h/g and a cyclic capacity stability of 99.4% in 50 cycles at 0.1 A/g, which is roughly equal to that of CG (355.6 mA h/g, 99.6%). Overall, this work clarifies phase transformation mechanism of impurities in low temperature sulfation roasting process, and also establishes a basic theory for graphite regeneration. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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4. A method for the preparation of graphene from spent graphite of retired lithium-ion batteries.
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Xie, Xinfu, Zhang, Jialiang, Chen, Yongqiang, and Wang, Chengyan
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GRAPHITE , *GRAPHENE , *LITHIUM-ion batteries , *GRAPHENE oxide , *GRAPHITE oxide , *POTASSIUM permanganate - Abstract
Recycling spent graphite is significant for the sustainable development of the lithium-ion industry. In this study, due to the damaged structure of spent graphite, a modified Hummers' method combined with thermal reduction is proposed to achieve the preparation of graphene and the simultaneous removal of impurities from the spent graphite. In the preparation of graphene oxide, the results show that the optimum mass ratio of spent graphite to oxidizing agent (KMnO 4) is 1:3, under which the C/O and I D / I G values of graphene oxide are 1.99 and 1.52, respectively. The residual contents of various metal impurities in graphene oxide are lower than 100 ppm, and the impurities removal efficiency is better than that by acid leaching with the same acid dosage. After thermal reduction, reduced graphene oxide with a disordered few-layer structure is successfully prepared. It shows that spent graphite as a raw material for the preparation of graphene is superior to commercial graphite in terms of cost, and processing one ton of spent graphite yields a profit of $52,651.4. Our research can realize the diversified and efficient utilization of spent graphite and has a broad industrial application prospect. [Display omitted] • Reduced graphene oxide successfully prepared from spent graphite. • Spent graphite is more suitable for graphene preparation than commercial graphite. • This method can simultaneously remove impurities from spent graphite. • High-value utilization of spent graphite and multicomponent recycling are achieved. • Each ton of spent graphite processed can make a profit of $52651.4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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5. Pollutant reduction and closed-loop process for recovering high value-added products from spent lithium-ion batteries.
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Yang, Cheng, Zhang, Jialiang, Chen, Yongqiang, and Wang, Chengyan
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GREENHOUSE gases , *LITHIUM-ion batteries , *POLLUTANTS , *ENERGY consumption , *SOLVENT extraction , *WASTE recycling , *IRON-manganese alloys - Abstract
The conventional hydrometallurgical process for recycling spent ternary lithium-ion batteries has incomplete lithium recovery, excessive chemical consumption, and generation of wastewater and waste residues. Herein, an innovative route is employed to recover valuable metals from spent ternary cathode material. Firstly, LiNi x Co y Mn z O 2 is dissociated and reduced into Li 2 CO 3 , elemental Ni and Co, and MnO via self-reduction roasting with graphite and precise control of phase transformation. Second, 92.8% of Li is selectively extracted via carbonation water leaching. Finally, ammonia leaching in the (NH 4) 2 CO 3 –NH 3 –O 2 system is used for the first time to selectively extract approximately 98% of Ni and Co from the leaching residue. The trace leaching leaching of Mn and impurity elements simplifies the subsequent solution purification and solvent extraction processes, and reduces the generation of waste residues. Because of the valence difference between Ni and Co in the ammonia leachate, they can be deeply separated via a two-stage solvent extraction, followed by ammonia evaporation to obtain cobalt products directly from the raffinate. Leaching agents and mother liquor can be reused, reducing recycling costs and avoiding the generation of high-salt wastewater. Economic and environmental evaluation results show that the proposed process has low energy consumption, low greenhouse gas emissions, and high recycling profit. [Display omitted] • An innovative and efficient route was proposed for recovering spent LIBs. • LiNi x Co y Mn z O 2 was converted into Li 2 CO 3 , Ni, Co and MnO by self-reduction roasting. • 92.8% of Li was selectively extracted by carbonation water leaching. • More than 98% of Ni and Co were extracted by selective ammonia leaching. • The proposed process was evaluated as economical and environmentally friendly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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6. High value-added regeneration of anode materials from retired lithium-ion batteries: Structural design and synthesis process.
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Gao, Yang, Zhang, Jialiang, Chen, Yongqiang, and Wang, Chengyan
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LITHIUM-ion batteries , *STRUCTURAL design , *CARBON composites , *ANODES - Abstract
Recovery of anode materials from retired lithium-ion batteries attracted widespread attention because of the environmental and resource factors. Silicon carbon composites are expected to replace graphite due to the high specific capacity, stable voltage platform and abundant reserves of silicon. Herein, we have successfully synthesized spherical silicon/recovered-graphite composite (SSRC) with different silicon content (5%∼20%) via a spray pyrolysis technology. For comparison, we fabricated 10% Si flaky silicon/recovered-graphite composite. The morphological and compositional analysis show Si nanoparticles can be uniformly distributed on the framework, thus the volumetric expansion of Si can be effectively relieved. The electrochemical properties indicate spherical material with 10% Si exhibits an outstanding cycling performance of 91.6% at 1.0C over 200 cycles, surpassing that of flaky material (88.7%). Additionally, NMP and ethanol can be collected separately for recycling. Overall, this work proposed an efficient and environmentally friendly approach for recovering anode materials and enabling their value-added utilization. • Spherical silicon-carbon material is synthesized by a spray pyrolysis technology. • NMP and Ethanol can be recycled during the spray-pyrolysis process. • Compared with flaky material, Si can be evenly distributed in spherical material. • Spherical material delivers a cyclic stability of 91.6% at 1.0C after 200 cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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7. Two targets, one strike: Efficient recovery of lithium and simultaneous removal of impurities from spent LFP batteries via ferric ions assisted air oxidation method.
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Lin, Mengyu, Zhang, Jialiang, Xu, Chengjun, Chen, Yongqiang, and Wang, Chengyan
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ALUMINUM forming , *ALUMINUM oxide , *ALUMINUM oxidation , *SUBSTITUTION reactions , *IRON ions - Abstract
[Display omitted] • A novel ferric ions-assisted air oxidation method was proposed to recycle spent LFP batteries. • Fe3+ was ingeniously introduced to leach Al through redox reaction. • 98.8% of Li and 95.2% of Al can be simultaneously and selectively leached. • Cl− can disrupt the Al 2 O 3 and promote the leaching of aluminum by forming [AlCl 4 ]−. • XPS, TEM and TOF-SIMS were employed to investigate the leaching mechanism. Recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has become urgently imperative to address global environmental issues and achieve sustainable development of new energy industries. Prioritizing lithium and aluminum leaching is an ideal path for recovering lithium efficiently from spent LFP and preparing high-purity battery-grade FePO 4. Here, a novel ferric ions-assisted air oxidation method was proposed for the simultaneous leaching of Li and Al. Fe3+ was ingeniously introduced playing two roles: acting as a catalyst for air oxidation and leaching aluminum. 98.8% Li and 95.2% Al are selectively leached under optimal conditions. The thermodynamic analysis indicated that the displacement reaction between Al and Fe3+ dominates the leaching of Al. Furthermore, Cl− can promote the leaching of Al by forming a stable complex [AlCl 4 ]− with Al3+. The reaction course and mechanism were clarified by various characterizations, which indicate that the successful selective leaching of lithium does not destroy the original structure of LFP and the presence of carbon coatings. A cycling process was proposed for enriching the Li+ concentration and reusing Fe3+, and then Li 2 CO 3 with a purity of 99wt.% was successfully prepared. This method demonstrates excellent economic efficiency and environmental friendliness, thus providing a sustainable and low-carbon recycling route for the spent LFP industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2025
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8. Regenerating spent graphite from scrapped lithium-ion battery by high-temperature treatment.
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Gao, Yang, Zhang, Jialiang, Jin, Hao, Liang, Guoqiang, Ma, Linlin, Chen, Yongqiang, and Wang, Chengyan
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GRAPHITE , *LITHIUM-ion batteries , *HEAT treatment , *ELECTROCHEMICAL analysis , *SULFURIC acid , *LEACHING - Abstract
Regenerating spent graphite from scrapped LIBs draws a significant role in utilizing spent graphite materials and protecting ecological environment. Heat treatment is an essential step in the regeneration process of spent anode. In this study, we focused on the effect of high-temperature treatment on graphite lattice structural reconstruction and electrochemical performance. Prior to heat treatment at different temperatures (e. g. 700, 900, 1100, 1300 and 1500 °C), spent graphite could be purified in sulfuric acid solution. Then, the structural analysis was performed by using XRD tests before and after regeneration, and the results show that when temperature reaches 900 °C, recovered graphite had already formed a good crystallinity. Additionally, the analysis of size distribution, surface area and pore diameter distribution were performed to characterize physical properties. The results showed that heat-treated graphite at 900 °C (HTT-900) displayed the optimal physical properties, which was close to that of commercial graphite. Furthermore, HTT-900 retained an outstanding initial specific capacity (358.1 mAh/g at 0.1C) and a remarkable cycle stability (capacity retention of 98.8% after 100 cycles). Moreover, the reversible capacities of HTT-900 at 0.1–2.0C and another 0.1C reached up to 356.8, 340.1, 306.1, 242.6, 69.7 and 359.2 mAh/g, respectively. [Display omitted] • Regenerated graphite can be obtained from spent Li-ion batteries by a simple sulfuric acid leaching and high temperature treatment. • The mechanism of graphite lattice transformation was investigated during the heat treatment process. • Heat-treated graphite at 900 ℃ (HTT-900) shows an outstanding cycle stability (capacity retion of 98.8 % after 100 cycles) and a remarkable rate perfoemance, and the subsequent electrochemical performance analysis explains the reason. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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9. Opportunity and challenges in recovering and functionalizing anode graphite from spent lithium-ion batteries: A review.
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Gao, Yang, Zhang, Shaoyan, Lin, Shuanglong, Li, Zhongqiu, Chen, Yongqiang, and Wang, Chengyan
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LITHIUM-ion batteries , *INDUSTRIAL laws & legislation , *ENVIRONMENTAL protection , *PYROMETALLURGY , *ANODES - Abstract
Recent concerns have emerged regarding the improper disposal of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), which has garnered widespread societal attention. Graphite materials accounted for 12–21 wt % of LIBs' mass, typically contain heavy metals, binders, and residual electrolytes. Regenerating spent graphite not only alleviated the shortage of plumbago, but also contributed to the supports environmental protection as well as national carbon peak and neutrality ("dual carbon" goals). Despite significant advancements in recycling spent LIBs had been made, a comprehensive overview of the processes for pretreatment, regeneration, and functionalization of spent graphite from retired LIBs, along with the associated technical standards and industry regulations enabling their smooth implementation still needed to be mentioned. Hence, we conducted the following research work. Firstly, the pre-treatment process of spent graphite, including discharging, crushing, and screening was summed up. Next,. Subsequently, graphite recovery methods, such as acid leaching, pyrometallurgy, and combined methods were summarized. Moreover, the modification and doping approach was used to enhance the electrochemical properties of graphite. Afterwards, we reviewed the functionalization of anode graphite from an economically and environmentally friendly view. Meanwhile, the technical standards and industry regulations of spent LIBs in domestic and oversea industries were described. Finally, we provided an overview of the technical challenges and development bottlenecks in graphite recycling, along with future prospects Overall, this study outlined the opportunities and challenges in recovering and functionalizing of anode materials via a efficient and sustainable processes. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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10. A simplified method for the recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries via manganese selective recovery by anoxic ammonia leaching and spontaneous precipitation.
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Ou, Huwei, Zhang, Jialiang, Shen, Ao, Chen, Yongqiang, and Wang, Chengyan
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LITHIUM-ion batteries , *MANGANESE , *LEACHING , *PHASE transitions , *AMMONIA , *WASTE recycling - Abstract
Due to the high cost of the manganese solvent extraction process in the conventional recycling of spent NCM-ternary lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), we employed an anoxic complexation ammonia leaching-spontaneous precipitation process to selectively recover manganese from the black mass of spent ternary LIBs. This innovation serves as a substitution for the conventional acid leaching-manganese solvent extraction, aiming to reduce costs and enhance the efficiency of the recycling process. Specifically, the controlled reduction roasting was performed to achieve the dissociation of LiNi x Co y Mn z O 2 and the phase transition to MnO and metallic Ni and Co. Exploiting this difference, ammonia-ammonium carbonate were employed as leaching agents, which enabled the selective leaching of over 96 % of manganese, while those of nickel and cobalt were only 1.2 % and 2.6 %. After filtration, the MnCO 3 product with high purity was precipitated by allowing the leachate to stand for 12 h without adding any reagent. The ammonia solution could be circulated to leaching the subsequent batch of spent LIBs. Thermodynamic calculations were used to elucidate the leaching and crystallization mechanisms. Comparative process analysis and economic assessments confirmed that the proposed new method is extremely appealing due to its high selectivity, considerable economic advantages, and environmental benefits. A atom economic method was proposed to selectively extract manganese from spent LIBs via controlled reduction and ammonia leaching. [Display omitted] • The manganese is selectively recovered from spent ternary lithium-ion batteries. • 96 % of manganese was leached and those of nickel and cobalt were 1.2 % and 2.6 %. • The manganese was recovered as MnCO 3 by spontaneous precipitation. • The leaching and crystallization mechanism of manganese was revealed. • The process comparison confirmed the economic and environmental benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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11. Regeneration of graphite anode from spent lithium iron phosphate batteries: Microstructure and morphology evolution at different thermal-repair temperature.
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Xie, Xinfu, Fan, Wenwen, Zhang, Jialiang, Ma, Ruixin, Chen, Yongqiang, and Wang, Chengyan
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IRON , *MICROSTRUCTURE , *LITHIUM-ion batteries , *ANODES , *MORPHOLOGY , *GRAPHITE - Abstract
Recycling of graphite anode from spent lithium ion batteries is critical to the sustainability of the Li-ion battery industry. In this work, the effect of temperature on the microstructure morphology of graphite is studied systematically and the correspondence between the structure morphology and electrochemical properties is elucidated for the first time. The results show that heat treatment leads to the carbonization of organic impurities in spent graphite and the formation of an amorphous carbon layer on the graphite surface. The evolution of the carbon layer from formation to disappearance occurs at different heat-treatment temperatures, which is why the optimal heat-treatment temperature is not the highest heat-treatment temperature. Under optimal conditions, the regenerated graphite exhibits a charging capacity of 339.5 mAh g−1 at 0.1C, and displays a high retention rate of 97.7% after 60 cycles. Our work promotes the regeneration and utilization of spent graphite anode in the industry. [Display omitted] • The evolution of the microstructure and morphology of graphite was studied. • Mechanism for regeneration of spent graphite heat treatment was proposed. • The main reasons affecting the performance of graphite were elucidated. • Excessive heat treatment temperature deteriorate the properties of graphite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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12. Efficient and economical recovery of lithium, cobalt, nickel, manganese from cathode scrap of spent lithium-ion batteries.
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Zhang, Jialiang, Hu, Juntao, Zhang, Wenjuan, Chen, Yongqiang, and Wang, Chengyan
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CATHODE testing , *LITHIUM-ion batteries , *CARBONATION (Chemistry) , *LEACHING , *THERMODYNAMICS - Abstract
Abstract A combined process was presented to recover valuable metals from lithium nickel cobalt manganese (NCM) cathodes of spent lithium-ion batteries. In this process, the cathode scrap was first roasted with carbonaceous reductant, and then carbonation water leaching was employed to selectively extract Li from the roasted cathodes. Finally, the obtained residue was leached in sulfuric acid solution to recover Co, Ni and Mn. A systematic investigation combining thermodynamic analysis, leaching experiments and characterization was conducted to explore the effect of operating conditions and leaching mechanism. The results indicate that the leaching of Li is significantly improved by injecting of CO 2 into the leaching system, and more than 80% of Li can be leached within 10 min at a low liquid-solid ratio. High-quality Li 2 CO 3 can be prepared from the leachate by direct evaporation. More than 96% of Ni, Co and Mn are extracted without adding reductant under the conditions of a H 2 SO 4 dosage of 1.15 times the theoretical value, a time of 2.5 h, a temperature of 55 °C and a liquid-solid ratio of 3.5 mL g−1. The acid leaching process is more efficient and economical, which is ascribed to the transformation of the low-valence states of metals with high activity after reduction roasting. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights • An efficient and economical process was proposed for recovering spent LIBs. • Over 85% of Li was selectively extracted at a low L/S ratio by carbonation leaching. • High-quality Li 2 CO 3 was prepared via direct evaporation of carbonation leachate. • More than 98% of Ni, Mn and 96% of Co were leached without adding reductant. • Leaching mechanism of Co, Ni and Mn was explained by thermodynamic calculation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2018
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13. A promising approach for the recovery of high value-added metals from spent lithium-ion batteries.
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Hu, Juntao, Zhang, Jialiang, Li, Hongxu, Chen, Yongqiang, and Wang, Chengyan
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LITHIUM-ion batteries , *CARBONATED beverages , *CHEMICAL reduction , *ELECTROCHEMICAL electrodes , *LEACHING , *X-ray diffraction - Abstract
The aim of the paper is to present a promising approach for recycling high value-added metals from the cathode materials of spent LIBs. The synthesis process of NCM cathode material enlightened us to apply reduction roasting to break LiNi x Co y Mn z O 2 into simple compounds or metals. Accordingly, the effect of several factors such as temperature, carbon dosage and roasting time is assessed on the leaching efficiency of valuable metals. The roasted products are analyzed by XRD and SEM-EDS, and the results show that the cathode material after reduction roasting is primarily transformed into Li 2 CO 3 , Ni, Co and MnO. However, the solubility of Li 2 CO 3 is relatively low, so carbonated water leaching is used to treat the roasted products. Then the filtrate is evaporated for the preparation of pure Li 2 CO 3 , and residue is leached to recycle other metals with H 2 SO 4 . The results indicate that, after roasted at 650 °C for 3 h with 19.9% carbon dosage, 84.7% Li is preferentially recovered via carbonated water leaching, and more than 99% Ni, Co and Mn are recycled via acid leaching without adding reductant. Finally, the products of Li 2 CO 3 , NiSO 4 , CoSO 4 and MnSO 4 are obtained. The process have great potential for industrial-scale recycling from spent LIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
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14. Economical and low-carbon regeneration of spent LiFePO4 materials by hydrothermal relithiation.
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Yang, Yingpan, Liu, Zixiao, Zhang, Jialiang, Chen, Yongqiang, and Wang, Chengyan
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INDUSTRIAL capacity , *CHEMICAL structure - Abstract
With the increasing use of LiFePO 4 (LFP) batteries, recycling spent LFP cathode materials in a green, efficient and economical way becomes essential. This study proposes a hydrothermal method directly regenerating spent LFP using low-cost Na 2 SO 3 as a reductant, with Li 2 SO 4 solution as the lithium source. The effects of reductant dosage, Li concentration and hydrothermal temperature were systematically investigated during LFP regeneration. The results show that both the chemical structure and electrochemical performance of the spent LFP cathode materials can be restored in the hydrothermal and reduction systems. The regeneration was performed in 6 h at 200 °C. 9 g L−1 of Li, and a 1:2 mass ratio of reductant to spent LFP was used. The regenerated LFP shows optimal electrochemical performance of 145.1, 142.7, 139.9, 135.9, 129.3, and 115.0 mAh g−1 at 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, and 5 C, respectively. In addition, the capacity retention rate is> 99% after 100 cycles at 1 C. The method achieved the targeted repair by bringing the Li-ions into complete contact with spent LFP in a liquid-phase environment, leading to excellent homogeneity of the regenerated LFP. This hydrothermal regeneration technique is green and economical and has potential industrial applications. [Display omitted] • A hydrothermal method was proposed to directly regenerate spent LFP. • Low-cost and safe reductant, Na2SO3, was used. • The regenerated LFP exhibits good rate performance and cycling stability. • The regeneration mechanism was clarified by various characterization means. • The regenerated LFP particles were well dispersed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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15. Regeneration of graphite anode from spent lithium-ion batteries via microwave calcination.
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Fan, Wenwen, Zhang, Jialiang, Ma, Ruixin, Chen, Yongqiang, and Wang, Chengyan
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LITHIUM-ion batteries , *MICROWAVES , *GRAPHITE , *ANODES , *SULFURIC acid - Abstract
[Display omitted] • Microwave calcination is applied to regenerate spent anode graphite. • Microwave calcination consumes less energy than conventional calcination. • The charge specific capacity of regenerated graphite is 354.1 mAh·g−1 at 0.1 C. • The capacity retention rate of regenerated graphite is 98.3% after 60 cycles at 0.1 C. An efficient and economical recycling method for spent anode graphite via microwave has been proposed in this study. The spent graphite (SG) was firstly treated by sulfuric acid curing-acid leaching, and then regenerated by microwave calcination. The effects of microwave calcination temperature and time on electrochemical performance were systematically studied. The morphology and structure of graphite were analyzed by SEM, FT-IR and XRD. The results show that compared with the SG, regenerated graphite (RG) obtained by microwave calcination has a neat graphite surface and a significantly improved electrochemical performance, such as the initial coulombic efficiency and the charge specific capacity at 0.1 C are 83.4% and 354.1 mAh·g−1, and the capacity retention rate after 60 cycles at 0.1 C increases to 98.3%. In addition, microwave calcination has the advantages of selective heating and fast heating rate. Therefore, this method can realize efficient regeneration of spent anode graphite with low-energy consumption, which provides new light on the recycling of spent graphite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
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