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The intermittent nature of renewable energy generation can be tackled by integrating them with electrochemical energy storage, which can also close the gap between supply and demand effectively. It has recently been demonstrated that Si3N4‐based negative electrodes are a promising option for lithium‐ion batteries due to their large theoretical capacity and appropriate working potential with extremely low polarization. In the present work, Si3N4 was utilized as anode material in all‐solid‐state lithium‐ion battery with lithium borohydride as a solid electrolyte and Li foil placed as a counter electrode. The electrochemical properties were investigated using galvanostatic charge/discharge profiling whereas the mechanism of lithiation delithiation was investigated in detail using x‐ray diffraction (XRD). The highest capacity of the composite materials was obtained as 1700 mAhg−1 at 0.05 C current rate in the first cycle, which is reduced to 370 in 5 cycles. However, a stability in the capacity was observed in subsequent cycles and a retention of almost 88% could be achieved in 150 cycles. The interfacial resistance before and after the electrochemical cycling was observed as 326 Ω and 13 kΩ, respectively which is also supported by the microstructural investigations where the cracks are observed because of thermochemical reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrochemical energy storage is considered a remarkable way to bridge the gap between demand and supply due to intermittent renewable energy production. All-solid-state batteries are an excellent alternative and are known to be the safest class of batteries. In the present scenario to accomplish the energy demands, high-capacity and stable anodes are warranted and can play a vital role in technology upgradation. Among the variety of anodes, alloying-type anodes are superior due to their high gravimetric capacity and stability. In the present work, zinc metal was implemented as electrode material in an all-solid-state lithium-ion battery. This anode material was tested with two different solid-state electrolytes, i.e., lithium borohydride (LiBH4) and halide-stabilized LiBH4 (i.e., LiBH4.LiI). In a coin cell, Li foil was placed as a counter electrode. The establishment of a reaction mechanism during the charging and discharging was obtained through X-ray diffraction (XRD) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). Systematic studies using the temperature dependence performance were also conducted. The volumetric density with both electrolytes was found at more than 3000 mAh/cm3. The coulombic efficiency for the electrode material was also observed at ~94%. These impressive numbers present zinc electrodes as a promising material for future electrode material for all-solid-state Li-ion batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: All‐solid‐state Li‐ion batteries are considered as next‐generation batteries, which provide safer operation by replacing the flammable liquid electrolyte by solid electrolyte. Developing these batteries using high capacity anode materials is warranted with the increasing demand of the energy sector. Among all the anode materials, alloying‐type anode materials are very attractive due to their high gravimetric as well as volumetric capacities, but they show large volume expansion which can be buffered by mixing different materials. Herein, all‐solid‐state Li‐ion batteries were prepared using Sb chalcogenide composites as electrode materials, and the detailed electrochemical reaction mechanism for the lithiation/delithiation has been established using cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical charge–discharge profiling, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The lithiation reaction for all the composites was found to be conversion reaction in the first step (Sb↔ Li2X and Sb) followed by alloying reaction in the second step (Sb ↔ Li3Sb), which is similar to that for liquid electrolyte case. All the composites showed the high volumetric capacity of >4000 mAh/cm3 in the first cycle, which reduced down to ~1500‐2000 mAh/cm3 after 100 cycles. This 50% retained capacity is higher in comparison to conventional carbon electrode as well as previously reported works on similar materials. The coulombic efficiency for all the composites was found nearly 99% after initial 10 cycles. The highest energy density was found as 344 Wh/kg for Sb2S3 composite after 100 cycles (765 Wh/kg in the first cycle), which nearly equals to the target values and makes these composites suitable for the future Li‐ion battery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electrochemical reaction mechanism of Bi2Te3 as negative electrode in all solid-state Li-ion battery (LIB) having LiBH4 as a solid electrolyte is established herein. To observe the effect of nanosized electrode material on the battery performance, Bi2Te3 nanorods were also used as anode material similar to the above battery setup. The galvanostatic discharge/charge profile suggested the first discharge and charge capacities as 533 mAhg−1 and 288 mAhg−1 for bulk Bi2Te3, which reduced to 219 mAhg−1 and 218 mAhg−1 , respectively, after 50 cycles. In case of nanorods, the first discharge and charge capacity were observed to be 489 mAhg−1 and 281 mAhg−1 , respectively, which reduced to 235 mAhg−1 and 233 mAhg−1 , respectively, after 50 cycles. The mechanism of lithiation/delithiation of Bi2Te3, as well as better performance of Bi2Te3 nanorods over its bulk counterpart, has been proposed herein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

All-solid-state lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) with aluminum oxide (AlO)-added magnesium hydride (MgH), (100 − y)MgH- yAlO ( y = 1, 5, 25 mol%) were fabricated, and their anode properties were investigated. Coulombic efficiency is increased by adding AlO. In addition, cycle properties are improved by adding AlO as well. Al-magic angle spinning (MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and some other analyses were carried out to approach the mechanism of this additive, by which the coulombic efficiency and the cycle properties were improved. Although the niobium oxide (NbO)-added MgH also showed the better kinetic properties compared with pristine MgH in our previous report, NbO should be well known as the best catalyst for hydrogen ab/desorption properties of MgH. However, it is revealed that the hydrogen desorption temperature does not depend on AlO contents. According to some detailed analyses, pentahedral-coordinated aluminum atom was successfully observed after Li insertion reaction by Al MAS NMR measurement. From the other experimental results, it is concluded that this pentahedral-coordinated aluminum atom could play an important role on the increasing coulombic efficiency and cycle properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrode performances of MgH2–LiBH4 composite materials for lithium-ion batteries have been studied using LiBH4 as the solid-state electrolyte, which shows a high reversible capacity of 1650 mA h g−1 with an extremely low polarization of 0.05 V, durable cyclability and robust rate capability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bismuth chalcogenide (Bi2X3; X = sulfur (S), selenium (Se), and tellurium (Te)) materials are considered as promising materials for diverse applications due to their unique properties. Their narrow bandgap, good thermal conductivity, and environmental friendliness make them suitable candidates for thermoelectric applications, photodetector, sensors along with a wide array of energy storage applications. More specifically, their unique layered structure allows them to intercalate Li+ ions and further provide conducting channels for transport. This property makes these suitable anodes for Li-ion batteries. However, low conductivity and high-volume expansion cause the poor electrochemical cyclability, thus creating a bottleneck to the implementation of these for practical use. Tremendous endeavors have been devoted towards the enhancement of cyclability of these materials, including nanostructuring and the incorporation of a carbon framework matrix to immobilize the nanostructures to prevent agglomeration. Apart from all these techniques to improve the anode properties of Bi2X3 materials, a step towards all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries using Bi2X3-based anodes has also been proven as a key approach for next-generation batteries. This review article highlights the main issues and recent advances associated with Bi2X3 anodes using both solid and liquid electrolytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogenation of a lithium-potassium (double-cation) amide (LiK(NH2)2), which is generated as a product by ammonolysis of litium hydride and potassium hydride (LiH-KH) composite, is investigated in details. As a result, lithium amide (LiNH2) and KH are generated after hydrogenation at 160 °C as an intermediate. It is noteworthy that the mixture of LiH and KNH2 has a much lower melting point than that of the individual melting points of LiNH2 and KH, which is recognized as a eutectic phenomenon. The hydrogenation temperature of LiNH2 in the mixture is found to be significantly lower than that of LiNH2 itself. This improvement of reactivity must be due to kinetic modification, induced by the enhanced atomic mobility due to the eutectic interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MgH 2 with a theoretical capacity of 2036 mAh/g has been studied using LiBH 4 as solid electrolyte with remarkable results. However, LiBH 4 conductivity is reduced drastically from ~10−3 to ~10−8 Scm−1 when operating at temperatures below ~117 °C, due to the crystal structural transition. This change in the conductivity limits the range of operating temperatures of the battery. In order to have all-solid-state lithium ion batteries operating at room temperature, some alternatives were explored in this work. In this study, different batteries compositions were tested for operating temperatures from 30 °C to 120 °C, using LiBH 4 , 3LiBH 4 ·LiI and 80Li 2 S–20P 2 S 5 to find a workable configuration for all-solid-state lithium-ion battery with MgH 2 as the active material for the working electrode. The cell MgH 2 /3LiBH 4 ·LiI/Acetylene Black carbon | 80Li 2 S–20P 2 S 5 | Li, shown the best performance with an initial capacity of 1570 mAh/g operating at 30 °C. • Room temperature all-solid-state Li-ion batteries. • ASS-LIB using MgH 2 as conversion reaction electrode material. • LiBH 4 , 3LiBH 4 LiI and 80Li 2 S-20P 2 S 5 electrolytes operating at room temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient storage of hydrogen is a key issue to establish hydrogen infrastructure. In the efforts of searching suitable hydrogen storage alloys, several systems have been explored so far. All of them suffers from some drawbacks such as low gravimetric capacity, high stability, slow sorption kinetics, etc. Lithium borohydride (LiBH 4) is one of the leading contender among the hydrogen storage materials owing to its high hydrogen content of 18.5 wt%. However, its high stability needs a high operating temperature (>450 °C) for the decomposition. Recently, a thermochemical reaction between Bi 2 X 3 and LiBH 4 was observed at 120 °C while performing experiments on the anode properties of Bi 2 X 3 (X = S, Se, & Te) for Li-ion batteries. This indicated the possibility of destabilization of LiBH 4 and its low-temperature decomposition. This work presents the effect of Bi 2 Se 3 addition to the decomposition properties of LiBH 4 using XRD and XPS techniques. The first step decomposition was observed to be initiated at around 180 °C, which is much lower than 450 °C for the pristine LiBH 4. A further reduction in the onset temperature is observed when the bulk Bi 2 Se 3 is replaced by the nanosheets of this material. The mechanism of this destabilization is reported herein. • Bi 2 Se 3 , an interesting anode material is found an impressive destabilizing agent for LiBH 4. • The addition of bulk Bi 2 Se 3 to LiBH 4 reduce the onset decomposition temperature to 180 °C. • The use of Bi 2 Se 3 nanosheets enhance the sorption kinetics further and the onset temperature is shifted to 60 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iron Phosphide (Fe 2 P) particles embedded within in-situ generated tubular carbon structures uniformly doped with nitrogen heteroatoms (Fe 2 P @ NC) have been investigated as an anode in all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries (ASSLIBs). The designed morphology offered a number of suitable features, such as high conductivity, robust framework, and abundant redox active sites for augmenting overall battery performance. As anode, Fe 2 P @ NC has provided a high lithiation/delithiation capacity of 1214.8 mA h/g /1367.01 mA h/g at a current density of 66.6 mA/g (100 μA) with a high coulombic efficiency (>100%). Further, Fe 2 P @ NC also demonstrated an excellent rate performance and moderate structural stability during cycling. The charge storing mechanism for Fe 2 P @ NC investigated via ex-situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) studies indicates irreversible conversion of Fe 2 P → Li 3 P & Fe in the initial cycle and reversible Li 3 P ↔ LiP reaction in subsequent cycles. Analysis of reaction kinetics for Fe 2 P @ NC nanocomposite is carried out using CV measurements at different scan rates. This study explores the possibility of MOF-derived iron-phosphide-based composite material as a high-performance anode for ASSLIBs. [Display omitted] • MOF-derived iron phosphide composite (Fe 2 P @ NC) is utilized in all-solid-state batteries. • The charge-storage mechanism has been established using ex-situ XRD and XPS profiles. • Fe 2 P @ NC could deliver a high initial discharging capacity of 1214.8 mAh g−1 at a current density of 66.6 mA/g. • Reaction-controlled and diffusive contributions in total current have been evaluated. • The cyclic performance of the Fe 2 P @ NCF-based electrode has been revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A lithium silicon alloy was synthesized by mechanical alloying method. Hydrogen storage properties of this Li–Si–H system were studied. During hydrogenation of the lithium silicon alloy, lithium atom was extracted from the alloy and lithium hydride was generated. Equilibrium hydrogen pressures for desorption and absorption reactions were measured in a temperature range from 400 to 500°C to investigate the thermodynamic characteristics of the system, which can reversibly store 5.4mass% hydrogen with smaller reaction enthalpy than simple metal Li. Li absorbing alloys, which have been widely studied as a negative electrode material for Li ion rechargeable batteries, can be used as hydrogen storage materials with high hydrogen capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Room temperature operation of all-solid-state Li-ion battery using MgH 2. • Composite electrode, compatibility of MgH 2 with electrolytes based on LiBH 4 , Li 2 S and P 2 S 5. • Comparative of battery performance using solid electrolytes LiBH 4 + 2(80Li 2 S + 20P 2 S 5) and 90LiBH 4 + 10P 2 S 5. ga1 All-solid-state Li-ion batteries along with conversion reaction electrodes, represent a promising next generation technology for energy storage. Among the conversion reaction type materials, MgH 2 is a leading contender owing to its high theoretical specific capacity (2036 mAhg−1) and a suitable potential to be used as anode material. However, some aspects related to solid electrolytes have restricted its possible application to high temperature (>100 °C) only. Recent research about solid-state electrolytes have brought some new ionic conductors having high conductivities at room temperature. In this study, LiBH 4 + 2(80Li 2 S + 20P 2 S 5) and 90LiBH 4 + 10P 2 S 5 were selected as electrolytes due to their similar and relatively high conductivities at room temperatures (~10−3 S cm−1, 30 °C). Coin cells were prepared and tested at 30 °C. The MgH 2 composite electrode prepared with 90LiBH 4 + 10P 2 S 5 showed a better performance than the composite with LiBH 4 + 2(80Li 2 S + 20P 2 S 5), with an initial capacity of 1135 mAhg−1 (457 Wh kg−1) and 540 mAhg−1 (205 Wh kg−1) respectively. A comparison between the single use of 80Li 2 S + 20P 2 S 5 and LiBH 4 , showed that LiBH 4 in composite electrodes can work nicely and deliver a better capacity than 90LiBH 4 + 10P 2 S 5. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electrochemical reaction mechanism of lithium (Li)-ion with Bi 2 Se 3 anode material in all solid-state lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has been successfully established in this work. Firstly, commercial bulk Bi 2 Se 3 was directly used as anode in LIB and then hydrothermally synthesized Bi 2 Se 3 nanostructures were used as anode material in order to improve the electrochemical performance of the battery. The structure of obtained nanostructures was characterized using powder x-ray diffraction, which verified the formation of Bi 2 Se 3 phase. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy studies confirmed the existence of mixed morphology, i.e., nanoparticles and nanosheets, with the diameter of nanoparticles in the range of 20–150 nm and the thickness of nanosheets, about 5–30 nm. Furthermore, electrochemical measurements indicated the initial discharge and charge capacity of bulk Bi 2 Se 3 as 621 mAhg−1 and 499 mAhg−1 respectively, which was slightly higher than the Bi 2 Se 3 nanostructures (discharge and charge capacities: 594 mAhg−1 and 468 mAhg−1). However, the nanostructures showed better cycling stability up to 50 cycles as compared to the bulk, which shed light on a new way to improve the lithium storage properties of the Bi 2 Se 3. We proposed the detailed electrochemical Li -storage mechanism in all solid state battery with bismuth selenide (Bi 2 Se 3) based composite material as high performance negative electrode for Li- ion battery using LiBH 4 as the solid state electrolyte reveals a high capacity and better cyclic stability with a high coulombic efficiency (∼97–98%). Image 1 • Detailed electrochemical mechanism of Bi 2 Se 3 anode is established. • LiBH4 is implemented as solid electrolyte with this anode material first time. • A highly stable performance with initial capacity of >600 mAhg−1 could be achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]