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Background/aims: Adult liver transplantation (LT) recipients occasionally show serious acute cardiopulmonary dysfunction, requiring intensive care. We have assessed the feasibility of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support in adult LT recipients facing acute pulmonary failure and refractory to conventional mechanical ventilation and concurrent nitric oxide gas inhalation., Methodology: From January 2008 to June 2009, 9 adult LT recipients required ECMO support due to pneumonia (n=5) and adult respiratory distress syndrome (n=4). Mean age was 52.6 ± 5.9 years and mean model for end-stage liver disease score was 29.0 ± 7.5. Five patients underwent living-donor LT and four underwent deceased-donor LT., Results: Veno-venous access mode was used and continuous veno-venous hemodiafiltration was performed concurrently in all 9 patients. No procedure related complications occurred. Successful ECMO weaning was achieved in 4 patients (44.4%) at the first attempt, after mean ECMO support of 12.0 ± 6.8 days but the other five died due to overwhelming infection prior to ECMO weaning. Univariate analysis revealed no significant risk factors for failing ECMO support before ECMO start., Conclusions: ECMO as rescue therapy seems beneficial to be considered as a final therapeutic option for LT recipients with refractory pulmonary dysfunction who would otherwise die due to hypoxemia.

Purpose: We evaluated the clinical utility of peritransplant in vitro assays of immune cell function in adult living donor liver transplant (LDLT) recipients., Methods: In particular, we measured immune cell function, using the ImmuKnow assay, in 107 adult LDLT recipients and 200 potential living liver donors (control group) admitted to our center between July 2008 and January 2009., Results: In the control group, the mean proportion of T-helper/inducer cells was 36.8% ± 8.2%. The degree of immune response was strong in 12%, moderate in 77%, and low in 11%. In the study group, the degree of immune response within the first month was strong in 4.6%, moderate in 38.2%, and low in 57.2%, thus significantly lower than in the control group (P < .001). ImmuKnow results and tacrolimus levels did not show a significant correlation (r(2) = .002, P = .392). Although six patients showed biopsy-proven acute cellular rejection, none showed a strong immune response. Patients with overt infection showed a lower immune response., Conclusions: These results indicate that peritransplant assessment of immune response using the ImmuKnow assay does not reliably predict the occurrence of acute rejection. Additional studies are necessary to accurately assess the clinical utility of immune response monitoring., (2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Setting: Although active tuberculosis (TB) is a contraindication for liver transplantation (LT), LT may be the only possible treatment option in patients with irreversible liver failure and concurrent TB., Objectives: To assess the outcome of LT in patients with concurrent TB and liver failure., Methods: We retrospectively evaluated the clinical outcomes of nine LT recipients with concurrent TB in Korea, an intermediate TB burden country., Results: The primary causes of living-donor LT (LDLT) in nine patients were anti-tuberculosis drug-induced fulminant hepatic failure (n = 4) and end-stage liver disease (n = 5). The sites of active TB were the lungs (n = 5), lymph nodes (n = 3) and pleura (n = 1). After LDLT, most patients were treated with less hepatotoxic drugs, including fluoroquinolones, ethambutol and cycloserine; none was treated with pyrazinamide. One patient experienced acute rejection, probably attributable to an interaction between rifampicin and cyclosporine. All nine patients, including one taking rifabutin, successfully completed anti-tuberculosis treatment and have been followed up for a median of 926 days after LDLT, without relapse of TB., Conclusion: When properly managed, the prognosis of LDLT recipients with concurrently active TB at transplantation is very favourable. The current protocol, which considers active TB an absolute contraindication for LT, should be modified or relaxed, particularly for patients with LDLT.

Purpose: This study analyzed the effects of a recent increase in deceased donors on the pattern of adult liver transplantation (OLT) in a high-volume center in Korea., Methods: OLT patterns relative to pretransplant recipient status were analyzed for 112 deceased donor LTs (DDLT) and 743 living donor OLT (LDLT) in a single center as compared to nationwide Korean data over 3 years from 2006 to 2008., Results: During the study period, the annual proportion of institutional urgent OLT was relatively invariable (20% to 25.2%), but the annual proportion of DDLTs to all OLT increased from 8.9% to 19.9%, as did the annual rate of DDLTs among those undergoing urgent OLT, from 18.6% to 65.8%, with a reciprocal decrease in the proportion of urgent LDLTs. Korean nationwide data also showed a noticeable increase in deceased liver graft allocation for urgency from 39.8% to 62.2% over the same time period., Conclusion: An increase in deceased donors up to 5 per million enabled an increase in urgent adult DDLTs, alleviating the need for urgent adult LDLTs in Korea.

The incidence of clinically significant right hepatic vein (RHV) stenosis after adult living donor liver transplantation has been higher than expected. In this study, an assessment of the risk factors for the development of RHV stenosis in this context was undertaken. Hepatic anatomy, surgical techniques, and the incidence of RHV stenosis 1 year after transplantation were evaluated retrospectively in 225 recipients of right lobe grafts. These patients underwent independent RHV reconstruction, which was facilitated by the application of computed tomography morphometry and computational simulation analyses. Three types of preparation of the orifice of the graft RHV and 7 types of preparation for venoplasty of the recipient RHV were used. The frequency of high, middle, and low sites of RHV insertion into the inferior vena cava (IVC) was 56.0%, 36.4%, and 7.6%, respectively, for donors, and 26.7%, 58.7%, and 14.7%, respectively, for recipients. Nine patients (4%) developed RHV stenosis of early onset that required stent insertion during the first 2 postoperative weeks; in 12 patients (5.3%), RHV stenosis of delayed onset occurred. Inappropriate matching of RHV sites of insertion correlated with the incidence of stenosis of early onset (P = 0.039). Technical refinements to avoid adverse consequences of inappropriate ventrodorsal matching of RHV sites of insertion include making the recipient RHV orifice wide and enlarging the recipient IVC by a customized incision and patch venoplasty after anatomical assessment of the RHV and IVC of the graft and recipient., (2010 AASLD.)

ABO incompatibility is the most common cause of donor rejection during the initial screening of adult patients with end-stage liver disease for living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). A paired donor exchange program was initiated to cope with this problem without ABO-incompatible LDLT. We present our results from the first 6 years of this exchange adult LDLT program. Between July 2003 and June 2009, 1351 adult LDLT procedures, including 16 donor exchanges and 7 ABO-incompatible LDLT procedures, were performed at our institution. Initial donor-recipient ABO incompatibilities included 6 A to B incompatibilities, 6 B to A incompatibilities, 1 A to O incompatibility, 1 A+O (dual graft) to B incompatibility, 1 O to AB incompatibility, and 1 O to A incompatibility. Fourteen matches (87.5%) were ABO-incompatible, but 2 (12.5%) were initially ABO-compatible. All ABO-incompatible donors were directly related to their recipients, but 2 compatible donors were each undirected and unrelated directed. After donor reassignment through paired exchange (n = 7) or domino pairing (n = 1), the donor-recipient ABO status changed to A to A in 6, B to B in 6, O to O in 1, A to AB in 1, A+O to A in 1, and O to B in 1, and this made all matches ABO-identical (n = 13) or ABO-compatible (n = 3). Two pairs of LDLT operations were performed simultaneously on an elective basis in 12 and on an emergency basis in 4. All donors recovered uneventfully. Fifteen of the 16 recipients survived, but 1 died after 54 days. In conclusion, an exchange donor program for adult LDLT appears to be a feasible modality for overcoming donor-recipient ABO incompatibility., ((c) 2010 AASLD.)

Background: Recent findings have suggested the clinical utility of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) in patients treated with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF)., Aim: To assess whether routine mycophenolic acid (MPA) TDM is beneficial and how to utilize it., Methods: A series of short-term prospective studies on TDM for MPA and/or tacrolimus was performed at a large-volume center., Results: The 673 adult liver transplants were divided into four groups based on immunosuppressive regimens as tacrolimus monotherapy (n = 369), tacrolimus-MMF therapy (n = 270), MMF-minimal tacrolimus therapy (n = 17), and MMF monotherapy (n = 17). There was a significant difference of tacrolimus concentration between the groups receiving tacrolimus monotherapy and tacrolimus-MMF therapy during the first two yr (at two yr: 8.4 +/- 2.7 vs. 6.3 +/- 2.6 ng/mL; p < or = 0.002). MMF-minimal tacrolimus therapy and MMF monotherapy were applied after first three months and MPA levels ranged from 1.8 to 5.3 microg/mL. Correlation between MMF dosage and MPA concentration showed wide interindividual variations (n = 304, r(2) = 0.271, p < 0.001), in which r(2) was fluctuating from 0.056 to 0.213 according to the post-transplant period over five yr; wide intraindividual variation was also observed during the first two months (n = 12, r(2) < 0.2, p > 0.195). About 10% of patients were classified as poor MMF absorber and excluded from MMF usage. Mean MPA level leading to successful MMF monotherapy or MMF-minimal tacrolimus therapy was > or =1.0 microg/mL in 87% and >2.0 microg/mL in 56.5%., Conclusion: MPA TDM-based MMF dosage adjustment enabled us to administer MMF more confidently than categorical dosing. MPA TDM appears to be a useful tool to cope with the wide pharmacokinetic variability of MMF after liver transplantation.

This study was intended to describe in detail the surgical technique and long-term outcome of autologous portal vein (PV) Y-graft interposition for adult living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). We assessed the outcome of 841 patients who underwent right lobe LDLT from January 2002 to December 2007 with respect to the reconstruction of double-graft PVs. PV anatomy of the donor livers was classified as type I in 796 patients (94.6%), type II in 15 patients (1.8%), and type III in 30 patients (3.6%). Seven type II grafts and all type III PV grafts had double PV orifices. Autologous PV Y-graft interposition was used in 31 patients, and complications occurred in only 1 patient during a median follow-up of 27 months. Overall, the 1- and 3-year graft survival rates were 87.5% and 80.6%, respectively. Use of a Y-graft was not a risk factor for biliary complications, but the liver anatomy of anomalous PV per se seems to be associated with a higher occurrence of biliary complications, especially during the early posttransplant period. The favorable outcome and technical feasibility of autologous portal Y-graft interposition imply that this technique could be the standard procedure for reconstruction of right lobe grafts with double PV orifices., (Copyright 2009 AASLD.)

Background/aims: End-stage liver disease patients with obliterated portal vein(PV) and large spontaneous splenorenal shunts (SRS) are often indicated to renoportal bypass as a reconstruction of portal inflow during liver transplantation. The aim of this study was to show the feasibility and safety of the side-to-end (S-to-E) renoportal anastomosis (RP-A)., Methodology: RP-A were performed in 5 patients among 597 adult living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) with end-to-end (E-to-E) or S-to-E method interposing cadaveric fresh vessel grafts between left renal vein (LRV) and PV of liver graft from October 2005 to June 2008., Results: One patient underwent E-to-E RP-A, but it was technically difficult in our experience because of thin and retracted renal vein end under poor operation field. Remaining four patients underwent side-to-end (S-to-E) RP-A which allowed us to perform easy and secure anastomosis under better and more stable operation field, because LRV continuity with vena cava was preserved without retraction of anastomosis site. Except one patient having two left-lobes dual-graft LDLT who died from cerebral hemorrhage, four patients were recovered well with normal graft function and a patent RP-A., Conclusions: S-to-E anastomosis is technically more feasible and easier method than E-to-E anastomosis for RP-A interposing cadaveric fresh vessel in LDLT.