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Background: Intra-abdominal infection (IAI) results in prolonged in-hospital length-of-stay, critical care unit requirements, and multiple surgical procedures. Several antimicrobial agents are available for treatment of IAI. In Colombia, there are no data on the comparative effectiveness of the different regimens used. Patients and Methods: A multicenter retrospective cohort study was completed in four third-level hospitals by comparing treatment effectiveness of five different antibiotic protocols (ampicillin-sulbactam, clindamycin-amikacin, piperacillin-tazobactam, amikacin-metronidazole, and cefuroxime-metronidazole) in patients with a diagnosis of IAI. Analysis was based on a composed outcome of therapeutic failure (change of antibiotic because of no clinical improvement, requirement of surgical re-intervention, post-operative infection, change of antibiotic because of antimicrobial resistance, and in-hospital mortality). Association of each antibiotic protocol to therapeutic failure was assessed through logistic regression analysis. Results: Five hundred ninety-three individuals were included. Two hundred twenty-nine were prescribed ampicillin-sulbactam; 170, clindamycin-amikacin; 77, amikacin-metronidazole; 83, piperacillin-tazobactam; and 34, cefuroxime-metronidazole. Therapeutic failure rate was 22%. Multivariable analysis showed none of the evaluated antibiotic protocols had an association with the primary outcome. Variables having an association for higher risk were age >70 years old (odds ratio [OR], 2.08; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04-4.18); complicated IAI (OR, 3.36; 95% CI, 1.4-8.07); and World Society of Emergency Surgery (WSES) Sepsis Severity Score (OR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.18-1.45). Adequate source control (OR, 0.16; 95% CI, 0.05-0.45) and hospitalization at Health Center 2 (OR, 0.30; 95% CI, 0.14-0.63) were identified as protective factors. Conclusions: There are no differences between the rate of therapeutic failure among the different antibiotic protocols evaluated. This outcome depends heavily on risk factors related to disease severity when surgical intervention occurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]