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Abstract: This review extensively covers information on chemiluminescence-detection systems for five reactive oxygen species, including superoxide radical, singlet oxygen, hydroxyl radical, hydrogen peroxide and peroxynitrite. We evaluate in detail the current state and the limitations of different chemiluminescence systems. We give some pointers to the likely directions of future developments and prospects. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

It is essential to probe the coordination number (CN) because it is a crucial factor to ensure the catalytic capability of single‐atom catalysts (SACs). Currently, synchrotron X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) is widely used to measure the CN. However, the scarcity of synchrotron X‐ray source and complicated data analysis restrict its wide applications in determining the CN of SACs. In this contribution, we have developed a d‐band center‐regulated acetone cataluminescence (CTL) probe for a rapid screening of the CN of Pt‐SACs. It is disclosed that the CN‐triggered CTL is attributed to the fact that the increased CN could induce the downward shift of d‐band center position, which assists the acetone adsorption and promotes the subsequent catalytic reaction. In addition, the universality of the proposed acetone‐CTL probe is verified by determining the CN of Fe‐SACs. This work has opened a new avenue for exploring an alternative to synchrotron XAS for the determination of CN of SACs and even conventional metal catalysts through d‐band center‐regulated CTL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is essential to probe the coordination number (CN) because it is a crucial factor to ensure the catalytic capability of single‐atom catalysts (SACs). Currently, synchrotron X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) is widely used to measure the CN. However, the scarcity of synchrotron X‐ray source and complicated data analysis restrict its wide applications in determining the CN of SACs. In this contribution, we have developed a d‐band center‐regulated acetone cataluminescence (CTL) probe for a rapid screening of the CN of Pt‐SACs. It is disclosed that the CN‐triggered CTL is attributed to the fact that the increased CN could induce the downward shift of d‐band center position, which assists the acetone adsorption and promotes the subsequent catalytic reaction. In addition, the universality of the proposed acetone‐CTL probe is verified by determining the CN of Fe‐SACs. This work has opened a new avenue for exploring an alternative to synchrotron XAS for the determination of CN of SACs and even conventional metal catalysts through d‐band center‐regulated CTL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the radical behaviours during polymer degradation is beneficial to unveil and regulate the degradation pathways of polymers to achieve a sustainable polymer development. However, it is a long‐standing challenge to study radical behaviours owing to the ultra‐short lifetime of the transient radicals generated during the polymer degradation. In this contribution, we have proposed the radical‐triggered luminescence to monitor the radical behaviours during polymer degradation without/with the addition of inorganic additives. It was disclosed that the pure polymers showed a single sigmoidal dynamic curve from peroxy radicals (ROO⋅) emissions, leading to the exponential proliferation for the degradation evolution. Alternatively, the degradation pathways with the addition of additives, layered double hydroxides (LDHs) with positively charged Al centers, could be modulated into a double sigmoidal dynamics, involving the main product of alkoxy radicals (RO⋅) with the activation energy of 40.2 kJ/mol and a small amount of ROO⋅ with 76.3 kJ/mol, respectively. Accordingly, the polymers with the additive‐regulated pathways could exhibit prominently anti‐degradation behaviours. This work is beneficial for the deep understanding of the radical mechanisms during polymer degradation, and for the rational design of anti‐degradation polymers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the radical behaviours during polymer degradation is beneficial to unveil and regulate the degradation pathways of polymers to achieve a sustainable polymer development. However, it is a long‐standing challenge to study radical behaviours owing to the ultra‐short lifetime of the transient radicals generated during the polymer degradation. In this contribution, we have proposed the radical‐triggered luminescence to monitor the radical behaviours during polymer degradation without/with the addition of inorganic additives. It was disclosed that the pure polymers showed a single sigmoidal dynamic curve from peroxy radicals (ROO⋅) emissions, leading to the exponential proliferation for the degradation evolution. Alternatively, the degradation pathways with the addition of additives, layered double hydroxides (LDHs) with positively charged Al centers, could be modulated into a double sigmoidal dynamics, involving the main product of alkoxy radicals (RO⋅) with the activation energy of 40.2 kJ/mol and a small amount of ROO⋅ with 76.3 kJ/mol, respectively. Accordingly, the polymers with the additive‐regulated pathways could exhibit prominently anti‐degradation behaviours. This work is beneficial for the deep understanding of the radical mechanisms during polymer degradation, and for the rational design of anti‐degradation polymers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development of methods allowing cataluminescence at low temperatures is a particular scientific challenge. Low temperature-induced cataluminescence is usually performed by plasma-assisted catalytic oxidation on nanomaterials. High dispersed gold nanoparticles deposited on certain support could exhibit superior catalytic activities toward a series of reactions at low temperatures. There is apparently no good reason to disregard low temperature-induced cataluminescence on the surface of gold nanoparticle-support nanocomposites. Herein, layered double hydroxides (LDH)-supported gold nanoparticles were prepared using a colloid deposition method. Such the LDH-supported gold nanoparticle composite exhibits a remarkable cataluminescence response toward a series of organic compounds at high temperature (210 °C). Only acetaldehyde among the all tested organic compounds emerge an obvious cataluminescence signal on the surface of the LDH-supported gold nanoparticles at low temperature (105 °C). The synergy effects between gold nanoparticles and LDHs seem to play an important role in the acceleration of the rate-determining step at low temperatures. Therefore, the fabricated low-temperature cataluminescence sensor is validated for the analysis of acetaldehyde in fruit beverages with the minimized interferences. In principle, this work could be extended to other analytes by fabricating different nanoparticle-support nanocomposites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors reflect on the analytical chemical luminescence and cataluminescence. Topics include the formation of electronic excited state in photoluminescence, light emission, and chemical luminescence reactions. Information regarding the use of photomultiplier tubes or chargecoupled devices is also provided.

Highlights: [•] Water-soluble core–shell structure of Ni@SiO2@FITC@SiO2 nanocomposite is prepared. [•] Ni@SiO2@FITC@SiO2 combines stable luminescence with excellent plasmonic property. [•] Enhanced chemiluminescence from Ni@SiO2@FITC@SiO2 in NaHSO3–H2O2 system is observed. [•] Mechanism is revealed as the coupling of chemically induced excited state with surface plasmons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic solid‐state luminescence materials have shown great promise in many forefront areas of modern chemistry. However, the well‐developed organic luminescent solids usually provoke a mass of synthetic steps. To better utilize their performances, the development of simple strategies for host materials is a goal of general concern. Herein, a series of highly efficient solid‐state luminescence materials are attained with aid of one‐step acidification of commercially available molecules. The mechanism demonstrates that the luminous efficiency of the solid‐state molecules is efficiently improved due to the synergy from the emergence of cation–π interaction and the formation of excimer. The cation–π interaction replaces π–π packing, leading to the formation of dimers with higher rigidity in solid state accompanied by red‐shifted emissions. Therefore, this one‐step acidification design concept will light the great passion of scientists for the fabrication of cation−π‐triggered analogous organic solid‐state luminescence materials with different colors by changing the substituents on benzene moieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work proposed a cataluminescence (CTL) sensor for rapid and highly selective detection of diethyl ether using Mg-Al-layered double oxide (Mg-Al LDO). The linear range of the CTL intensity versus the concentration of diethyl ether was 0.1-8.0 mM, with a correlation coefficient ( R) of 0.9915. The limit of detection (signal-to-noise ratio ( S/ N) = 3) was 0.02 mM. The half decay time was ~15 s, indicating a fast CTL process. The CTL sensor showed an excellent selectivity toward diethyl ether and good operational stability. Relative standard deviation (RSD) was less than 3 % in 20 consecutive measurements for diethyl ether. The CTL process was monitored by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS), pH indicator, and CTL spectrum. The results showed that the strong CTL signals were from the specific basic sites of Mg-Al LDO nanoparticle, which was further confirmed by temperature-programmed desorption of carbon dioxide (CO-TPD). This work not only provides a facile approach to obtain a CTL sensor based on LDO but also systematically investigates the catalytic mechanism of LDO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development of selective cataluminescence (CTL) sensors toward volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is of great importance to environmental analysis and daily chemicals safety. Although some reports for the determination of VOCs based on CTL have been reported, part of them suffered relatively low selectivity because of their high sensitivity toward interferents. In this study, mesoporous TiO 2 nanoparticles have been exploited to detect diethyl ether with the usage of a 440 nm bandpass filter. The proposed method showed high selectivity toward diethyl ether over other VOCs, such as acetaldehyde, acetone, butanone and butanol, etc. Such a high selectivity was majorly attributed to the difference of CTL emission profiles of various VOCs reaction intermediates, and only diethyl ether exhibited strong CTL emission at about 440 nm. Under the optimal conditions, diethyl ether could be detected ranging from 2.0 to 50.0 mM. Furthermore, the practical application of this proposed CTL sensor for diethyl ether was validated with artificial samples and commercial perfumes. In general, such a simple method with high selective detection through controlling detection range could be extended to other analytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Luminescent films have received great interest for chemo-/bio-sensing applications due to their distinct advantages over solution-based probes, such as good stability and portability, tunable shape and size, non-invasion, real-time detection, extensive suitability in gas/vapor sensing, and recycling. On the other hand, they can achieve selective and sensitive detection of chemical/biological species using special luminophores with a recognition moiety or the assembly of common luminophores and functional materials. Nowadays, the extensively used assembly techniques include drop-casting/spin-coating, Langmuir–Blodgett (LB), self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), layer-by-layer (LBL), and electrospinning. Therefore, this review summarizes the recent advances in luminescent films with these assembly techniques and their applications in chemo-/bio-sensing. We mainly focused on the discussion of the relationship between the sensing properties of the films and their architecture. Furthermore, we discussed some critical challenges existing in this field and possible solutions that have been or are being developed to overcome these challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work developed a facile and effective sensor for the determination of acetone, the diabetic biomarker, which was based on cataluminescence (CTL) emission on the surface of layered double oxide (LDO) that is a layered nanomaterial with easy preparation and environmental friendliness. Under the optimized conditions, the linear range of the CTL intensity versus concentration of acetone was 0.1–16 mM with the detection limit of 0.02 mM (S/N = 3). The relative standard deviation (RSD) for 50 repeated measurements of 1.0 mM acetone was 3.6%. Interestingly, there was no or weak response to seven common volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including ethanol, heptanal, ethyl acetate, methanol, formaldehyde, acetic acid and toluene. Furthermore, the proposed CTL sensor was successfully used for sensing acetone in human plasma samples of diabetes patients with a satisfactory recovery. The results demonstrated that the proposed CTL sensor had a promising capability for the sensing of acetone in diabetes diagnosis. The possible CTL mechanism from the oxidation of acetone on the surface of LDO was also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Generation of organic room‐temperature phosphorescent (RTP) with high efficiency and long lifetime has encountered great obstacles because the luminescence process of long‐lived excitons generally involves the conversion of the spin‐allowed singlet excitons to the spin‐forbidden triplet excitons. In contrast, the lifetime and efficiency of inorganic RTP materials are often superior to those of organic materials, because their luminescence derives from gradual release of trapped charge carriers from isolated traps (defects). Such a trapping–detrapping mechanism inspires one to take advantage of the defects of inorganic materials for stabilizing triplet state excitons and enhancing RTP performances of organic materials (e.g., carbon dots, CDs). Based on the above principle, as‐prepared CDs‐based material shows ultralong RTP lifetime of about 800 ms under ambient conditions. Interestingly, in this system the appearance of the tunneling‐related exciton transfer process assists the acquisition of long‐lived phosphorescence. The designed organic–inorganic RTP composite builds a bridge between organic and inorganic luminescence mechanisms. A basic design rule for extending the exciton lifetime of organic materials is presented, which involves stabilization of the triplet state excitons of organic molecules through the defect of the inorganic matrix. This strategy offers an important step in the construction of advanced room temperature phosphorescence materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Review: 274 refs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]