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Background: Multidrug‐resistant tuberculosis (MDR‐TB) brings major challenges to the health care workers (HCWs). This study is to determine the risk factors for MDR‐TB, latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI), and tuberculosis (TB) disease among HCWs in China. Methods: A meta‐analysis was conducted to evaluate the risk factors for MDR‐TB, LTBI, and TB disease among HCWs using a random‐effects model, and the pooled odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence interval (CI) were used as effect indicators. Results: We identified 46 eligible studies and found eight factors were associated with MDR. The ORs with 95% CI are migrant population 1.96 (95% CI, 1.50–2.57), low family income 2.23 (95% CI, 1.74–2.85), retreatment 7.22 (95% CI, 5.63–9.26), anti‐TB treatment history 5.65 (95% CI, 4.80–6.65), multiple episodes of treatment 3.28 (95% CI, 2.60–4.13), adverse reactions 3.48 (95% CI, 2.54–4.76), interrupted treatment 3.18 (95% CI, 2.60–3.89), and lung cavities 1.42 (95% CI, 1.14–1.77). Work duration as a HCW for 5 years and above increased the risk of LTBI and TB. HCWs aged 30 years and above were more susceptible to TB (OR = 1.70, 95% CI: 1.37–2.09). Conclusion: The risk factors for MDR‐TB in China are possibly migrant population, low family income, retreatment, anti‐TB treatment history, adverse reactions, interrupted treatment, and lung cavities. Longer work duration and greater age are risk factors for LTBI and TB among HCWs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Catecholamine- and neurotransmitter-activated signaling pathways from PD acts on immune and tumor cells. • Mechanistically, β-AR signaling pathways altered lung cancer progress. • Activation of β2-AR promotes pro-inflammation by altering the balance of the immune system. • PD inhibit cancer immune therapy by activating cAMP-related pathway of β2-AR in CSCs. • Reducing PD in lung cancer patients facilitated lung cancer patients' survival. Lung cancer has the highest incidence rate and mortality worldwide. Moreover, multiple factors may cause heterogeneity in the efficacy of immunotherapy for lung cancer, and preclinical studies have gradually uncovered the promotive effects of psychological distress (PD) on tumor hallmarks. Therefore, treatment targeted at PD may be a vital factor in adjusting and improving immunotherapy for lung cancer. Here, by focusing on the central nervous system, as well as stress-related crucial neurotransmitters and hormones, we highlight the effects of PD on the lung immune system, the lung tumor microenvironment (TME) and immunotherapy, which brings a practicable means and psychosocial perspective to lung cancer treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies on the association of greenness with respiratory health are scarce in developing countries, and previous studies in China have focused on only one or two indicators of lung function. The study aims to evaluate the associations of residential greenness with full-spectrum lung function indicators and prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This nationwide cross-sectional survey included 50,991 participants from the China Pulmonary Health study. Lung function indicators included four categories: indicators of obstructive ventilatory dysfunction (FEV 1 , FVC and FEV 1 /FVC); an indicator of large-airway dysfunction (PEF); indicators of small-airway dysfunction (FEF 25–75% and FEV 3 /FEV 6); and other indicators. Residential greenness was assessed by the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). Multivariable linear regression models and logistic regression models were used to analyze associations of greenness with lung function and COPD prevalence. Within the 500 m buffer, an interquartile range (IQR) increase in NDVI was associated with higher FEV 1 (24.76 mL), FVC (16.52 mL), FEV 1 /FVC (0.38), FEF 50% (56.34 mL/s), FEF 75% (33.43 mL/s), FEF 25–75% (60.73 mL/s), FEV 3 (18.59 mL), and FEV 6 (21.85 mL). However, NDVI was associated with lower PEF. In addition, NDVI was significantly associated with 10% lower odds of COPD. The stratified analyses found that the associations were only significant in middle-young people, females, and nonsmokers. The associations were influenced by geographic regions. Residential greenness was associated with better lung function and lower odds of COPD in China. These findings provide a scientific basis for healthy community planning. • The analysis included 50,991 participants from the China Pulmonary Health study. • Greenness was associated with better lung function. • Greenness was associated with lower odds of COPD. • The associations were modified by age, sex, geographic region, and smoking history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Long-term exposure to PM 2.5 are associated with large- and small- airway function. • Organic matter and nitrate show stronger associations with lung function than PM 2.5. • Exposure to PM 2.5 constituents might be more important in impairing lung function. The associations of long-term exposure to various constituents of fine particulate matter (≤2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter, PM 2.5) air pollution with lung function were not clearly elucidated in developing countries. The aim was to evaluate the associations of long-term exposure to main constituents of PM 2.5 with lung function in China. This is a nationwide, cross-sectional analysis among 50,991 study participants from the China Pulmonary Health study. Multivariable linear regression models were used to obtain differences of forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV 1), forced vital capacity (FVC), FEV 1 /FVC, peak expiratory flow (PEF), and forced expiratory flow at 25–75% of exhaled FVC (FEF 25-75%) associated with an interquartile range (IQR) change of PM 2.5 or its constituents. Residential annual PM 2.5 levels varied from 26 μg/m3 to 92 μg/m3 (average: 53 μg/m3). An IQR increase of PM 2.5 concentrations was associated with lower FEV 1 (19.82 mL, 95% CI: 11.30–28.33), FVC (17.45 mL, 95% CI: 7.16–27.74), PEF (86.64 mL/s, 95% CI: 59.77–113.52), and FEF 25-75% (31.93 mL/s, 95% CI: 16.64–47.22). Black carbon, organic matter, ammonium, sulfate, and nitrate were negatively associated with most lung function indicators, with organic matter and nitrate showing consistently larger magnitude of associations than PM 2.5 mass. This large-scale study provides first-hand epidemiological evidence that long-term exposure to ambient PM 2.5 and some constituents, especially organic matter and nitrate, were associated with lower large- and small- airway function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Outer membrane protein A (OmpA) of Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) is associated with autophagy, which plays an important role in its pathogenicity. However, its exact pathophysiological role in the process of lung tissue cell autophagy remains unclear. In this study, animal and cell infection models were established by wild A. baumannii strain and An OmpA knockout mutant (OmpA-/- A. baumannii) strain. The expression levels of markers autophagy, histological change, cell viability and protein expression levels of inflammatory cytokines were examined. OmpA -/- A. baumannii was successfully constructed. The capacities of bacterial adhesion and invasion to host cells increased more obviously in the AB group and the AB + Rapa group than in the OmpA-/- AB group and AB + CQ group. The AB group and AB + Rapa group could produce double membrane vacuoles, endoplasmic reticulum dilation, mitochondrial ridge rupture, and mitochondrial vacuoles. OmpA could lead to increased LC3, AMPK, and PAMPK protein release, and decreased levels of P62, mTOR and pmTOR proteins in vivo and in vitro. OmpA caused lung pathology and the release of inflammatory cytokines. A. baumannii OmpA promotes autophagy in lung cells through the mTOR signalling pathway, which increases the bacterial colonization ability in the double-layer membrane autophagosome formed by the autophagy reaction to escape the clearance of bacteria by the host, promote the release of inflammatory mediators and aggravate the damage to the host. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]