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One of the most powerful ways to manipulate spins in nanometer-scale devices is by converting a charge current to a spin current via spin–orbit coupling. The resulting spin–orbit torques (SOTs) have been investigated and utilized extensively in the past decade. Quantitatively, however, SOTs may exhibit a non-trivial angular dependence, which is not well explored. Here, we develop a nested iterative analysis to determine the magnitude of SOTs from harmonic Hall measurements. This updated method largely improves the fit quality in the full magnetic field range and accurately retrieves even higher order, anisotropic spin–orbit torque coefficients. The numerical implementation of our algorithm is fast, robust, and designed for easy integration into existing analysis schemes. We verify our code using simulated data with and without anisotropic SOTs. Accurately quantifying higher order SOT terms can be especially useful for modeling non-uniform magnetic textures such as domain walls and skyrmions and current-induced magnetization switching characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An endstation for pump-probe small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) experiments at the free-electron laser in Hamburg (FLASH) is presented. The endstation houses a solid-state absorber, optical incoupling for pump-probe experiments, time zero measurement, sample chamber, and detection unit. It can be used at all FLASH beamlines in the whole photon energy range offered by FLASH. The capabilities of the setup are demonstrated by showing the results of resonant magnetic SAXS measurements on cobalt-platinum multilayer samples grown on freestanding Si3N4 membranes and pump-laser-induced grid structures in multilayer samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]