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Bulk NiO is a well-known antiferromagnet with Neel temperature TN(∞) = 524 K and an optical band-gap Eg = 4.3 eV. With decrease in particle size D from 40 nm to 4 nm of NiO, systematic changes of TN and Eg are observed and discussed here. From magnetic measurements, the changes in TN with D are found to fit finite-size scaling equation TN(D) = TN(∞) [1 - (ξo/D)λ] with λ = 3.2 ± 0.5 and ξo = 3.2 ± 0.2 nm, in good agreement with the predictions for a Heisenberg system. The observed blue shifts of Eg with decrease in D reaching Eg = 5.12 eV for D ∼ 4 nm are likely due to quantum confinement and non-stoichiometry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetic properties of bulk MgMnO3, a cubic defect spinel with the structure 4MgMnO3=3[Mg2+][Mg+2 1/3Mn4+ 4/3□1/3]O4, are reported. For T > 150 K, magnetization M vs T data fits the Curie-Weiss law with μ ≃ 4μB expected for Mn4+ and θ ≃ -40 K indicating antiferromagnetic Mn4+-Mn4+coupling. For T < 150 K, a blocking temperature TB ≃ 15 K is observed below which coercivity increases with decreasing T. The electron magnetic resonance spectra yield a single broad line with g ≃ 1.9 whose linewidth increases with decreasing T leading to a peak at TB. As predicted in spinels with magnetic ions only on the B-sites, these observations suggest a magnetically frustrated state with short-range order only. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the two stable phases of Ni(OH)2, viz. α-Ni(OH)2 and β-Ni(OH)2, structural and magnetic properties are compared employing x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy/transmission electron microscopy (TEM/SEM), and variation of the magnetization (M) with temperatures (2-350 K) and magnetic fields (up to ≈65 kOe). Both phases crystallize in the layered hexagonal structure with a=3.04 Å (3.12 Å) and c=23.6 Å (4.67 Å) for the α(β) phase with clear evidence for turbostraticity in the α-phase. From TEM/SEM, the β-phase consists of nanoplates of dimensions 30(10)×3(1) nm, whereas the α-phase has flowerlike morphology with petal thickness ≈5(1) nm. The low-field M versus T data for the zero-field-cooled/field cooled cases bifurcates at Tp=25 K (13 K) for the β(α) phase. For T>Tp, Curie-Weiss variation of M versus T is observed yielding positive θ=20.6 K (32 K) with μ=2.95 μB (3.13 μB) for the Ni2+ ions in the β(α) phase. The M versus H data at 2 K shows antiferromagnetic (ferromagnetic) like variation for the β(α) phase with dM/dH showing peaks at Hc1=28 kOe and Hc2=55 kOe for the β-phase. It is concluded that β-Ni(OH)2 is a metamagnet for T

For the two stable phases of Ni(OH)2, viz. α-Ni(OH)2 and β-Ni(OH)2, structural and magnetic properties are compared employing x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy/transmission electron microscopy (TEM/SEM), and variation of the magnetization (M) with temperatures (2-350 K) and magnetic fields (up to ≈65 kOe). Both phases crystallize in the layered hexagonal structure with a=3.04 Å (3.12 Å) and c=23.6 Å (4.67 Å) for the α(β) phase with clear evidence for turbostraticity in the α-phase. From TEM/SEM, the β-phase consists of nanoplates of dimensions 30(10)×3(1) nm, whereas the α-phase has flowerlike morphology with petal thickness ≈5(1) nm. The low-field M versus T data for the zero-field-cooled/field cooled cases bifurcates at Tp=25 K (13 K) for the β(α) phase. For T>Tp, Curie-Weiss variation of M versus T is observed yielding positive θ=20.6 K (32 K) with μ=2.95 μB (3.13 μB) for the Ni2+ ions in the β(α) phase. The M versus H data at 2 K shows antiferromagnetic (ferromagnetic) like variation for the β(α) phase with dM/dH showing peaks at Hc1=28 kOe and Hc2=55 kOe for the β-phase. It is concluded that β-Ni(OH)2 is a metamagnet for T2 is a hard ferromagnet with Tc=13 K and domain structure for H<5 kOe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetic studies in bulk 57% CuxZn1-xO/43% CuO composite prepared chemically with x=0.10 (0.03) are reported. Temperature dependence of the magnetic susceptibility shows clear signature of the Néel temperature TN≃230 K for pure CuO. Hysteresis loop studies in the zero-field-cooled sample show room-temperature ferromagnetism with coercivity Hc≃50 Oe at 300 K with strong temperature dependence for T<300 K. A negative exchange bias He at 5 K is observed when the sample is cooled from RT in H=20 kOe, and its temperature dependence yields He→0 at TN=230 K of CuO. These results and the temperature dependence of remanence Mr provide strong evidence that the CuxZn1-xO phase with x≃0.10 is a ferromagnet with Tc≃400 K. An electron magnetic resonance signal due to Cu2+ substituting for Zn2+ in CuxZn1-xO is also observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetic properties of sol-gel-prepared bulk samples of Co0.05Zn0.95O and Mn0.05Zn0.95O are reported before and after annealing in 5%H2/95%Ar at 573 K for 6 h. The as-prepared samples are paramagnetic with the magnetic susceptibility χ following the Curie-Weiss law: χ=χ0+C/(T-θ). The magnitudes of C are consistent with the magnetic moments expected for the Co2+ and Mn2+ states. After hydrogenation, the magnetism of Mn/ZnO is unchanged but Co/ZnO acquires room-temperature ferromagnetism (RTFM) with a magnetic moment of 0.35μB/Co site and hysteresis loop with coercivity Hc≃600 Oe, remanence Mr≃0.45 emu/g, and saturation magnetization Ms≃1.2 emu/g. Electron magnetic-resonance spectroscopy at 9.28 GHz gives signals corresponding to the Co2+ and Mn2+ states for the paramagnetic states and a broad FM signal for the hydrogenated Co/ZnO. This difference under hydrogenation between Co/ZnO and Mn/ZnO suggests that n-type doping leads to stabilizing of RTFM in Co/ZnO but not in Mn/ZnO, the latter perhaps requiring p-type doping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Provides information on a study that investigated the nature of magnetism and electron paramagnetic resonance spin dynamics in iron oxyhydroxide particles. Experimental procedures; Results and discussion.

Deals with a study on the magnetic properties of an intermetallic when mischmetal is used as the rare-earth component for both a hydrided and unhydrided compound in the case of mischmetal nickel-iron intermetallic. Mössbauer effect measurements; Findings of scanning electron microscopy; Assessment of the hybriding process of iron.

SQUID magnetometry and electron magnetic resonance (EMR) spectroscopy at 9.28 GHz were employed to probe magnetism and surface spin disorder in Fe3 O4 nanoparticles. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed magnetite particles with size ≃8 nm. Magnetization (M) versus temperature studies yielded blocking temperature TB ≃ 170 K in H = 50 Oe. For T > TB, M scales approximately as H/T with μP ≃ 5400 μB as the magnetic moment/particle. At 5 K, the magnitudes of hysteresis loop parameters viz. coercivity Hc ≃ 37 Oe and saturation magnetization M8 = 62 emu/g are considerably smaller than the reported values for larger 150 nm Fe3 O4 particles. In EMR studies, a single symmetric line at g ≃ 2.11 with linewidth ΔH = 850 Oe is observed at 300 K with the g-value and ΔH increasing with decreasing T. These results are interpreted in terms of a disordered surface spin layer of 0.5 nm thickness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetic properties of 5.5 nm CuxCe1-xO2 nanoparticles (NPs) with change in Cu doping (x = 0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10%) are investigated to examine the controversial issue of room temperature ferromagnetism (FM) in this system. The data of magnetization M versus magnetic field H fit the equation: M = Mf + χpH with Mf (χp) being the FM (paramagnetic) part. The observed FM saturation magnetization MS = 8.5 × 10-5 emu/g for x = 0 is suggested to be due to Fe impurities detected in the samples at 20 ppm level. However, in the doped samples, both χp and MS increase nearly linearly with x with the FM magnetic moment μS ≈ 3 × 10-4μB/Cu atom. This magnitude of μS, although considerably smaller than μS ≈ 1 μB/Cu atom reported in thin films of CuxCe1-xO2, is argued to be an intrinsic effect due to Cu doping. Electron magnetic resonance studies show lines due to Cu2+ ions in the doped samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effects of the substitution of rare-earths R=Y, Er, and Ho on the magnetic properties of Dy0.7R0.3CrO3 are reported here in order to probe the nature of magnetism and related exchange interactions in these materials. By fitting the temperature dependence of the magnetic susceptibility to a modified Curie-Weiss law, which includes a correction for the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya (DM) interaction, the strengths of the symmetric and antisymmetric Cr3+-Cr3+ exchange interactions were determined. It was found that the rare-earth substitutions had a slight effect on the strength of the symmetric Cr3+-Cr3+ interaction (reflected in the slight changes in the Néel temperatures), while the antisymmetric Cr3+-Cr3+ interaction remained unchanged. Isothermal magnetic measurements of the samples at successive temperatures revealed a plateau in the temperature dependent magnetic coercivity data, which was explained by the magnetic properties of the substituted ions. It was found that the Y substitution led to the reduction of the strength of the magnetization and a larger peak value of magnetic coercivity as compared to that in pure DyCrO3. The observed increase in magnetic coercivity with Er and Ho substitution can be attributed to an increased R3+-Cr3+ interaction strength dominated by the DM mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nature of magnetism in Er2O3 is investigated by detailed studies of the temperature (2-300 K) and magnetic field (up to 90 kOe) dependence of the magnetization M of powder sample of Er2O3. The results show paramagnetic to antiferromagnetic (AFM) transition occurring at TN=3.3 K. For T>TN = the magnetic susceptibility vs. temperature data follows the Curie-Weiss (·C/(T,TN))variation with =β-10.2 K and magnetic moment 956;=6.68μB/Er3+ ion determined from C. Molecular field model is used to determine the nn (nnn) exchange constants J1(J2)=-0.57 K (-3.38 K). The M vs. H data at 2 K analyzed in terms of dM/dH vs. H variations show two field-induced transitions, the first one at HSF∞15kOe and the second one at HS∞31kOe. Arguments and analysis are presented to show that HSF represents the spin-flop transition whereas for H HS, the system is field-aligned ferromagnetically since the calculated value of HS for ferromagnetic ordering using the above magnitudes of J1 and J2 agrees well with the experimental HS. The temperature dependence of HSF is shown to follow the normalized Brillouin function variation for spin S=1/2 valid for Er2O3. The magnetic field dependence of TN is measured and shown to follow the equation: TN(H)=TN(0)D1H², expected for antiferromagnets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]