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The aim of this study was to determine the effect of different seed treatments on germination parameters of three maize genotypes under optimal and suboptimal temperature conditions. Seed was treated with recommended doses of three commercial pesticide formulations: metalaxyl-m 10 g/L + fludioxonil 25 g/L, metalaxyl 20 g/kg + prothioconazole 100 g/kg and thiacloprid 400 g/L. Testing was conducted at 25°C and 15°C. Results of the study indicate that there are differences in response of maize genotypes to applied seed treatments, as well as to a specific treatment at optimal and suboptimal temperatures. Some treatments, depending on the mixing partner and temperature conditions, can affect final germination. In other cases, germination rate can be accelerated or prolonged, but with no effect on final germination. In order to provide fast and uniform emergence under different temperature conditions, further examination of the response of maize genotypes to specific seed treatments would be beneficial. Cilj istraživanja je bio da se utvrdi efekat različitih tretmana na parametre klijanja semena tri hibrida kukuruza na optimalnim i suboptimalnim temperaturama. Seme je tretirano preporučenim dozama komercijalnih pesticidnih formulacija: metalaksil-m 10 g/L+ fludioksonil 25 g/L, metalaksil 20 g/kg + protiokonazol 100 g/kg i tiakloprid 400 g/L. Ispitivanja su vršena u pesku, na 25°C i 15°C. Rezultati ispitivanja ukazuju da postoji razlika u reakciji genotipova kukuruza na primenjene tretmane, kao i na dati tretman u uslovima optimalnih i suboptimalnih temperatura. Neki tretmani, u zavisnosti od preparata koji se mešaju i temperaturnih uslova, mogu uticati na konačnu klijavost. S druge strane, brzina klijanja može biti promenjena, ali bez uticaja na konačnu klijavost. Kako bi se obezbedilo brzo i ujednačeno nicanje u različitim temperaturnim uslovima, dalja analiza reakcije različitih hibrida na date tretmane bi bila od koristi.

Seed priming is a useful technique, applied prior to planting, which partially hydrates the seeds to a point of germination process initiation, followed by drying, which prevents radicle emergence. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of various seed priming treatments on germination parameters of maize at different temperatures. Seeds were primed in water (hydropriming) and KNO3 solution (0.1% and 0.5%) by soaking at 25°C for 17h. Germination parameters were tested at 25°C, 15-25°C and 15°C. Seed priming had a positive effect on some seed germination parameters at low and mixed temperature. Treatment with 0.5% KNO3 had the most improving effect. This treatment reduced MGT, T50 and increased GE at low and mixed temperature. Priming showed no positive effect on the final germination. This study showed that seed priming with KNO3 could be used to achieve better seedling establishment at low temperature conditions in maize. Potapanje semena je metod tretmana semena. Primenjuje se neposredno pre setve, pri čemu se seme vlaži do pokretanja procesa klijanja, nakon čega se suši kako bi se sprečilo izbijanje korenka. Cilj ovog ispitivanja bila je procena efekta različitih metoda potapanja semena na parametre klijanja semena kukuruza pri različitim temperaturama. Tretman je vršen potapanjem semena u vodu i rastvore KNO3 (0,1% i 0,5%) pri temperaturi od 25° C u trajanju od 17h. Parametri klijanja praćeni su pri temperaturama 25°C, 15/25°C i 15°C. Potapanje semena je imalo pozitívne efekte na pojedine parametre klijanja pri niskoj i kombinovanoj temperaturi. Najbolji rezultati uočeni su pri potapanju u 0,5% KNO3. Ovaj tretman je smanjio MGT i T50 a povećao GE pri niskoj i kombinovanoj temperaturi. Potapanje semena nije uticalo na klijavost semena. Ovo istraživanje ukazuje na mogućnost primene potapanja u KNO3 u cilju postizanja bržeg nicanja i boljeg sklopa kukuruza pri nižim temperaturama.

2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (DIMBOA) is a secondary metabolite in plants that renders defense against phytopatogenic bacteria, fungi, insects and other pest organisms. The biosynthesis of DIMBOA is controlled by nine genes, the first bx1 gene governs the transcription of a key enzyme in DIMBOA biosynthesis. The aim of this study was to genotype maize inbred lines used in breeding programmes for the presence of resistant allele in order to identify the source of biotic stress resistance. The variability of bx1 gene was assessed in a set of 96 diverse inbred lines with a functional microsatellite marker umc1022 located in bx1 gene. Two marker alleles, the length of 91 and 97 bp, were found in the majority of inbred lines, the former being predominant among Lancaster inbred lines and the latter in the BSSS heterotic group. By comparing previous findings on the inbred lines with high level of DIMBOA and resistance with the pedigree information of the maize inbred lines analyzed in this study, we postulated that the allele 91 bp could be associate with DIMBOA accumulation and pest resistance. The DIMBOA quantification and evaluation of pest infestations in field trials are needed to verify our results. 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (DIMBOA) je sekundarni metabolit koji omogućava biljkama zaštitu od fitopatogenih bakterija, gljiva, insekata i drugih štetnih organizama. Biosintezu DIMBOA-e regulišu devet gena, od kojih prvi bx1 upravlja transkripcijom ključnog enzima u biosintezi DIMBOA-e. Cilj ovog rada bio je da se među inbred linijama kukuruza iz oplemenjivačkog programa utvrdi prisustvo otpornog alela bx1 gena kako bi se identifikovali izvori otpornosti na biotički stres. Varijabilnost gena bx1 je ocenjena kod 96 genetički divergentnih inbred linija pomoću funkcionalnog mikrosatelitskog markera umc1022 koji se nalazi u genu bx1. Dva alela markera, dužine 91 bp i 97 bp, ustanovljeni su kod većine inbred linija, prvi alel je bio zastupljeniji među Lancaster linijama, dok je drugi alel bio frekventniji u BSSS heterotičnoj grupi. U inbred linijama kod kojih je utvrđen alel 91 bp (Mo17, B97 i H99) u prethodnih istraživanjima je određen visok nivo DIMBOA-e i otpornost prema štetočinama. Shodno tome, pretpostavljamo da je alel 91 bp u vezi sa nakupljanjem DIMBOA-e i sa otpornošću prema biotičkom stresu. Kvantifikacija DIMBOA-e i ocena štete od insekata u poljskim ogledima potrebna je da bi se potvrdili izneti rezultati.

The aim of this study was to investigate field emergence parameters, number of plants that reached reproductive stage and yield of seed lots with different count of abnormal seedlings. In standard germination test these seedlings are discarded from the count of germinated seed, presuming that they will not develop into normal plants. Five lots of hybrid NS 640 with different percentage of abnormal seedlings were tested. Results showed that in favourable environment conditions, large number of abnormal seedlings emerged, reached reproductive stage and participated in yield formation. However, emergence of seed lots with high percentage of abnormal seedlings was longer than for lots with small number of abnormal seedlings. Laboratory germination and germination energy were more correlated with indicators of field emergence rate, while total percentage of germinated seedlings (normal and abnormal) was more correlated with grain yield. However, it can be expected that in adverse environment conditions, abnormal seedlings are less likely to develop into normal plants. Cilj ovog ispitivanja bio je da se kod partija semena sa različitim udelom atipičnih ponika ispitaju parametri brzine klijanja u polju, broj biljaka u reproduktivnoj fazi i prinos. Ovakvi ponici se u standardnom testu klijavosti ne ubrajaju u klijava zrna, jer se pretpostavlja da neće dati normalnu biljku. Testirano je pet partija hibrida NS 640 sa različitim udelom atipičnih ponika. Rezultati su pokazali da je u povoljnim uslovima veliki broj atipičnih klijanaca nikao, dostigao reproduktivnu fazu i učestvovao u formiranju prinosa. Sa druge strane, nicanje partija sa velikim brojem atipičnih klijanaca je bilo usporeno. Laboratorijska klijavost i energija klijanja su bile u većoj korelaciji sa parametrima brzine nicanja, dok je ukupna klijavost (normalni i atipični klijanci) bila u većoj korelaciji sa prinosom. Ipak, u nepovoljnim uslovima spoljašnje sredine, atipični klijanci imaju manje šanse da se razviju u normalnu biljku.

The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of different priming treatments and genotypes on maize germination and early seedling growth traits, as well as to examine the associations among these traits. In addition, the application of genotype by trait biplot methodology in this type of analysis was evaluated. Seed priming treatment was conducted on ten maize inbred lines by soaking seeds in water (hydropriming) or in 0.5% KNO3 solution. Seed was sown in sterile moistened sand and placed at suboptimal (15°C) and optimal temperature (25°C) for seven days. After that, seedling length and seedling weight were measured, final germination, time to 50% emergence and vigour index were calculated. The results showed that seed priming can improve seedling growth traits at both temperatures. There are differences in genotype responses to various seed priming solutions. The observed differences represent useful information for the selection of adapted maize inbred line and adjustment of priming treatment for sowing in different temperature conditions. This study showed that biplot could easily be used for assessing the effect of seed priming, or some other treatment, on seedling growth traits. Moreover, it can be used to understand the associations among the seedling growth traits. Cilj ovog ispitivanja bilo je utvrđivanje uticaja prajming tretmana i genotipa na klijanje i rani porast ponika kukuruza, kao i sagledavanje povezanosti ovih osobina. Takođe, analizirana je mogućnost primene GT biplot metodologije u ovom tipu ispitivanja. Prajming tretman se sastojao od potapanja semena deset inbred linija kukuruza u vodu (hidroprajming) i rastvor KNO3. Seme je zatim posejano u posude sa vlažnim sterilnom peskom i stavljeno na suboptimalnu (15°C) i optimalnu temperaturu (25°C) u trajanju od 7 dana. Nakon toga je izmerena dužina i masa ponika, utvrđena je klijavost i izračunato vreme potrebno za 50% nicanja, kao i vigor indeks. Rezultati su pokazali da početni porast ponika na obe temperature može biti poboljšan prajmingom semena. Primećena je različita reakcija linija na korišćene prajming tretmane. Ove razlike predstavljaju korisnu informaciju za izbor odgovarajuće inbred linije i pogodnog prajming tretmana za setvu u različitim temperaturnim uslovima. Ispitivanje je pokazalo da se biplot analiza može koristiti kao brz vizuelni metod za proučavanje efekta prajminga ili nekog drugog tretmana semena na različite parametre klijanja, nicanja i početnog porasta ponika. Takođe, ova analiza se može koristiti i za sagledavanje veze između ispitivanih osobina.

Two main questions in programs introgressing exotic maize germplasm into temperate materials are the choice of available exotic sources to work with, and the proportion of exotic germplasm that should be incorporated into adapted germplasm. The objective of this study was to compare effects of different proportions of tropical maize inbred line NC298 in hybrids male parent on grain yield and grain moisture content, using method of orthogonal polynomials. Methods of direct crosses and backcrosses were used to form four hybrid groups (six hybrids each) containing 0, 25, 50 and 75 percent of tropical exotic germplasm, respectively, by their male parent (or one half of mentioned proportions in the corresponding hybrids). The linear components of the germplasm proportions sum of squares, were significant (p lt 0.01) for both grain yield and moisture content and the cubic effect (p lt 0.05) for grain yield only. Results in this study clearly suggested backcross foundation populations with an adapted line to be appropriate selection sources for both grain yield and grain moisture content. Inkorporacija egzotične germplazme u genetički materijal umerenog klimata nameće dva osnovna pitanja: izbor i proporciju odgovarajućih egzotičnih izvora. Cilj ovog istraživanja je bio poređenje efekata različitog udela tropske linije kukuruza NC298 u očinskoj komponenti hibrida, na prinos zrna i udeo vode u zrnu, primenom metode ortogonalnih polinoma. Metodom direktnih i povratnih ukrštanja dobijene su četiri grupe hibrida (po šest hibrida u svakoj) koje su sadržale 0, 25, 50 i 75 procenata tropske germplazme, u njihovoj očinskoj komponenti (ili jednu polovinu pomenutih procenata u odgovarajućim hibridima). Sume kvadrata linearne komponente, bile su značajne (p lt 0.01) za prinos zrna i za udeo vode u zrnu, dok su sume kvadrata kubnog efekata bile značajne (p lt 0.05) samo za prinos zrna. Rezultati ovih istraživanja jasno ukazuju da su početne populacije nastale povratnim ukrštanjem sa adaptiranom linijom pogodan izvor za selekciju na prinos zrna i udeo vode u zrnu.

GGE biplot analysis is a method used to identify mega-environments (i.e grouping, division of locations, which are examined in a joint mega-environment), evaluate the genotypes within these mega-environments and select the most discriminating and the most representative locations within a single mega-environment. This paper analyses twenty hybrids at five locations in 2006 and 2007. For the first year, mega-environment analysis showed a greater similarity between locations Rimski Šančevi, Pančevo and Srbobran classifying them into one group (the potential mega-environment), whereas Sombor and Sremska Mitrovica were classified into another group. In 2007 grouping was different from the previous in that Rimski Šančevi and Sombor comprised one mega-environment, whereas Sremska Mitrovica and Pančevo comprised the other, while Srbobran was separated from both groups. Discrepancies in formation of the mega-environments can be explained by different climatic conditions in two research years. This was confirmed by analyzing the ideal environment where the discrepancies between those two years are also reported. The results in this study suggest that more reliable data on the mega-environments formation should be sought in multi-year studies of the certain genotypes in a number of locations. Multilokacijski ogledi za prinos zrna izvode se svake godine kako bi se ocenila reakcija hibrida kukuruza na različite agroekološke uslove. Osnovni problem ovog načina ispitivanja hibrida jeste prisustvo interakcije genotip-spoljna sredina. Uzimajući u obzir interakciju, GGE biplot analiza pruža vizuelni prikaz ponašanja hibrida u različitim sredinama. Dvadeset hibrida kukuruza je ispitivano u toku 2006. i 2007. na pet lokaliteta po godini. Rezultati su predstavljeni preko GGE biplotova u cilju grupisanja sredina u tzv. megasredine i izdvajanja idealne sredine. Značaj izdvajanja megasredine ogleda se u odsustvu unakrsne interakcije koja remeti njihov rang, pa se hibridi mogu odabrati na osnovu prosečnih vrednosti određene osobine. Određivanje tzv. idealne sredine može biti od velikog značaja za izbor najreprezentativnijeg lokaliteta za testiranje, koji takođe ima i najveću moć diskriminacije hibrida.

National audience; Traditional landraces adapted to local conditions harbour alleles for traits of interest and may be of valuable contribution in enhancing the stability of maize production under increasing challenges of climatic changes. It is therefore of great importance to preserve and assess local maize populations as a potential source of favourable agronomic traits. As a part of the bilateral project DIVERZEATY between Serbia and France (2014-2015), ten local landraces and ten inbred lines, derived from local landraces of the Maize Research Institute Zemun Polje gene bank and the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops collection, were characterised at a pilot scale. The analysed accessions from diverse regions of former SFR Yugoslavia were genotyped with MaizeSNP50 BeadChip and allelic frequencies for landraces were estimated from the bulked DNA. Principal coordinate analyses showed the genotypes cover a range of diversity. Four local dent landraces grouped with Corn Belt populations, four populations grouped closely to European OPVs and Northern flints, one landrace with Italian flints and one was grouped in the Mexican cluster within the first two axes and with Corn Belt on the third and fourth coordinates. Two inbred lines, developed from the Montenegrin landraces, and one inbred line, derived from a Slovenian landrace, grouped with Northern flint lines, whereas the others clustered with Stiff Stalk ones. The landraces and lines fit well to historical data about their origin and introduction of maize in the region.

Within maize breeding program at the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops Novi Sad, Serbia, there have been seven distinct breeding cycles spanning from the mid-1960s. Each cycle is characterised by introduction of new hybrids with higher genetic yield potential. Breeding cycles were defined based on the period of hybrid introduction into production and the growing areas. In this study we analysed grain yield and moisture percentage in grain of five maize hybrids, namely NS 606, NS 640, NS 6010, NS 6030 and NS 6140, which are the representatives of the third, fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh breeding cycles. Seed of hybrids which are representatives of the first and second breeding cycles, namely NS 802 and NSSC 70, could not be produced because their parent inbred lines have lost their authenticity. According to the results of the combined ANOVA, significant differences (P lt 0,001) in grain yield were found among hybrids representatives of various breeding cycles and various environments, while the interaction cycle/ environment was found to be insignificant. A linear increase of yield by 0.44 t ha-1 (expressed by coefficient of linear regression) was found between individual breeding cycles. Since one breeding cycle lasts for approximately 7 years, average grain yield increase in maize from the third to the seventh breeding cycle was found to be 63 kg ha-1 per year. U programu oplemenjivanja kukuruza u Institutu za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo Novi Sad se može izdvojiti sedam ciklusa selekcije od sredine šesdesetih godina prošlog veka do danas. Svaki ciklus se karakteriše uvođenjem novih hibrida sa višim genetičkim potencijalom rodnosti. Kao kriterijum za definisanje ciklusa selekcije je korišten period uvođenja hibrida u proizvodnju i njegova zastupljenost. U ovom radu smo ispitivali prinos zrna i procenat vode u zrnu u berbi kod pet hibrida kukuruza: NS 606, NS 640, NS 6010, NS 6030 i NS 6140, glavnih predstavnika trećeg, četvrtog, petog, šestog i sedmog ciklusa selekcije. Seme hibrida NS 802 i NSSC 70 koji su glavni predstavnici prvog i drugog ciklusa selekcije nismo mogli proizvesti pošto su roditeljske inbred linije izgubile autentičnost. Na osnovu rezultata kombinovane ANOVE, signifikantne razlike (P lt 0.001) u prinosu zrna ustanovljene su između hibrida predstavnika pojedinih ciklusa selekcije i između sredina, dok je interakcija ciklus/spoljašnja sredina bila nesignifikantna. Između pojedinih ciklusa selekcije je ustanovljeno linearno povećanje prinosa od 0,44 t ha-1 ciklusu-1 (izraženo koeficijentom linearne regresije). Obzirom da jedan ciklus selekcije traje približno 7 godina, prosečno povećanje prinosa zrna kukuruza od trećeg do sedmog ciklusa selekcije iznosi 63 kg ha-1 godini-1.

The goal of this study was to determine correlations between grain yield and other morphological and agronomical traits in two groups of maize half-sib (HS) progenies. Progenies were obtained by crossing every S1 family with two unrelated inbred lines as testers, NS732 and NS27. Field trials with incomplete block design, with replicates within set were conducted in 2008 and 2009 at four locations. The following traits were observed: grain yield, ear length, kernel row number, kernel number per row, 1000-kernel weight, plant height, ear height, number of leaves above ear and grain moisture. Significant moderate strong negative correlation between grain yield and ear length was determined in HS1 progeny. High significant correlations occurred among plant and ear height in both HS and between plant height and number of leaves. Observed differences in levels of correlation imply significant influence of tester in each group on HS progeny. Cilj ovog istraživanja je bilo određivanje korelacija između prinosa zrna i drugih morfoloških i agronomskih osobina dve polusrodničke grupe potomstava (HS) kukuruza. Nasumično odabrane biljke iz svake S1 familije su ukrštene sa testerima NS732 i NS27. Dve polusrodničke grupe potomstava su formirane tako da je svaka S1 familija ukrštena sa oba testera. Poljski ogledi sa nepotpunim blok dizajnom sa tri ponavljanja po setu su posejana 2008. i 2009. na četiri lokaliteta. Praćene su sledeće osobine: prinos zrna, dužina klipa, broj redova zrna, broj zrna po redu, masa 1000 zrna, visina biljke, visina klipa, broj listova iznad klipa i vlaga zrna. Kod HS1 potomstva je uočena srednje jaka negativna korelacija između prinosa zrna i dužine klipa. Takođe, visina biljke i visina klipa su bile u jakoj vezi kod oba HS potomstva. Dobijene razlike u stepenu korelacije ukazuju na značajan uticaj testera u svakoj grupi HS potomstava.

One of the final stages in the process of maize breeding is testing the potential hybrids in pre-registration multi-location trials. The aim of this study was to evaluate six locations (Pančevo, Sremska Mitrovica, Ruma, Srbobran, Rimski Šančevi and Sombor) in the northern Serbia for testing yields of maize seed hybrid by GGE (Genotype and Genotype by Environment Interaction) biplot method in the period from 2007 to 2011. This study comprised 24 maize hybrids tested across 6 environments. Different sets of hybrid were used every year. Hybrids served as 'a random' factor for the evaluation of locations. The ANOVA indicated significant effects of genotypes (G) and environments (E) every year, while their interaction (GE) was significant in 2007, 2009 and 2011. On average, the SO location provided the smallest amount of information and therefore can be excluded from further trials and analysis. The sites SM and RU were the most similar locations and only one of these two locations should be included in further trials. The location RŠ presented the smallest repeatability. For analysis that is more detailed it is necessary to include more locations in trials and analysis. Jedna od krajnjih faza u procesu oplemenjivanja kukuruza je testiranje potencijalnih hibrida u više-lokacijskim pretkomisijskim ogledima. Cilj ovog istraživanja bila je procena šest lokaliteta (Pančevo, Sremska Mitrovica, Ruma, Srbobran, Rimski Šančevi i Sombor) u severnoj Srbiji za testiranje prinosa zrna hibrida kukuruza GGE biplot metodom u periodu od 2007 do 2011. god. Ovo istraživanje je obuhvatilo 24 hibrida kukuruza testirana na šest lokaliteta. Različiti setovi hibrida su korišćeni svake godine. Hibridi su služili kao 'random' faktor za procenu test lokaliteta. ANOVA test je pokazao značajne efekte genotipa (G) i životne sredine (E) svake godine, dok je njihova interakcija (GE) bila značajna u 2007, 2009. i 2011. U proseku, lokalitet SO je pružio najmanje informacija, pa se stoga može isključiti iz daljih ogleda i analiza. Lokaliteti SM i RU su bili najsličniji, tako da samo jedan od njih treba da se uključi u dalja testiranja. Lokalitet RŠ je imao najmanju ponovljivost. Takođe trebalo bi uključiti, druge, do sada nekorišćene lokalitete u budućim višelokacijskim ogledima.

Genetic markers, from morphological to molecular, in function with early Heterosis is a prerequisite for the successful commercial maize production. It does not appear in any cross of two inbred lines, and therefore, the determination of combining abilities of parental lines is essential. The most commonly used method for determining combining abilities is diallel analysis. Besides conventional methods for diallel analysis, a new biplot approach has been sugested. In this paper, we studied the combining ability for grain yield in a set of genotypes obtained by diallel crossing system of six inbred lines. Both, the Griffing's conventional method and the biplot approach have been used for diallel analysis. Comparing the GCA values from biplot analysis and Griffing's method, similar results can be observed, with the exception of NS L 1051 and NS L 1000 whose ranks are interchanged. Biplot analysis enables the SCA estimation of parent inbred, and the highest SCA has inbred B73D. Biplot analysis also allows the estimation of the best crosses. Inbred B73D shows the best results when crossed with testers Mo17Ht, NS L 1051 and N152, inbred N152 combines best with testers NS L 1001 and NS L 1000, whereas the cross of inbred NS L 1051 with tester B73D results with the highest grain yield per plant in comparison with other testers. Određivanje kombinacionih sposobnosti roditeljskih inbred linija, radi iskorištavanja heterozisa, je od suštinske važnosti. Najčešće korišćen metod je dialelna analiza. Pored konvencionalnih metoda dialelne analize za procenu kombinacionih sposobnosti, u poslednje vreme prisutan je i novi pristup analize kombinacionih sposobnosti. U ovom radu smo proučavali kombinacione sposobnosti za prinos zrna u setu genotipova dobijenih dialelnim sistemom ukrštanja šest linija. Pored primene konvencionalne metode analize po Griffingu, korišten je i biplot pristup za sagledavanje podataka. Upoređujući vrednosti OKS dobijenih biplot analizom i primenom Griffing-ovog metoda, dobijeni su slični rezultati, sa izuzetkom NS L 1051 i NS L 1000 čiji su rangovi zamenjeni. Biplot analiza omogućava i procenu PKS samih roditeljskih linija. Najveća vrednost PKS zapažena je kod linije B73D, a zatim slede: NS L 1051, NS L 1001, Mo17Ht, N152 i NS L 1000. Biplot analiza takođe omogućava i procenu najboljih ukrštanja. Inbred linija B73D pokazala je najbolje rezultate u ukrštanju sa linijama Mo17Ht, NS L 1051 i N152, N152 sa NS L 1001 i NS L 1000, dok se linija NS L 1051 najbolje kombinuje sa testerom B73D.