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Facial soft-tissue analyses made from photographic records (photogrammetric analysis of the soft tissues) showed interracial dimorphism. Standard of these facial analyses, originally obtained from Caucasian might not be appropriate for the diagnosis and treatment planning of other groups of orthodontic patients. The purpose of this study was to compare the sagittal photogrammetric soft tissue profile characteristics between Senegalese and Moroccan adults.A cross-sectional study was performed in a group of Senegalese and Moroccan students in the Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry of Dakar. Standardized facial-profile photographs were taken with each student in natural head position, centric relation, and relaxed lip posture. Twenty four linear parameters were measured on paper sheet using a graduated ruler. For each variable mean and SD were calculated. In addition independent samples t-test was performed to detect sexual and racial dimorphism. Results were regarded as significant at p = 0.05.Senegalese subjects had significantly more lips protrusion than Moroccan who had significantly a more elongated and more anterior positioned nose, a more chin prominence and a tendency to cutaneous class II than Senegalese.Further studies including different age groups subjects would allow having longitudinal data according to age.

Prosthetic teeth size and placement must be in perfect harmony with the bucco-facial structures for a successful and esthetic removable prosthesis. This study aimed to determine among young Senegalese black people facial index estimating maxillary central incisor width and distance between canine points starting from bizygomatic width.621 black Senegalese participated to this transversal study. Measurements were made using anthropometric slide caliper and electronic slide caliper. The comparative analysis was carried out by the test t of Student. The correlative analysis used the chi-square test. The risk of error was fixed at 5%.Positive correlations were found between variables. Distance between canine points was significantly (p = 0.000) correlated to bizygomatic width and central incisor width. Using bizygomatic width, the average dividing factors to estimate central incisor width and distance between canine points were respectively 15.13 and 3.75.Distance between canine points and central incisor width can be given starting from bizygomatic width, as guide of selecting maxillary anterior prosthetic teeth width.

High prevalence of chronic orofacial pain in women and its relationship with ovarian states suggest that ovarian hormones may be involved in the control of orofacial nociception. Since the interaction between ovarian hormones and nociception seems more evident in the orofacial area than in many other parts of the body, a possible site specificity of an ovarian hormone effect on nociception was tested in rats. Two nociceptive tests were applied to three groups of male rats ( n =46) and three groups of female rats ( n =46), that were gonadectomised ( n =17), sham-operated ( n =15) or intact ( n =14). Each rat in each group received a local subcutaneous injection of formalin in the upper lip and in the hindpaw. Upper lip injection resulted in an increased occurrence of upper lip rubbing for more than 45 min and hindpaw injection resulted in an increased occurrence of hindpaw licking for about 1 h. The duration of the nociceptive behaviours was measured at 3 months after surgery. No significant difference was found between intact and sham-operated animals. A significant increase (54%) in the upper lip rubbing but not the hindpaw licking was observed in gonadectomised females. No difference was observed in castrated males for upper lip rubbing, but a tendency towards an increased duration (102%) of hindpaw licking was noted. The depletion in gonadal hormones was confirmed 3 months after gonadectomy and after the sacrifice of the animals, by the observed decline in the bone mineral density measured on the femur of 40 rats belonging to the six groups. A role of ovarian hormones was also suggested after immunostaining of oestrogen receptors in the lamina II of Caudalis subnucleus of the trigeminal sensory complex and cervical (C1–C2) spinal dorsal horn. The number of cells expressing oestrogen receptors displayed a small (13.6%) but significant ( P =0.037) increase in ovariectomised compared with sham-operated rats. These results suggest that the lack of ovarian hormones induces a site-specific increase in the sensitivity to orofacial nociceptive stimulation, and that an up-regulation of oestrogen receptors in the Caudalis subnucleus and C1-C2 dorsal horn may be one of the factors involved in this effect.

Upper airways obstruction can result in the reduction of the transversal dimensions of the maxillary arch which affect the vertical and the sagittal dimensions. The PNIF measure is an objec- tive and cheap way to assess the upper airways permeability. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between PNIF and dental arch sizes.Seventy eight patients (40 girls and 38 boys) age ranged 10-15 years were included in this cross sectional study. The PNIF was measured with a Youlten peak flow meter (Clement Clarke International, London, United Kingdom). The sagittal, vertical and transversal dimensions of the dental arches were evaluated on dental casts with a digital caliper (Mitutoyo Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). T test was used to assess differences in PNIF and dental arches variables between subjects grouped according to sex (male and female). The Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to analyze the relationship between the dental arches sizes and the PNIF. The significance was set at p0.05.PNIF rate was higher in girls than in boys but the difference was not significant. There were sexual dimorphism regarding the anterior and total lengths of the upper arch, the total length of the lower arch and the maxillary intermolar width which are significantly more important for boys (p respectively equal to 0.05; 0.03; 0.04 and 0.04). The PNIF was significantly and negatively correlated with the total length of the upper arch (r = -0.25). The others measurements did not show significant correlation with PNIF.Others parameters are needed to complement the peak nasal inspiratory flow rate for the respiratory disorders related dental arches sizes abnormalities diagnosis.

Rehabilitation with complete denture include among other objectives, improvement of facial and dental esthetics. To these ends, the artificial teeth should mimic as far as possible, healthy and natural dentition. The main objective of this study was to investigate factors associated with tooth color among black African subjects. One hundred and two subjects (72 men and 30 women) were included in this investigation. The colorimetric parameters of their teeth as well as those of the conjunctiva of their eyes and skin were recorded from standardized photographs. Two software, Mesurim and Photoshop were used for that purpose. Univariate and linear regression analysis were run to assess the association between tooth color and the variables age, gender and colorimetric parameters of eyes and skin. It appears from the result of this study that tooth color was positively and significantly associated with age. Stepwise multiple regression analysis further revealed that tooth hue can be best predicted by a combination of skin complexion and brightness and eye lightness.

The aim of our study was to evaluate the incidence of orthodontically induced root resorption during the tooth alignment and leveling phase, and to assess the impact of the variables age, sex and degree and direction of incisor displacement. We studied a consulting population at the dentofacial orthopaedics unit of the Dental Consultation and Treatment Centre (DCTC), Casablanca. Our sample was composed of 30 exposed cases and 30 non-exposed cases, followed up for a period of 8 months. A survey document was drawn up for data collection, and retro-alveolar radiographic imaging was used to evaluate resorption. Our results showed that the patients receiving orthodontic treatment all developed minor root resorptions during the alignment and levelling phase in the incisor group. We found that the central incisors underwent greater resorption than the lateral incisors.

Each ethnic group has its own characteristics. The aim of this study was to determine the morphological characteristics of a Senegalese population.Sixty two lateral cephalograms of Senegalese patients were assessed in a cross sectional study. All lateral cephalometric films were traced on a transparent cellulose acetate sheet by the same operator. Conventional cephalomebic analysis was performed with 17 measurements (6 linear and 11 angular) t test was used to assess differences in age and cephalometric variable between subjects grouped according to sex (male and female). A P value ofor = 0.05 was considered statistically significant.No statistically significant differences were found between Senegalese men and women. This study shows an increase in the maxillary protrusion and a decrease in the mandibular protrusion with his corollary of skeletal class II. The mean of the vertical dimension measurements suggest a hyperdivergence. Protrusive lips were associated with incisors protrusion.These results which show morphological differences between Senegalese subjects and other populations consolidate the idea that the racial and ethnic characteristics must be taken into account during orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning.

the dental age which can be deduced from the stages of dental maturation is accepted as being a reliable indicator in the estimate of civil age of children whose date of birth is unknown. It is also a good indicator of the biological maturity of growing children and the relevance of its use in paediatric dentistry and orthodontics was proven. Various methods of determination of maturation or dental development from radiographies were described. The mostly used method is that of Demirjian. Studies have shown that genetic factors could influence the maturation of certain organs. Thus, the generalisation of Demirjian standards to others population can be questioned. The aim of the present study was to test the applicability of Demirjian's standards for the determination of the civil age from dental maturation stages.The dental maturation stages of a randomised sample of 200 Senegalese children aged from 6 to 14 years (101 boys and 99 girls) was evaluated by Demirjian's method. Data collected were converted into Dental Age from the conversion charts proposed by Demirjian. The dental age obtained was compared with the civil age of the subjects.The results of this study indicate that the civil age of the patients was overestimated when evaluated from Demirjian's standards (0.89 years for girls and 0.48 years for boys). A linear regression equation was then proposed for the correct estimate of the civil age from the dental maturation stages.

Three main reasons are routinely cited to justify the provision of orthodontic treatment: improvement of facial and dental aesthetics and of dental health and function. However, association between malocclusions and periodontal condition is still controversial. The aim of the present study was to further investigate the correlation between certain orthodontic anomalies and periodontal condition.One hundred and one subjects were included in this study. Information regarding oral hygiene habits and accessibility to professional oral health care were obtained from each subject. Malocclusions were assessed with the Indice of Orthodontc Treatment Need (IOTN) and the Index of Complexity, Outcome and Need (ICON) and periodontal with the Community Periodontal Index for Treatment Need (CPITN). Spearman Rank correlation order was used to test for any association between malocclusions and periodontal condition. Significance was set at the 5% level.Contact point displacements (malpositions) are positively and significantly correlated to CPITN in the mandibular arch. There was also significant negative correlation between spacing and CPITN in the maxilla. Openbite and overjet assessed by IOTN have a significant positive correlation with the periodontal condition as assessed by the CPITN. In contrast no correlation was found with dental crossbite (IOTN and ICON). At last, there was significant correlation between overbite and periodontal condition.Significant correlations were found between malocclusions and periodontal condition. Within the limitation of this study one can suggest that malocclusions are risk marker for periodontal diseases. However, this study by virtue of its protocol cannot allow us to makeany inference about a cause/effect relationship between malocclusions and periodontal condition.

knowledge on the mesiodistal crown diameter of permanent teeth is relevant to clinical dentistry especially to orthodontics and prosthetic dentistry. Important variations have been reported in tooth crown size dimension between different populations. This seems to be related to complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors. The aim of this study was to compare the mesiodistal crown diameter of the permanent teeth in Moroccan and Senegalese populations.the material for this study consisted of 104 pairs of study models of randomlyselected Moroccan (54 pairs) and Senegalese (50 pairs) children. The maximum mesiodistal dimensions were recorded for premolars, molars, canines and incisors in each study model using an electronic digital calliper (Mitutoyo, Japan) to the nearest 0.01 mm. The mesiodistal diameter of antimeric teeth was compared using paired sample t test. The independent sample t test was used to test for any difference between Moroccan and Senegalese regarding mesiodistal crown diameter of isomeric teeth.there were no significant differences in the mesiodistal diameter of antimeric teeth. The mesiodistal dimension of the canine was significantly larger in males than in females of both populations. The mesiodistal crown diameter of isomeric teeth was significantly larger in Senegalese in comparison to Moroccan.Further work with a larger number of non orthodontic subjects is needed to validate these findings.

Improvement of dentofacial appearance is often the main motives of patient seeking orthodontic treatment. However perception of aesthetic and orthodontic treatment need may be different among populations of different cultural background. The aim of the present study was to compare the perception of aesthetic and orthodontic treatment need between Caucasian (French) and African (Senegalese)In the present study the perception of the attractiveness of 98 colours photographs of dentitions were assessed by 34 Caucasian and 31 African lay judges by mean of a Power Point presentation. Each slide were displayed for evaluation during 20 secondsThe two populations share the same perception of orthodontic aesthetic with respect to some occlusal traits. However they diverge in their appreciation of 70% of the dentitions with midline diastemas. There were also significant differences in the perception of orthodontic treatment need with the Caucasian judges suggesting treatment more often than Africans.The results are discussed in term of accessibility in orthodontic treatment in association with socioeconomic status.

Numerous studies have shown that several red blood cell polymorphisms protect against severe malaria. Such a relation is much less clear for mild malaria attacks and for the asymptomatic carriage of Plasmodium falciparum. The impact of red blood cell polymorphisms on the level of parasite density was assessed in a group of 464 Senegalese children from the Sereer ethnic group, studied for 18 months. These genetic factors were also related to the malarial morbidity, investigated during 2 successive transmission seasons among 169 of these children. The frequencies of the host genetic factors in the whole group were 0.52 for blood group O, 0.13 for hemoglobin S, 0.16 for the G6PD A-deficient variant and 0.24 for alpha(+)-thalassemia (-alpha(3.7) deletion). Hemoglobin S was associated with protection against mild malaria attacks. None of the genetic factors was implicated in a better control of parasite densities. These associations may be particular to this ethnic group due to the specificities of malaria endemicity in this area. The pressure exerted in the area by other non-malarial infectious diseases as well as the genetic heterogeneity of circulating parasites may also contribute to these observations. (c) 2006 Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved.

The aims of this study were to produce odontometric data for a Moroccan population, to test Tanaka and Johnston and Moyers methods, to derive regression equations and elaborate a specific orthodontic prediction table for Moroccan children. 50 dental casts of Moroccan students (25 males, 25 females, mean age 22.6 years sd 1.35) were used to perform measurements of the greatest mesiodistal widths of all mandibular and maxillary canines and premolars and mandibular incisors with an orthodontic calliper. Significant sexual dimorphism was found in tooth sizes (p = .001). The study revealed close relationships between the total mesiodistal widths of the mandibular permanent incisors and that of the maxillary and mandibular canines and premolars. The correlation coefficients (r) and the coefficient of determination (R2) were better sexes combined for the maxilla (r = 0.60 ; R2 = 0.36 ) and for the mandible (r = 0.61 ; R2= 0.37). The regression equations elaborated for males and females were used as a basis for establishing an orthodontic prediction table for Moroccan children.