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Ortug, Alpen/0000-0002-6813-8351; UZEL, Mehmet/0000-0002-7184-4900 WOS:000469835600017 PubMed ID: 30234897 Background: Accurate knowledge of location and relation with different parameters of the greater palatine foramen (GPF) is a crucial necessity in performing a variety of anaesthesiological, dental and surgical procedures. The main aim of this study was to identify the GPF's locations, numbers and shapes via associating with gender and palatal indices and compare with literature results. Materials and methods: This study was held on the cranium collections of the many anatomy departments in Turkey. Various metric assessments were observed on sexed, dry, total of 97 craniums. Results: Thirty-eight male cranium observed and mean values of palatal indices was 86.28 +/- 10.75 and for 48 female craniums mean value for palatal indices was 81.06 +/- 10.56. Location of GPF observed bilaterally and mostly found near the third upper molar in either of both males and females. It was 62.7% (right), 60.9% (left) for male craniums and 49.0% (right) and 47.1% (left) for female craniums observed near the lateral border of upper third molar. GPF found oval shape for male craniums 62.8% (right) and 61.0% (left) and for female craniums 66.0% (right) and 66.0% (left). Conclusions: These results were compared with already existing anatomical data in other races and populations. These results would have great clinical influence in localising the palatine foramina toward better palatal area surgical approaches to and anaesthetise this area.

Analysis of nonmetric cranial variants has been essential for identifying the human population through osteologic analysis and genetic affinities. This study aimed to examine the nonmetric cranial variants to evaluate differences among sex and side correlations in Anatolian dry skulls. This study was carried out on 50 Anatolian adult dry human skulls (22 males, 28 females) with suitable features (nonfractured and/or with necessary features) out of a total of 97 dry skulls. After sex analysis, each skull was photographed from the norma frontalis, lateralis, inferior, and superior. Eleven nonmetrical cranial variants were investigated. The cranial variants and side incidences were analyzed to determine their sex differences and interside correlations. After the classification, traits were marked as "present" or "absent" on the charts. Some variants in female crania were seen more frequently than in males. Most of the variants such as the supraorbital notch, infraorbital and zygomaticofacial foramen, showed high correlations between the right and left sides. Overall, there were no statistically significant sex or side differences found in the Anatolian crania.

Museums are used in every discipline to collect, classify, and present information for scientific purposes. They also serve as an effective educational medium. Since the establishment of a boutique anatomy museum at Bahcesehir University, lectures, conferences, and seminars have been organized there over the past four years on the history of human anatomy and the human body. In order to raise awareness about the need to make anatomy accessible to kindergarteners and school-aged children, rather than exclusively to undergraduate students, activities that are suited to a wide range of ages have been developed at the museum and at the anatomy laboratory. Four different sessions were conducted, including activities such as lectures using plastic models as props, shaping organs out of playdough, anatomy puzzles, watching cartoons, and examining specimens through a microscope. Healthy and pathologic anatomies were chosen to match daily themes. Among the kindergarteners and elementary school children, no grading was done, nor was any questionnaire administered; however, a survey was administered in the 10-12 age group (N = 64). According to the students' written feedback, 93.75% said they "are happy with microscope activities" while 84.37% said they "had so much fun" participating in the playdough activities. However, 18.75% criticized the activities, saying they "could have been longer." In conclusion, it is believed that these "getting to know our bodies" activities that were hosted in the anatomy museum, including conferences, workshops, material preparation, and instructional movies, may play an important role in the development of a healthy society.

Purpose: Precise knowledge of the level of the vocal fold as projected on the external thyroid cartilage is of critical importance for the performance of many surgical approaches. This study aims to identify the level of the anterior commissure, as well as the lengths of the vocal muscle and arytenoid cartilage in Turkish population. Materials and Method: Specimens were collected after autopsy from the Council of Forensic Medicine. One hundred human larynges (52 men, 48 women; age range: 25-80 years) were dissected under a stereomicroscope. Projection of the vocal fold was analyzed in relation to the superior thyroid (A) and the inferior border of the thyroid cartilage (B). Then, the larynx was dissected parallel to the level of the vocal fold to measure the length of the vocal muscle (C) and the length of the interarytenoid space (D). Results: The mean value of the “a” was 9.15 ± 1.99 mm in male and 9.38 ± 3.43 mm in female. Mean value of the “b” was 10.54 ± 1.73 mm and 8.88 ± 1.81 mm in male and female, respectively. The mean value of the parameter corresponding the length of vocal muscle which was “c” was found 15.00 ± 3.18 mm in male and 12.88 ± 4.12 mm in female. The mean value of the interarytenoid space “d” was 8.31 ± 1.76 mm in male and 8.13 ± 1.90 mm in female. Comparing between genders, no statistical differences were observed in parameters of a, c, d, a + b, a + b/2 ( P > .05). However, the difference with female and male for the parameters of b and c + d was statistically significant ( P < .05). Conclusion: Our results indicate that the anterior commissure projects slightly above the midline height for male and at the level to slightly below in female subjects in Turkish population.

Objective: Variations of the bellies of the digastric muscle is reported for a long time and is not uncommon. However, there is still not a full consensus about the classifications and many different types of variations. The aim of this study was to examine the variations of the digastric muscle on cadaver dissections and to create a pictorial collection of variations related to present-day by combining with existing knowledge. Method: In the present study, a total of 40 formalin-fixed cadavers and head specimens’ digastric muscles were analyzed bilaterally. Results: Previous results were utilized for classification of the variations. Anterior belly, intermediate tendon, and posterior belly variations were evaluated according to unilateral, bilateral and unclassified types. 10 variations were identified in the digastric muscle of 40 cadavers. Thus, five of the variations were unilateral and rest of them were bilateral. Two of the variations were residing in the central area. One accessory muscle bundle was found obliquely residing between the left and right sides of the anterior bellies. Remaining variation was the crossing of the accessory anterior belly of digastric muscle fibers at the central line. Intermediate tendon variation as piercing the stylohyoid muscle was observed in only one case. Posterior belly exhibited no variation. Conclusion: Reporting the abnormalities and variations of the digastric muscle is very important in surgical attempts and evaluation of the lymphadenopathy of the submental area and in the floor of the mouth tumors, numerous clinically significant esthetic surgeries for head and neck surgeons, radiologists and plastic surgeons. Objectif. — Les variations des chefs du muscle digastrique ont été remarquées depuis longtemps et ne sont pas rares. Cependant, il n’y a toujours pas un consensus total sur les classifications et les différents types de variations. L’objet de cette étude a été d’examiner les variations du muscle digastrique par dissection des cadavres et de créer une collection illustrée des variations précédement rapportées à nos jours, en les combinant avec les connaissances actuelles. Méthode. — Dans la présente étude, un total de 40 muscles digastriques de spécimens de tête et de cadavres fixés par le formol ont été analysés bilatéralement. Résultats. — Les résultats antérieurs ont été utilisés pour la classification des variations. Les variations des chefs antérieurs, des tendons intermédiaires et des chefs postérieurs ont été évaluées selon les types unilatéraux, bilatéraux et non classifiés. Dix variations ont été identifiées dans les muscles digastriques des 40 cadavres. En conséquence, on a constaté que cinq variations étaient unilatérales et le reste bilatéral. Deux variations se trouvaient dans la région centrale. Un faisceau de muscle accessoire a été trouvé comme situé obliquement entre le côté gauche et le côté droit des chefs antérieurs. L’autre variation était le croisement du chef antérieur accessoire des fibres musculaires digastriques sur la ligne centrale. La variation du tendon intermédiaire, comme la perforation du muscle stylohyoïdien, n’a été observée que dans un cas. Le chef postérieur n’a montré aucune variation. Conclusion. — L’observation des anomalies et des variations du muscle digastrique est très importante dans les interventions chirurgicales et l’évaluation de la lymphadénopathie de la région sous-mentale, les tumeurs du plancher buccal, les nombreuses opérations chirurgicales esthétiques concernant la chirurgie de la tête et du cou, la radiologie et la chirurgie plastique.

Summary Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder resulting with many different complications including soft tissue abnormalities in the oral cavity such as periodontitis and salivary and taste dysfunction. Previous studies also reported fungal and bacterial infections in oral cavity in these patients. This study aims to represent three dimentional morphologic ultrastructural changes of the diabetic rat tongue via scanning electron microscopy. Twenty-four (24) adult male Spraque-Dawley rats, (weight ranging between 200–250 g) included in the study were randomly assigned into two groups: control rats were injected with intraperitoneally saline alone, experimental diabetes group received streptozotocin (STZ) (80 mg/kg) administrated intraperitoneally. On month four, by the end of experimental period, all animals of each group were anesthetised. All tongues were dissected totally, postfixed in 2% osmium tetroxide and then dried by critical point drying before SEM analysis. Finally, superficial epithelial configurations of the lingual papillae in experimental diabetic rats were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Diabetes mellitus caused thickness, hyperceratosis and different epithelial changes, We observed yeast-like structures and bacterial colonisations on the papillar and epithelial structure of the tongue. The morphological atrophic changes of lingual mucosa and the median rhomboid glossitis (which is primary finding of candidal infection) are characteristic observations on the lingual mucosa of the streptozotocin treated rats.

Papier-mâché means chewed paper, and it defines a method. Various decorative products and functional tools have been produced with this method, which includes various techniques and materials. Maybe, the most interesting one among these is anatomic models developed and spread around the world by the French physician Louis Thomas Jerôme Auzoux (1797-1880) at the beginning of the nineteenth century. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the role of Dr Auzoux' human anatomical models in Ottoman-Turkish medicine. Primary and secondary sources were analysed such as Museum collections, archives, and scientific databases accessible on the Internet. This revealed that, at the beginning of the 1820s, Dr. Auzoux developed the method for papier-mâché anatomical models after a period of suffering difficulties in finding and preserving cadavers for dissection at the medical faculty which he worked. In 1825, he completed his invention, which had significant advantages over previously used methods for anatomical models, and then founded a production workshop in St. Aubin. Many medical schools in Europe, Africa, and South America utilised these models. Sources mentioned that the Ottoman Empire also purchased various anatomical models. Although it is not exactly known how many and from which models, it is known that whole male and female body models and pregnancy developmental models were purchased in 1837. In addition to human anatomic models, Dr. Auzoux's company also began to manufacture veterinary and botanical models soon. In that period of the Ottoman Empire during which cadaver dissection was forbidden and only artificial models and drawings were used for the education, Auzoux's models can be considered as very important tools for the Turkish Ottoman medical education and influential on the transition from traditional to modern medicine. Today, unfortunately, the fate of most of the human anatomical models purchased in the name of the Ottoman Empire is not known.

Many studies have confirmed the significance of tibial tuberosity-trochlear groove (TTTG) distance measurement for the preoperative assessment of tibial tubercle osteotomy and refixation of the patients that need surgery. TTTG distance is being used as threshold value for surgery decision. The purpose is to determine the TTTG values for the adult Turkish population and compare this with the values of other studies and establish a possible index.This study was conducted on 200 patients (97 female, 103 male) aged between 18 and 65 years, retrospectively, who had magnetic resonance imaging at Istanbul Medipol Mega University Hospital Radiology Department. Individuals with no knee surgical history and deformation included to research group, any deformities related with knee were excluded. The scans were analyzed in Picture Archiving Communication System program and compared with other populations. Significance was evaluated with independent Student's t-test.The mean TTTG distance was found 10.07 ± 1.60 mm in males, 9.96 ± 1.41 mm in females, and 10.02 ± 1.51 mm for total cases. There was no statistically significant difference between sex (P0.05). However, overall TTTG distance of right and left knees found significantly different (P0.05).Obtained results are similar with the results of Caucasian population but different than Asian. It is believed that these results will be significant in evaluation of patellofemoral disorders and helpful in treatment.

In the developing cerebellum, generation times of macroneurons and microneurons occur during pre- and postnatal period, respectively. In this study, to investigate the effects of prenatal stress exposure on cerebellar neuronal development, the granule-to-Purkinje cell ratio of stressed animals was compared with their age-matched controls. In the experimental group, pregnant dams were immobilized on their gestational day 7 and 14, for 6 h. The cerebella of the offspring were removed at postnatal day (P) 30, and granule-to-Purkinje cell ratios, obtained by dividing the numerical density of granule cells (NVg) by that of Purkinje cells (NVP), were found significantly reduced (24%) in the stressed animals. Since volume fraction of granular to molecular layer or white matter to whole cortex was not affected from stress exposure, the deficit seen in this ratio reflects an existent increase in the numerical density of Purkinje cells, rather than a decrease in the number of granule cells. In parallel, the linear density of Purkinje cells (NBP) and the percentage of proliferating cells, immunolabeled with BrdU, were also found significantly higher in stressed animals. Taken together, our results demonstrate that intrauterine stress changes the morphology and numerical density of cerebellar neurons by primarily affecting the actively dividing cells during the selected stress period.

To investigate the incidence of the asymptomatic thyroglossal duct anomalies and to review the literature and make comments on the significance of this condition.A total of 80 cadavers were dissected in the present study. This study was carried out during 2005, where the cadavers were randomly included from the criminal laboratories of the Ministry of Justice, Republic of Turkey in Istanbul. None of the cadavers had laryngeal and cervical injuries resulting from a trauma or the cause of their death. The examined cadavers included 59 men and 21 females, and their age were ranged from 35-80 years old. The larynges were removed and fixed in 10% formalin and then dissected. The sections were examined using surgical SMZ 10 Nikon stereomicroscope. We evaluated the presence, localization, and diameter of the cysts with regard to age and sex of the cadavers.We observed a total of 12 different localization of thyroglossal ducts and cysts among the dissected 80 cadavers. Ten of these ducts cysts were found in males with an age range of 35-68 years and 2 in female cadavers aged 46-65 years. In 6 cases, the thyroglossal ducts and cysts were located in the left of the midline of the neck, while 3 cases were from the right of the midline, and the remaining was located on the midline of the neck. In all cases, thyroglossal ducts and cysts were complete and restricted to the infrahyoid region; all of them had connection with the hyoid bone, but not with the perichondrium of the cartilage. In addition, the thyroglossal ducts had connection with the left lobe of the thyroid glands in 3 cases, one case in the right lobe, and 2 cases with the isthmus of the thyroid gland. Finally, in 5 cases thyroglossal ducts were complete and had well-developed cysts.Thyroglossal duct remnants are one of the most often seen congenital asymptomatic masses of the neck region (7%). The presence of these duct remnants may lead to abnormal phonation and epithelial carcinomas. Therefore, correlation of the rate of thyroglossal duct remnants in a population together with the related clinical symptoms can lead to an early diagnosis and better treatment chances for these problems.

Cricothyroid space (CS) is one of the thinnest part in the framework of the larynx. The close relations of CS to the intralaryngeal subglottic area increase its anatomical importance. The aim of this study was to establish topographic distribution and the number of perforating vessels lying towards the intralaryngeal subglottic region and finding the calibrations of these vessels, thus revealing an index for the Turkish population.In this study, 5 women and 45 men autopsy materials that had no pathology or previous surgery in the area were examined during the period February to November 2003. All specimens in this study were selected randomly from the criminal lab of the Republic of Turkey Ministry of Justice, Istanbul, Turkey. Microdissections were made by SMZ 10 Stereomicroscope. Superficial vascular structures of the membrane cricothyroidea at CS and their crossing places (foramens) to the intralaryngeal area, their numbers and localizations in relation to the midline (right/left and cranial/caudal) and their diameters were established.In the larynx dissections, which were made in 50 cases, a total of 180 vessels were seen. Seventy-eight vessels were situated on the middle line (cranial and caudal). Fifty-three vessels were at right side (cranial and caudal) and 49 vessels were at left side (cranial and caudal). In 20 specimens 2-4 vessels arrangement were passing through the foramen to the intralaryngeal subglottic area. Among these foramens, 20 of them consisted of 2 vessels (16 cranial, 4 caudal), 4 of 3 vessels (3 cranial, 1 caudal) and only one foramen was consist of 4 vessels (cranial).The cricothyroid area is an anatomical compartment enclosed by a connective tissue membrane and connected to the adjacent laryngeal region by vessels. This region is important with regard to surgical procedures, spread of laryngeal cancer and traumatic lesions of the larynx. Therefore, the clinical and surgical importance of vascular anatomy and the dimension of the cricothyroid space should be given emphasis in our population.

The topographical anatomy of the maxillary artery in the infratemporal fossa is investigated. 194 preparations from 98 adult specimens are examined (53 male, 45 female). Our important findings are the following: 1. In 29 of 96 specimens (in 2 cases only one side was available) the maxillary artery is located on the outer side of the external pterygoid muscle on one side of the head whereas on the opposite side of the same head it is situated on the inner side of the external pterygoid muscle. 2. in our dissections the maxillary artery is running more frequently medial to the external pterygoid muscle (107 out of 194 preparations; 55.2%) 3. in 2 cases the relation of the maxillary artery to the branches of the mandibular nerve is considerable interesting. 4. An accessory meningeal artery is found in 9 cases (4.6%). 5. In 2 cases the maxillary artery perforates the lingual nerve.