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Background Childhood asthma is classified into allergic asthma (AA) and nonallergic asthma (NA), yet both are treated identically, with only partial success. Objective We sought to identify novel immune phenotypes for childhood AA and NA. Methods The Clinical Asthma Research Association cohort study includes 275 steroid-naive 4- to 15-year-old German children (healthy control subjects [HCs], patients with AA, and patients with NA). In PBMCs both quantitative and functional analysis of regulatory T (Treg) and T H 17 cells (flow cytometry/Treg cell suppression) before/after anti-CD3/CD28, lipid A, and peptidoglycan stimulation were performed. Cytokines and gene expression, as assessed by using Luminex or transcriptomics/quantitative real-time RT-PCR, were analyzed by means of regression analysis. Linear discriminant analysis was applied to discriminate between phenotypes. Results The 3 phenotypes were immunologically well discriminated by means of microarray and protein analysis with linear discriminant analysis. Patients with AA were characterized by increased Treg cells compared with those in HCs but not those in patients with NA. Treg cells from patients with AA, but not patients with NA, significantly suppressed IL-5, IL-13, and IFN-γ secretion. Patients with AA had decreased expression of chloride intracellular channel 4 (CLIC4) and tuberous sclerosis 1 (TSC1) , important innate immunity regulators. Patients with NA were characterized by increased proinflammatory IL-1β levels, neutrophil counts, and IL-17–shifted immunity. In parallel, expressions of anti-inflammatory IL37 , proline-serine-threonine phosphatase–interacting protein 2 (PSTPIP2) , and the neutrophil-associated genes CD93 , triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (TREM1) , and regulator of G-protein signaling 13 (RGS13) were increased in patients with NA. A shared T H 2 immunity was present in both asthma phenotypes. Conclusion Novel immune-regulatory mechanisms in childhood asthma identified increased Treg cells in patients with AA compared with those in HCs but not those in NA and decreased innate immunity genes for patients with AA, the first potentially indicating a counterregulatory mechanism to suppress cytokines yet not sufficient to control allergic inflammation. Very distinctly, patients with NA showed an IL-17–shifted proinflammatory immunity, promoting neutrophil inflammation and less functional Treg cells. Identification of these unique pathways provides a profound basis for future strategies for individualized prediction of asthma development, disease course, and prevention.

Background/Aims: Glucocorticoid treatment may influence bone and muscle development in patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). This study evaluated bone mineral density (BMD), bone geometry and muscle mass. Methods: 73 adult patients with classical CAH were followed. BMD, bone geometry and muscle mass were measured using peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT). Glucocorticoid-equivalent doses throughout life were calculated and at the time pQCT androgen levels were measured. Results: In males the mean standard deviation (SD) score for trabecular BMD (-0.33 ± 0.71) was reduced, whereas mean cortical BMD (1.05 ± 1.11) was elevated. Mean total (0.86 ± 1.12) and medullary cross-sectional area (CSA; 1.12 ± 1.17) were significantly increased (p < 0.001). In all patients SD scores for cortical thickness (-0.65 ± 0.91) and muscle CSA (-0.83 ± 0.91) were reduced. Treatment duration was associated with lower trabecular BMD in males (r = -0.63, p < 0.001). Suppressed androgens and simple virilizing CAH had an adverse effect on the muscle CSA SD score (OR 0.58 and 0.46, respectively, p < 0.05). Conclusion: There was a sexual difference with enlarged total and medullary CSA in females, whereas in males trabecular BMD was reduced and cortical BMD elevated. Cortical thickness and muscle CSA were reduced in all CAH patients with a possible long-term impact on bone development and stability. Monitoring of bone and muscle development might be warranted.