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Extraction of anthocyanins from grape pomace, is a way of valuing these abundant by-products with low added value. Its integration into films may allow it to be used in bioactive packaging, which creates new color and solubility properties for food and smart food packaging which tracks the freshness of fish. Films of arrowroot starch added with different concentrations of grape pomace extract (GPE) were flexible to handle, reddish and presented a high content of anthocyanins. The water vapor permeability increased by 17 %, while the tensile strength of arrowroot starch film decreased by 79 % with the addition of 40 % GPE. The addition of GPE increased the solubility of the starch film in aqueous and lipid food simulants by 121 and 119 %. The GPE pigment preferentially migrated to the aqueous simulant due to the hydrophilic nature of anthocyanins and starch. The GPE film showed distinguishable color changes in different pH buffer solutions from pink at pH 2 to light blue at pH 7 and slightly yellowish green at pH 10. When the composite films were monitored for fish meat freshness, the change in color of the film from reddish pink to slightly green after 96 h of storage at 25 °C was evident., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Breno Baptistella MENEGHETTI reports financial support was provided by State of Sao Paulo Research Foundation. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Skin, the largest organ in the body, blocks the entry of environmental pollutants into the system. Any injury to this organ allows infections and other harmful substances into the body. 3D bioprinting, a state-of-the-art technique, is suitable for fabricating cell culture scaffolds to heal chronic wounds rapidly. This study uses starch extracted from Maranta arundinacea (Arrowroot plant) (AS) and gellan gum (GG) to develop a bioink for 3D printing a scaffold capable of hosting animal cells. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) prove that the isolated AS is analogous to commercial starch. The cell culture scaffolds developed are superior to the existing monolayer culture. Infrared microscopy shows the AS-GG interaction and elucidates the mechanism of hydrogel formation. The physicochemical properties of the 3D-printed scaffold are analyzed to check the cell adhesion and growth; SEM images have confirmed that the AS-GG printed scaffold can support cell growth and proliferation, and the MTT assay shows good cell viability. Cell behavioral and migration studies reveal that cells are healthy. Since the scaffold is biocompatible, it can be 3D printed to any shape and structure and will biodegrade in the requisite time., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Indian Arrowroot (Curcuma angustifolia Roxb) belonging to the Zingiberaceae family is widely distributed in India and some parts of Nepal, Thailand, Bangladesh and Pakistan. It is traditionally used as medicine for treating various diseases and also used as food. Few data are available about its application in pharmacology and therapeutics. Literature search for related contents, keywords such as "Curcuma angustifolia Roxb", "traditional food", "ethnomedicine", "pharmacology", "phytochemicals", "pharmacological activities" were used in search engines including PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Semantic Scholar. Secondary metabolites found in Indian Arrowroot include essential oils, alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, phytosterols, terpenes, phenols, and others. Pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, antiinflammatory, anti-proliferative, anti-ulcerogenic, hepatoprotective, and anti-cancerous activities have been shown by Indian Arrowroot (Curcuma angustifolia Roxb). The presence of nutritional value and pharmaceutical potential gained demand in the various food production industries and pharmacology research. It may play a vital role in future studies of Curcuma angustifolia Roxb as ethnomedicine and further exploitation in pharmacological studies., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

This study investigated the effects of bio-nanocomposite coatings developed using arrowroot starch (AA), cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), carnauba wax nanoemulsion (CWN), and Cymbopogon martinii and Mentha spicata essential oils (CEO and MEO, respectively) on the physicochemical, microbiological, bioactive, antioxidant, and aromatic characteristics of strawberries cv. 'Oso Grande' in refrigerated storage for 12 days. The coatings improved the shelf life and stability of strawberries, minimizing their weight loss (2.6-3.9 %), as well as changes in color and texture (except for those coated with CEO), titratable acidity, pH, soluble solids, anthocyanins, phenolic compounds, ascorbic acid content, and antioxidant activity compared with uncoated control strawberries. The bio-nanocomposite coatings containing MEO and CEO also exhibited antimicrobial activity, reduced visible fungal deterioration (40-60 %), and reduced microbial load (3.59-4.03 log CFU g -1 for mesophilic aerobic bacteria and 4.45-5.22 log CFU g -1 for fungi and yeast) during storage. They also significantly reduced the severity of decay caused by inoculation with Botrytis cinerea or Rhizopus stolonifer. The coatings altered the volatile profile of the fruits during storage, decreasing aldehyde and alcohol concentrations and increasing ester concentrations. Thus, these bio-nanocomposite coatings, especially those containing MEO, can be used as antimicrobial coating materials to preserve the post-harvest quality of fresh strawberries., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Thalia dealbata Fraser-derived biochar was prepared at different carbonization temperatures to remove nutrients in aqueous solution. Thermogravimetry/differential thermogravimetry (TG/DTG) was used to analyze the carbonization and decomposition procedure of Thalia dealbata Fraser. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), zeta potential, and N 2 adsorption-desorption isotherms were employed to characterize the prepared biochar. The carbonization temperature obviously effected the physical and chemical properties of biochar. The adsorption efficiency of ammonia (NH 4 + -N), nitrate (NO 3 - -N), and phosphate (PO 4 3- ) adsorption on biochar was tested. Pseudo-first-order kinetic, pseudo-second-order kinetic, and intra-particle diffusion kinetic models were used to fit adsorption kinetic. Langmuir and Freundlich models were used to fit adsorption isotherms. The theoretical adsorption capacity of NH 4 + -N, NO 3 - -N, and PO 4 3- on biochar was 5.8 mg/g, 3.8 mg/g, and 1.3 mg/g, respectively. This study provides the insights for effect of carbonization temperature on biochar preparation and application., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Increasing trends in food safety awareness drive consumer demands for fresher healthier diets and has led to the development of low-cost pH-sensitive indicator films to evaluate deterioration levels in fresh foods. Arrowroot starch/iota-carrageenan-based films were combined with 10, 30, 50% Kyoho skin extract (KSE) to produce indicator films with halochromic abilities. The KSE indicator films were characterized based on their physico-mechanical, functional, and crystallinity properties; thermal stability; and their pH-dependent color changes in in situ anthocyanin-based monitoring of shrimp freshness. All KSE indicator films displayed compact structure under scanning electron microscope analysis and increased tensile strength, exhibited UV-vis barrier ability, and presented low water wettability. Moreover, FTIR signaled strong hydrogen bond interactions among polymers and KSE that strengthened peak crystallinity in XRD analysis and lowered weight loss at melting temperature, which indicated thermal stability of the indicator films. Furthermore, pH-sensitivity of the indicator films integrated with natural KSE anthocyanin demonstrated color changes from purple to red under acidic conditions, purple to green in an ammonium environment, and yellow appeared in high alkaline conditions. Finally, this study demonstrated the food packaging and halochromic capacity of biopolymer-based pH-sensitivity of the KSE indicator films in real-time monitoring of shrimp at room storage temperatures., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Grapevine ( Vitis vinifera L.) is a plant containing many phenolic compounds, mostly distributed in the peel, pulp, and seeds. This study evaluates the centesimal composition and bioactive compounds in Shiraz grape ( Vitis vinifera ) peels using spectrophotometric and UHPLC techniques and develops different formulations of compound powders from the peels and arrowroot using conventional drying technology. The results demonstrate that Shiraz grape skin contains significant amounts of insoluble fiber (15.3%), phenolics (157.09 ± 6.96-149.11 ± 9.27 mg GAE g -1 ), and flavonoids (0.75 ± 0.50-2.00 ± 0.50 mg QE g -1 ), with excellent antioxidant capacity observed in the alcoholic extracts. The phenolic content in the developed powdered compounds ranged from 128.32 to 139.70 mg GAE g -1 . In general, the compounds showed good antioxidant capacity (IC50 = 0.17 to 0.19  μ g mL -1 ). According to the chromatographic evaluation, it was possible to quantify gallic acid, catechin, and epicatechin, the latter of which was found in the largest quantities in the six formulations. The EV5 formulation was the most efficient in terms of phenolic compounds and protein amounts. This formulation's composition and low cost could make it viable for use in the food industry., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Euzélia Lima Souza et al.)

Background: Breast cancer prevention still needs to be improved. Calorie restriction is thought to prevent breast cancer through the induction of autophagy. Maranta arundinacea L. (MA) has the potential for calorie restriction because it contains high fiber. This research aimed to observe the effect of dietary MA against dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary cancer in Sprague Dawley rats related to autophagy., Methods: Twenty-five Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups: 1) control group without DMBA-induced with a standard diet, 2) 20 mg/kg BW of DMBA two times a week for five weeks with a standard diet, 3) DMBA and diet modification with 30% of MA, 4) DMBA and diet modification with 45% of MA, and 5) DMBA and diet modification with 60% of MA. Examination of the nodule was conducted once every week for 22 weeks. Breast tissue/tumor examination underwent histology examination with hematoxylin-eosin. Examinations of immunohistochemical staining against Beclin1, LC3B, and SQSTM1 were conducted to reveal autophagy. The difference of autophagy protein expression was analyzed using One way ANOVA with 95% confidence level and significance set as p<0.05., Results: Cancer was detected in four rats of DMBA standard diet, two rats of 30% MA, one rat of 45% MA. No cancer was detected in the rats of control and rats with 60% of MA group. The Beclin1 expressions showed that the 60% of MA group had the highest score (2.5±0.52) followed by the 45% of MA group (1.87±0.49), control group (1.77±0.11), 30% of MA group (1.28±0.75), and DMBA with standard diet had the lowest score (1.28±0.91). The difference of Beclin1 expressions was statistically significant (p-value=0.03). However, the difference of the LC3B expressions (p-value=0.11) and SQSTM1 expressions (p-value=0.225) were not statistically significant., Conclusion: Dietary modifications with MA potentially prevent breast cancer and induce initiation of autophagy.

Polymeric membranes have been used in several applications, including their use as curatives in cutaneous wounds. Bromelain has long been used for anti-inflammatory purposes, so the objective of this work was to produce carboxymethylcellulose-acetylated blends, incorporate bromelain, characterize the systems, compare the blends with bromelain loaded in nanoparticles and liposomes and, finally, to evaluate their healing potential. Four membrane formulations were produced by solvent evaporation: the control, membranes containing free bromelain, bromelain-loaded nanoparticles (NPs) and bromelain-loaded liposomes (LIPs). The enzyme concentration was the same for all formulations. Transparent, flexible and intact films were obtained. The membranes containing free bromelain, bromelain-loaded NPs and bromelain-loaded LIPs had higher water content, lower water vapor permeability and maximum tensile strength, and greater elongation at rupture. The capacity to absorb simulated exudate was higher in samples containing free bromelain, and bioadhesion was reduced in the presence of free bromelain compared to the control. An in vivo assay was performed to verify the membranes' healing potential. Histological analysis revealed no edema on the 14th day in animals treated with membranes containing bromelain-loaded NPs and LIPs., (Copyright © 2021 American Pharmacists Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The marine pelagic tunicates of Family Salpidae Lahille, 1888 presence in the coastal waters of Terengganu was studied for the first time. Samples were collected from April to July 2016 using 200µm Bongo net; hauled vertically from a stationary vessel; and preserved in 5% buffered formaldehyde. A total of 4 species under this family were found, observed and identified: Thalia rhomboides (Quoy and Gaimard 1824); Thalia sibogae (van Soest 1973); Weelia cylindrica (Cuvier 1804) and Brooksia rostrata (Traustedt 1893). All species were identified as new records in Malaysian waters. The description on morphological characteristics and a key to the solitary and aggregate of the recorded species is added. The distribution was analyzed from the 18 sampling stations in theTerengganu waters including Pulau Bidong, Pulau Yu and Pulau Kapas. The collected data was then compiled with previous available global literature on the distribution and occurrence of these four species, consequently updating the biodiversity of Malaysian fauna and its worldwide biogeography distribution.

The Central American isthmus was a major dispersal route for plant taxa originally brought under cultivation in the domestication centers of southern Mexico and northern South America. Recently developed methodologies in the archaeological and biological sciences are providing increasing amounts of data regarding the timing and nature of these dispersals and the associated transition to food production in various regions. One of these methodologies, starch grain analysis, recovers identifiable microfossils of economic plants directly off the stone tools used to process them. We report on new starch grain evidence from Panama demonstrating the early spread of three important New World cultigens: maize (Zea mays), manioc (Manihot esculenta), and arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea). Maize starch recovered from stone tools at a site located in the Pacific lowlands of central Panama confirms previous archaeobotanical evidence for the use of maize there by 7800-7000 cal BP. Starch evidence from preceramic sites in the less seasonal, humid premontane forests of Chiriquí province, western Panama, shows that maize and root crops were present by 7400-5600 cal BP, several millennia earlier than previously documented. Several local starchy resources, including Zamia and Dioscorea spp., were also used. The data from both regions suggest that crop dispersals took place via diffusion or exchange of plant germplasm rather than movement of human populations practicing agriculture.

Bioassay guided isolation of an antitubercular extract of the aerial parts of Thalia multiflora led to the isolation of nine stigmast-5-ene and stigmasta-5,22-dien steroids, four isorhamnetin and quercetin flavonoid glycosides, two ceramides, an indole alkaloid and two simple phenolic compounds. Stigmast-5-en-3beta-ol-7-one (2), stigmast-4-ene-6beta-ol-3-one (3), stigmast-5,22-dien-3beta-ol-7-one (7) and stigmast-4,22-dien-6beta-ol-3-one (8) were found to be the most active compounds with MIC values of 1.98 +/- 0.02, 4.2 +/- 0.17, 1.0 +/- 0.06 and 2.2 +/- 0.3 microg/mL, respectively. Compounds 2, 3, 7 and 8 were not cytotoxic to Vero cells at 102 microg/mL. This investigation constitutes the first report of a chemical study of a species of the genus Thalia.

Amazonia is extremely biodiverse, but the mechanisms for the origin of this diversity are still under debate. We propose a diversification model for Amazonia based on the interplay of intrinsic clade functional traits, habitat associations and past geological events, using as a model group the species-rich Neotropical family Marantaceae. Our results show that the species richness of the lineage is predicted by functional strategy, rather than clade age, and thus the fast vs. slow growth functional trade-off is a major determinant of clade diversification in Marantaceae. Rapidly growing clades were mostly associated with highly productive habitats, and their origin and diversification dynamics matched the expansion of fertile soils mediated by Andean uplift c. 23 Mya. Fast-growth strategies probably led to fast molecular evolution, speeding up speciation rates and species accumulation, resulting in higher numbers of extant species. Our results indicate that pure allopatric-dispersal models disconnected from past geological and ecological forces may be inadequate for explaining the evolutionary and diversity patterns in Amazonian lowlands. We suggest that a coupling of the functional trait-niche framework with diversification dynamics provides insights into the evolutionary history of tropical forests and helps elucidate the mechanisms underlying the origin and evolution of its spectacular biodiversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lateral organs arranged in spiral phyllotaxy are separated by the golden angle, 137.5, leading to chirality: either clockwise or counter-clockwise. In some species, leaves are asymmetric such that they are smaller and curved towards the side ascending the phyllotactic spiral. As such, these asymmetries lead to mirroring of leaf shapes in plants of opposite phyllotactic handedness. Previous reports had suggested that the pin-stripe calathea (Goeppertia ornata) may be exclusively of one phyllotactic direction, counter-clockwise, but had limited sampling to a single population. Here, we use a citizen science approach leveraging a social media poll, internet image searches, in-person verification at nurseries in four countries and digitallycurated, research-grade observations to demonstrate that calatheas (Goeppertia spp.) around the world are biased towards counter-clockwise phyllotaxy. The possibility that this bias is genetic and its implications formodels of phyllotaxy that assume handedness is stochastically specified in equal proportions is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Changes in chromosome number and structure, as well as alterations in genome size, are important cytological characters that often reflect speciation events. Due to a wide variety of previously reported chromosome numbers the species-rich arrowroot family (Marantaceae) is an ideal system to investigate the role of chromosomal changes in species diversification, especially of dysploidy and polyploidy. The mechanisms and direction of changes during evolution as well as ancestral states of chromosomal characters are largely unknown. This study provides a detailed survey of chromosomal and genome size variation in 43 Marantaceae accessions (37 species, 16 genera) from the whole distribution range. Phylogenetic tree mapping suggests that x = 13 is the ancestral basic chromosome number. Descending dysploidy to x = 9, 10, 11, and 12 occurred ten times in parallel within each of the five main clades. In contrast, ascending dysploidy to x = 14, occurred only once. Ploidy level variation was confined to basic numbers x = 9, 11, and 13 and was observed in four out of the five clades. The occurrence of triploids and pentaploids points towards heteroploid diploid-tetraploid and tetraploid-hexaploid hybridizations. Trends in genome evolution as exposed by regression analyses revealed a massive genome size increase after dysploidy - and a genome size decrease after polyploidy. A schematic illustration of possible origins and the modes of chromosomal changes in a biogeographical context is presented. Exemplified by the family Marantaceae, it is shown how variable chromosomal evolution can be and how it contributes to species richness and speciation in the plant kingdom.

Broad-leaved monocot herbs are widespread and dominant components of the shaded understories of wet neotropical forests. These understory habitats are characterized by light limitation and a constant threat of falling branches. Many shaded understory herb species have close relatives that occupy forest edges and gaps, where light availability is higher and defoliation threat is lower, creating an opportunity for comparative analysis of functional traits in order to better understand the evolutionary adaptations associated with this habitat transition. We documented ecological, morphological and ecophysiological traits of multiple herb species in six monocot families from each of these two habitats in the wet tropical rainforest at the La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica. We found that a mixture of phylogenetic canalization and ecological selection for specific habitats helped explain patterns of functional traits. Understory herbs were significantly shorter and had smaller leaves than forest edge species. Although the mean number of leaves per plant and specific leaf area did not differ between the two groups, the larger leaf size of forest edge species gave them more than three times the mean plant leaf area. Measures of leaf water content and nitrogen content varied within both groups and mean values were not significantly different. Despite the high leaf nitrogen contents, the maximum photosynthetic rates of understory herbs were quite low. Measures of δ13C as an analog of water use efficiency found significantly lower (more negative) values in understory herbs compared to forest edge species. Clonality was strongly developed in several species but did not show strong phylogenetic patterns. This study highlights many functional traits that differ between broad-leaved monocot species characteristic of understory and forest edge habitats, as well as traits that vary primarily by phylogenetic relatedness. Overall, plant functional traits do not provide a simple explanation for the relative differences in abundance for individual understory and forest edge species with some occurring in great abundance while others are relatively rare.

Thaumatococcus daniellii is a rhizomatous monocotyledonous, perennial herb species of the Marantaceae family. The fruit aril contains thaumatin, a sweet protein with sweetness intensity that is about 1,600–3,000 times that of sucrose and is extensively employed as a natural sweetener. The species has potential as an imperative economic crop if cultivated under proper agronomic practices. Phenological development and thermal time requirements are critical to ensuring a high yield. The aim of this study was to determine the phenological stages according to the BBCH scale and growing degree days (GDDs) under different irradiance and fertiliser levels. Seedlings were raised from rhizomes and grown on the field using a randomised complete block design with four treatments and three replications. The study was carried out at the Botanical Garden, Shah Alam, Malaysia, from July 2014 to February 2017. The treatments consisted of combinations of two irradiance and two fertiliser levels, which were designated as high irradiance with either low (T1) or high fertiliser (T2) and low irradiance with either low (T3) or high fertiliser (T4). A detailed phenological development using two‐ and three‐digit coding systems was conducted on 12 clumps (one clump/replicate/treatment). The species has eight principal stages, which include bud and leaf development, formation of side tillering, petiole elongation, emergence of synflorescence, flowering, fruit development and fruit maturity. Both irradiance and fertiliser levels affected certain phenological stages; with leaf, tiller, synflorescence and fruit strongly influenced by irradiance levels. Leaf growth was more vigorous under high irradiances compared with low irradiances and took about 36 to 42 days to attain full maturity. The clump growth or size is a function of tiller numbers. The tiller number increased with increase in clump age. The onset of certain phenological stages was associated with clump age. The clumps commenced production of synflorescence when tiller number was in the range of 30 to 40, and started fruit formation when tiller number reached 70. Both events occurred under a combination treatment of high irradiance with high fertiliser. The GDD requirement of any phenological stage or development of any plant part is contingent upon the duration of a particular stage or process, as measured in days after emergence or transplanting. The longer the duration, the higher the GDD and it varies with treatments. The total GDD required for the completion of the single leaf growth ranged from 852 to 1,022°C, while the emergence of synflorescence under high irradiance occurred with GDD of 5621 (T2) and low irradiance at 9387°C (T3). Fruit formation was observed only under high irradiance with GDD ranging from 9030 (T2) to 13,147°C (T1) during the study period. A description of phenological development according to BBCH scale and GDD requirements in response to differences in irradiance and fertiliser is imperative. It provides a detailed knowledge based on T. daniellii development vis‐à‐vis growth and environmental requirements. This will pave the way for attainment of an efficient crop agronomic practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Brachybasidiaceae are a family of 22 known species of plant-parasitic microfungi belonging to Exobasidiales, Basidiomycota. Within this family, species of the largest genus Kordyana develop balls of basidia on top of stomatal openings. Basidial cells originate from fungal stroma filling substomatal chambers. Species of Kordyana typically infect species of Commelinaceae. During fieldwork in the neotropics, fungi morphologically similar to Kordyana spp. were found on Goeppertia spp. (syn. Calathea spp., Marantaceae), namely on G. panamensis in Panama and on G. propinqua in Bolivia. These specimens are proposed as representatives of a genus new to science, Marantokordyana, based on the distinct host family and molecular sequence data of ITS and LSU rDNA regions. The specimens on the two host species represent two species new to science, M. oberwinkleriana on G. panamensis and M. boliviana on G. propinqua. They differ by the size and shape of their basidia, molecular sequence data of ITS and LSU rDNA regions, and host plant species. In the past, the understanding of Brachybasidiaceae at order and family level was significantly improved by investigation realized by Franz Oberwinkler and his collaborators at the University of Tübingen, Germany. On species level, however, our knowledge is still very poor due to incomplete species descriptions of several existing names in literature, scarceness of specimens, as well as sequence data lacking for many taxa and for further barcode regions. Especially species of Kordyana and species of Dicellomyces are in need of revision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Karyotype analyses in species of the family Marantaceae (550 species, 31 genera) were conducted to shed light on the reported strong variation of chromosome number and size and the occurrence of polyploidy. Special attention was paid to the alterations in basic chromosome numbers, karyotypes and ploidy levels. Taxon sampling covered the whole distribution area of Marantaceae in Africa, Asia and America. We applied mitotic chromosome counting using conventional rapid squash techniques in 43 accessions (39 species, 16 genera), evaluated literature records for 51 species and conducted karyotype analyses. Eleven different somatic chromosome numbers were found (2n = 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 33, 44, 36, 52, 65, 72). Based on the presumed basic chromosome numbers of x = 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, this may correspond to diploid, triploid, tetraploid, pentaploid and octoploid levels, respectively. Dysploid variation, polyploidy and, to a lesser extend, hybridization may be the main factors in chromosome number evolution of the family. Our results also point to a certain degree of association with species diversification and geographical patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to characterise and establish the phenological stages of arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea L.) by employing the extended BBCH (Biologische Bundesanstalt Bundessortenamt und Chemische Industrie) scale system and reporting a detailed biometric evaluation. An experiment with individual plants grown in separate pots was set up in a greenhouse for the identification and characterisation of phenological stages (the phenotypic characterisation and tuberisation process was accompanied by histological analyses every 2 months) and for biometric evaluation (plant height, root volume, dry biomass, leaf area and accumulated starch). We identified 36 secondary stages within eight principal stages of arrowroot growth which comprise: (0) sprouting; (1) leaf development–main stem; (2) formation of lateral stems; (3) elongation–main stem; (4) rhizome formation and tuberisation; (5) inflorescence emergence; (6) flowering, and (9) senescence. Results were categorised and recorded by way of photographs and technical drawings. The total growth cycle in this experiment was 230 days, concluding at the point of harvest. It was possible to observe the phenological events that characterised the changes at each stage (colouration, flag leaf emission, inflorescence and the rhizome tuberisation process). The BBCH system was efficient in identifying arrowroot phenological data. It constitutes a tool for agricultural calendar delineation and contributes to the standardisation of research on the species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to identify the histological basis for the extraordinary, fast movement of the style in Marantaceae. Although this explosive pollination mechanism was subject of many studies, quantitative measurements to document volumetric changes have never been conducted. Based on physical parameters and limitations (poroelastic time), the movement itself is by far too fast to be explained by turgor changes solely. Therefore, we address the hypothesis that the style contains elastic structures to store energy allowing the fast movement. We provide an experimental approach in Goeppertia bachemiana to identify histological differences of styles in various states, i.e., steady, unreleased, and released state. Cross and longitudinal sections were used to reconstruct the cell volume in different sectors of the style. Histological data were discussed with respect to a putative water shift (turgor movement) and elastic instabilities that were proposed to explain the style movement of Marantaceae. Current data show, that the upper epidermis is under tensile stress in the unreleased state. After style release, the lower side of the style revealed an enormous water up-take. According to our results, we hypothesize that the fast style movement of G. bachemiana is likely based on an elastically stretched upper epidermis, whereas a “soaking tissue” at the lower side presumably mediates the up curling of the style. The experimental data show that at least for G. bachemiana, physical limitations such as the poroelastic time are suitable parameters to predict movements that are based on elastic instabilities.

This study aims to identify the histological basis for the extraordinary, fast movement of the style in Marantaceae. Although this explosive pollination mechanism was subject of many studies, quantitative measurements to document volumetric changes have never been conducted. Based on physical parameters and limitations (poroelastic time), the movement itself is by far too fast to be explained by turgor changes solely. Therefore, we address the hypothesis that the style contains elastic structures to store energy allowing the fast movement. We provide an experimental approach in Goeppertia bachemiana to identify histological differences of styles in various states, i.e., steady, unreleased, and released state. Cross and longitudinal sections were used to reconstruct the cell volume in different sectors of the style. Histological data were discussed with respect to a putative water shift (turgor movement) and elastic instabilities that were proposed to explain the style movement of Marantaceae. Current data show, that the upper epidermis is under tensile stress in the unreleased state. After style release, the lower side of the style revealed an enormous water up-take. According to our results, we hypothesize that the fast style movement of G. bachemiana is likely based on an elastically stretched upper epidermis, whereas a "soaking tissue" at the lower side presumably mediates the up curling of the style. The experimental data show that at least for G. bachemiana , physical limitations such as the poroelastic time are suitable parameters to predict movements that are based on elastic instabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we quantified the contribution of forest-derived carbon (FDC) to the soil organic C (SOC) pool along a natural succession from savanna (S) to mixed Marantaceae forest (MMF) in the Lopè National Park, Gabon. Four 1-ha plots, corresponding to different stages along the natural succession, were used to determine the SOC stock and soil C isotope composition (δ13C) to derive the FDC contribution in different soil layers down to 1 m depth. Besides, to investigate changes in SOC stability, we determined the 14C concentration of SOC to 30 cm depth and derived turnover time (TT). Results indicated that SOC increased only at the end of the succession in the MMF stage, which stored 46% more SOC (41 Mg C ha−1) in the 0-30 cm depth than the S stage (28.8 Mg C ha−1). The FDC contribution increased along forest succession affecting mainly the top layers of the initial successional stages to 15 cm depth and reaching 70 cm depth in the MMF stage. The TT suggests a small increase in stability in the 0-5 cm layer from S (146 years) to MMF (157 years) stages. Below 5 cm, the increase in stability was high, suggesting that FDC can remain in soils for a much longer time than savanna-derived C. In conclusion, the natural succession toward Marantaceae forests can positively impact climate change resulting in large SOC stocks, which can be removed from the atmosphere and stored for a much longer time in forest soils compared to savanna soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The early stages of the hesperiid butterfly Lychnuchoides ozias ozias (Hewitson) are described. The food plant in nature is an unidentified species of Marantaceae (cf. Calathea G. F. W. Meyer). The egg is hemispheric, white, with about 50 vertical ribs. The larva is smooth and goes through five instars during 30 days. The last instar has a plump body, is completely smooth and dark green with a pair of dorsal light markings on T6, the head is dark brown, trapezoidal, with a pair of rounded bumps on the vertex with two pairs of yellow spots (one frontal and one on the bumps on the vertex). The pupa is elongated, without spines, bearing a long, thin, anteriorly-directed projection on the head. The immature stages are similar to those of most Calpodini except for the general body shape, which is similar to Talides Hübner and Saliana Evans and distinct from all other Calpodini genera, whose larvae are elongated and slim. The body shape in Calpodini appears to be associated with host plant use, with plump bodies related to the use of plants with large soft leaves and slender bodies related to the use of plants with narrow and tough leaves or leaflets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants evolved in response to climatic conditions, which shaped their geographic distribution, functional traits and genetic composition. In the face of climatic changes, plants have to react by either genetic adaptation, phenotypic plasticity or geographic range shift. Their reaction potential depends on their phenotypic and genetic variability which can be evaluated through regional scale trait estimates, however, little is known here about tropical African plants. To start filling this gap of knowledge, the aim of this study was to estimate the phenotypic variability in a widespread perennial herb from the understorey of tropical African rainforests: Sarcophrynium prionogonium (Marantaceae). We surveyed 211 individuals from eight populations distributed across four sites in Cameroon covering largely the climatic range of the study species. Fourteen key functional traits were measured monthly for 18 months (2013–2014). Individuals of the study species persisted under a wide range of environmental conditions and there was considerable intraspecific variability within and across populations. Still, plant vegetative growth decreased with dryness. Productivity was positively related to a combination of high temperatures and precipitation and under these favourable conditions strongly shaped by light. Seasonal patterns of flower and fruit development were strongly associated with seasonal rainfall. Thus, the predicted increased dryness in tropical Africa might be disadvantageous for the study species. In the past, plants reacted to such aridification tendencies (e.g. during the Pleistocene glacial cycles) by retracting to moist refugia. The current climatic changes, however, being much faster and larger might provide new challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calathea gentryi H. Kenn., and C. yawankama H. Kenn., both endemic to Amazonian Peru, are described as new. Calathea gentryi occurs in Department Loreto in both Maynas and Alto Amazonas Provinces. Calathea gentryi is characterized by all basal leaves, a single, relatively small (4.5-7 × 1-2.5 cm) narrowly ellipsoid to subcylindric inflorescence of 12 to 19 spirally arranged small (1.1-1.5 × 0.9-1.2 cm) bracts, and three bracteoles per flower pair, two lateral, membranous, and a medial, claviculate, one. Calathea gentryi shares a similar habit and inflorescence morphology with C. barbata Peters. and C. schunkei H. Kenn. Calathea yawankama, known only from the type locality in Department Amazonas, is characterized by the relatively broad (length: width ratio 1.15-2.23:1), all basal leaves, leaves with the blades patterned with a light green band along the midrib adaxially, purple abaxially, and small (2-2.5 × 2-2.7 cm), globose, inflorescence of 12 to18 spirally arranged bracts, the presence of claviculate bracteoles and white flowers. Calathea yawankama shares a similar inflorescence morphology with C. compacta S. Suárez & Galeano and C. pearcei Rusby. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coccodiella is a genus of plant-parasitic species in the family Phyllachoraceae (Phyllachorales, Ascomycota), i.e., tropical tar spot fungi. Members of the genus Coccodiella are tropical in distribution and are host-specific, growing on plant species belonging to nine host plant families. Most of the known species occur on various genera and species of the Melastomataceae in tropical America. In this study, we describe the new species C. calatheae from Panama, growing on Calathea crotalifera (Marantaceae). We obtained ITS, nrLSU, and nrSSU sequence data from this new species and from other freshly collected specimens of five species of Coccodiella on members of Melastomataceae from Ecuador and Panama. Phylogenetic analyses allowed us to confirm the placement of Coccodiella within Phyllachoraceae, as well as the monophyly of the genus. The phylogeny of representative species within the family Phyllachoraceae, including Coccodiella spp., graminicolous species of Phyllachora and taxa with erumpent to superficial stroma from several host families, suggests that the genus Phyllachora might be polyphyletic. Furthermore, tar spot fungi with superficial or erumpent perithecia seem to be restricted to the family Phyllachoraceae, independently of the host plant. We also discuss the biodiversity and host-plant patterns of species of Coccodiella worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Goeppertia mendesiana, a new species from the Atlantic Forest of Bahia, Brazil, is described and illustrated. It resembles G. widgrenii (Körn.) Borchs. & Suárez, but differs from that species by its villose petioles and peduncles (vs glabrous in G. widgrenii) and by the absence of bracteoles and interphylls, a rare feature in the genus. The ecology, distribution and conservation status of the new species is presented, along with a key to the species of Goeppertia with ornamented leaves in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marantha ruiziana Koern (MrK) is an Amazonian plant with starchy rhizome, which can be used as an alternative botanical source for starch isolation. The morphology, crystallinity, short molecular order, pasting and thermal properties of MrK starch were assessed and compared to cassava starch, a rhizome that is also harvested in the Amazonian region. The amylose content of MrK starch was 29.0%, and the granule size diameter was in range from 9.7 to 24.0 μm. Starch granules exhibited polyhedral shapes with irregular polygonal surfaces. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed A-type crystallinity with about 26.1% of crystallinity content. X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy evidenced reduced molecular order of MrK starch compared to cassava starch, although the gelatinization and pasting temperatures were higher in MrK starch. Also, MrK starch pastes showed high tendency to retrogradation after seven days of storage at 4.0 °C as assessed by differential scanning calorimetry. Overall, the results showed that MrK starch has interesting characteristics (e.g., high peak viscosity, thermal stability) that can be exploited for applications in food and non-food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A severe leaf spot, turning to foliage blight, was observed on leaves of Maranta leuconeura growing in a garden in Brazil (state of Rio de Janeiro) in 2015. A dematiaceous hyphomycete bearing a morphology typical of a helminthosporoid fungi was regularly found in association with diseased tissues. The fungus was isolated and pathogenicity was demonstrated through the completion of Koch's postulates. A morphology and molecular analysis led to the conclusion that the fungus belonged to the genus Bipolaris, which is characterized by having fusiform conidia, externally thickened and truncate hila and a bipolar pattern of germination. Additionally, homology of internal transcribed spacer and GAPDH sequences with sequences of other Bipolaris species, confirmed its generic placement. A phylogenetic study also indicated clearly that the fungus on M. leuconeura is phylogenetically distinct from related species of this genus, leading to the proposal of the new species Bipolaris marantae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pleistocene and Holocene lithic assemblages found in Southeast Asia are characterised by simple production techniques and a paucity of formal stone tools. This situation led some scholars to hypothesise that this situation reflected an adaptation of prehistoric human groups to the rainforest and that these simple stone tools had been mainly used to manufacture more complex implements made of bamboo. Microscopic use traces observed on stone tools could support this hypothesis since many result from plant processing. However, it remains unclear whether these traces were produced by working bamboo or other plants, due to the lack of a suitable use-wear reference collection. To be able to clearly discriminate the use-wear resulting from bamboo processing, such a collection needs to encompass use traces resulting not only from bamboo processing but also from working various other plants, which might potentially have been used by prehistoric groups. We present here the results of a three month field work among Pala'wan communities aiming to know what plants from the forests of Palawan, Philippines are used nowadays, are therefore useful to humans in general and might have been used during the past as well. We recorded the use of 95 different plant species belonging to at least 34 different families. Archaeobotanical studies confirm that some of those plants were available and used by humans in the past while others would have been extant at least in forest refugia, even during glacial periods. Those plants are processed by the Pala'wan at all life stages from seed to dead trees and the parts involved are very diverse. While the most frequent type of use that we witnessed was technological in nature (67 plant species), plants are also used for alimentary, medicinal, ornamental, and sanitary purposes, and even for producing poison. The observations presented here can serve as a basis for use-wear analysts to design experiments in relation to plant exploitation by humans during the past, and to enlarge reference collections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Premise of research: Interspecific hybridization is frequently observed between closely related plant species with overlapping distribution ranges, especially in zones of secondary contact after isolation in different refugia. Although well studied in temperate regions, interspecific hybridization is little documented in tropical regions, where it may be frequent in areas with high species diversity. To bridge this gap, we investigate hybridization in two closely related climber species from the genus Haumania (Haumania danckelmaniana and Haumania liebrechtsiana) originating from Gabon/Cameroon and the Democratic Republic of Congo, respectively, and co-occurring in Northern Gabon. The aim of this study was to genetically quantify and qualify the degree of hybridization between these species in their area of distributional overlap by including for the first time morphological intermediates. Methodology: We investigated 265 individuals from nine sites (seven sites containing both species) by genotyping seven microsatellites and sequencing one chloroplastic region (trnC-petN1r). Bayesian clustering analysis and simulated genotypes allowed the assignment of sampled genotypes to one or the other species or their intermediates (first-generation hybrid or backcrosses). Pivotal results: We found 13% and 41% of intermediates on the basis of morphological versus genetic data, respectively, indicating only a partial congruence. There was an equal amount of backcrosses to both parental species (15%). However, a comparison at the local scale of microsatellites and cpDNA sequence data revealed a unidirectional introgression from H. liebrechtsiana into H. danckelmaniana. At the scale of the nine sites, genetic differentiation was much lower among H. liebrechtsiana than among H. danckelmaniana populations. Conclusions: These results are in line with the previously proposed phylogeographic scenario for the genus Haumania and the theoretical expectation of chloroplast capture when an expanding species (here H. liebrechtsiana) invades the range of a local species (here H. danckelmaniana). Because the forest flora of Central Africa has undergone repeated cycles of fragmentation and expansion following past climate changes, we expect that similar scenarios of hybridization after secondary contact may be common. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This taxonomic survey comprises the species of Marantaceae registered for the cangas of Serra dos Carajás, Pará, Brazil. Two species inhabit the cangas: Maranta ruiziana and Monotagma plurispicatum. Morphological descriptions of genera and species, illustrations, and additional remarks are also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim We sought to test the refuge hypothesis as a major driver of genetic differentiation to explain the development of distinct phytogeographical domains in tropical Central African rain forest. To address this aim, we studied the phylogeographical pattern of a pair of sister plant species, Haumania danckelmaniana and H. liebrechtsiana (Marantaceae), distributed across the two phytogeographical domains: Lower Guinea and Congolia. Location Tropical Central Africa including the phytogeographical domains Lower Guinea and Congolia. Methods Seven polymorphic microsatellite loci were genotyped in a total of 513 individuals from both species. The dataset was analysed for population genetic structure and demographic change and the results compared to the geographical pattern of plastid DNA sequences from a previous publication and other sympatric species. Results Based on the microsatellite dataset, three distinct homogeneous genetic clusters were detected in H. danckelmaniana and two in H. liebrechtsiana. These clusters corresponded geographically with the patterns found in the plastid DNA sequences. Genetic diversity and endemism were unevenly distributed between clusters in the two species. Most clusters exhibited signals of population expansion. Main conclusions The phylogeographical data based on microsatellites and plastid DNA revealed a complex history involving (1) allopatric differentiation with each species originating in a different phytogeographical domain, potentially resulting from past forest fragmentation, followed by (2) population expansion and interspecific introgression, which probably occurred during a phase of forest expansion. Moreover, phylogeographical patterns within each species provided evidence of (3) past population fragmentation followed by partial population admixture in H. danckelmaniana, and deep differentiation between Lower Guinea and Congolia in H. liebrechtsiana. The observed patterns were globally consistent with the refuge hypothesis and the presented scenario illustrates evolutionary processes that likely have contributed to shaping the African phytogeographical domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calathea neurophylla H. Kenn., C. barryi H. Kenn., and C. velutinifolia H. Kenn., endemic to Colombia, are described as new. Calathea neurophylla is characterized by the single cauline leaf subtending one or more inflorescences of spirally arranged bracts and the markedly ridged, narrowly elliptic leaf blades (length 6.25-8.46 times width). Calathea barryi is characterized by the single cauline leaf subtending several inflorescences with 25-43 spirally arranged bracts and the very closely spaced lateral veins (ca. 67 per 3 cm). Calathea velutinifolia is distinguished by the 4-15 basal leaves, the densely appressed velvety tomentose adaxial leaf surface and the 8-10 distichous, white bracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study quantifies changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) stock as a result of woody encroachment on savannas. Changes in SOC stocks occur below 30 cm depth, indicating the subsoil as the principal compartment contributing to SOC sequestration, and suggesting the need to consider the entire profile (0-100 cm) to thoroughly assess the effect of woody encroachment on SOC stocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]