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Expansion of the American white pelicanPelicanus erythrorhynchoscolony on Blackfoot Reservoir, Idaho, and the associated declines in adfluvial Yellowstone Cutthroat TroutOncorhynchus clarkii bouvieriin the upper Blackfoot River drainage has generated concern about the impact of pelican predation on this native trout stock. During a 4-year study, 4,653 wild Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout were tagged using a combination of radiotelemetry and PIT tags. Annual predation rate estimates were made by recovering Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout tags from the nesting islands of American white pelicans. On-island tag recovery rates were corrected for ingested tags that went undetected during island searches and for tags that were deposited away from the nesting islands. American white pelicans consumed tagged Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout ranging from 150 mm to 580 mm TL and showed no size selection within that range for their prey. Predation rates on adult and juvenile Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout generally exceeded 20%, and the highest values were above 60%. Our independent methods (telemetry and PIT tagging) for estimating pelican predation on adult Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout produced similar results. Annual river flow conditions varied markedly and may have contributed to some of the observed range in predation rate estimates. Predation by the pelican colony appears to be a likely contributor to the recent collapse of Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout in the upper Blackfoot River drainage. In the past, overexploitation by anglers severely reduced the trout population and was remedied by implementing catch-and-release regulations. The current predation impact poses a greater management challenge, namely, finding a balanced approach for conserving both the native trout stock and the pelican colony. Received April 29, 2014; accepted February 5, 2015 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]