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The effect of wind on summer water temperature trends in a semi-closed bay (Tokyo Bay, Japan) is examined through several numerical experiments using a high-resolution three-dimensional ocean model. The model is executed under no-wind and uniform southerly/northerly wind conditions, and monthly mean currents and temperature distributions and heat transport in Tokyo Bay for July are calculated. The model results show that wind has a significant effect on heat transport and temperature distribution in the bay. (1) When a southerly wind prevails northward cool water transport intensifies while southward warm water transport declines, thus decreasing the water temperature in the central bay area while increasing temperature at the bay head. (2) A northerly wind has an opposing effect and decreases the water temperature in coastal bay head area while increase the temperature along the southwest coast. The results also suggest that the trend of increasing southerly wind amplitude may have affected water temperature trends in Tokyo Bay from 1979 to 1997. The model results demonstrated that the an intensified southerly wind lowers water temperatures in most areas of the bay by enhancing upwelling and open ocean-water intrusion near the bay mouth while increases temperatures in the bottom layer of the bay head by suppressing southward warm water transport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maritime transportation is becoming increasingly complex owing to the fluctuation of oil prices, the introduction of environmental guidelines, and the onset of climate change. Although optimal routing has been researched for decades, few studies have investigated speed loss in rough waves for ships with blunt shape and low speed. Onboard measurement of a 28,000DWT bulk carrier has been conducted for six years in rough sea voyages in the Southern Hemisphere. It is necessary to validate the wave and wind conditions in order to discuss speed loss in these situations. Here, numerical simulation of speed loss is developed and conducted for each estimated wave condition. The speed losses under different numerical models of added resistance are quantitatively compared in two rough sea voyages. The simulated results of speed loss are in good agreement with the measured results if the estimated wave is accurate and the wave direction is properly defined. The speed loss accuracy is significantly influenced by the wave estimation accuracy or wave direction setting compared to that in the numerical models of added resistance in actual seas. Simulated results provide important information to evaluate the performance of a ship with blunt shape in rough waves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]