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Hydrogen (H2) storage is one of the most problematic issues regarding the widespread use of hydrogen, and solid-state hydrogen storage materials are promising in this regard. Hydrogen storage by sodium borohydride (NaBH4) takes attention with its advantages and idiosyncratic properties. In this study, potentials and challenges of sodium borohydride are evaluated considering storage conditions, safety, hydrogen purity, storage capacity, efficiency, cost, and the maturity. Moreover, marine use of NaBH4 is demonstrated, and the pros and cons of the NaBH4 hydrogen storage method are stated. According to evaluations, whereas advantages can be sorted as fuel availability, fuel recyclability, mild storage conditions, exothermicity of reaction, pressure flexibility, and H2 purity, challenges can be sorted as high costs, catalyst deactivation, regeneration, and practical/technical implementation issues. The great potential of NaBH4 marine use (against road/aerial vehicles) is water availability, no need to carry all the required water for the entire journey, and reduced system weight/volume by this way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As carbon neutrality gains momentum, industries worldwide are navigating the challenges and opportunities posed by sustainability goals. This article delves into the strategies undertaken by airlines and maritime companies to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050 in the European Union (EU). The aim of the research is to explore how the aviation and maritime industries in Europe can effectively transition towards carbon neutrality by 2050, considering their similar technological challenges and opportunities. The objective of this research was to identify and compare currently utilized sustainability initiatives in aviation and maritime companies. The focus is on new insight from airline and maritime companies concentrating on their sustainability practices. Common hurdles, innovative solutions, and shared opportunities in the pursuit of environmental sustainability are explored. The selected research method was qualitative research, which was conducted with in-depth and semi-structured interviews and content analysis. Interviews were conducted with airline company and association representatives and maritime company, research, and education experts. The content analysis was based on sustainability reports and sustainability sections of annual reports. Key findings were synthesized into a theoretical framework and this research explores practical initiatives for a sustainable transformation process. The call to reduce carbon emissions has been initiated by the EU affecting the transportation sector, particularly aviation and maritime industries where the path to achieving carbon neutrality is constrained by significant technical limitations. Despite these challenges, both sectors share a unified objective according to EU climate targets. Both the aviation and maritime industries face challenges on the path to carbon neutrality. Airlines struggle with the limitations of current aviation technology, hindering the feasibility of large-scale technological advancements. Similarly, maritime companies confront regulatory complexities and infrastructure limitations in the adoption of alternative fuels and emission-reduction technologies since the commonly used tactics of reducing fuel consumption by optimizing speed, routes and scheduling are no longer adequate ways and the energy needs of the shipping industry cannot be met only with battery technology. These challenges offer opportunities for innovation and collaboration. Investments in research and development are driving advancements in electric and hydrogen aircraft, while the maritime industry is also trying to find hydrogen-based solutions for greener development, but the technologies are not widely available. This leads towards combining bio-oils and technological innovations related to the fleet. Case study 1 sheds light on airline sustainability in Europe, revealing strategies and initiatives that European airlines are currently utilizing in their sustainable transformation journey. Case study 2 explores different means of achieving carbon neutrality in the maritime industry, in particular the potential of common reed (Phragmites australis) as a carbon offset tool for reaching net zero. Both industries are making significant strides towards carbon neutrality through a combination of technological innovation, operational efficiencies, and strategic partnerships. Towards green horizons as transport industries converge on the path to carbon neutrality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The implementation of EMI in boarding maritime education can help cadets prepare for an increasingly connected global maritime work environment. The application of EMI can help improve cadets' English skills and expand their learning opportunities in accessing the international curriculum. In an increasingly complex global maritime environment requiring good English skills, the use of EMI can help cadets to be ready for future challenges. However, challenges such as increased costs and skilled human resources in teaching in English and providing language support for cadets also need to be addressed in the implementation of EMI in boarder maritime education [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the maritime industry, optimizing vessel fuel oil consumption is crucial for improving energy efficiency and reducing shipping emissions. However, effectively utilizing operational data to advance performance monitoring and optimization remains a challenge. An XGBoost Regressor model was developed using a comprehensive dataset, delivering strong predictive performance (R2 = 0.95, MAE = 10.78 kg/h). This predictive model considers operational (controllable) and environmental (uncontrollable) variables, offering insights into complex FOC factors. To enhance interpretability, SHAP analysis is employed, revealing 'Average Draught (Aft and Fore)' as the key controllable factor and emphasizing 'Relative Wind Speed' as the dominant uncontrollable factor impacting vessel FOC. This research extends to further analysis of the extremely high FOC point, identifying patterns in the Strait of Malacca and the South China Sea. These findings provide region-specific insights, guiding energy efficiency improvement, operational strategy refinement, and sea resistance mitigation. In summary, our study introduces a groundbreaking framework leveraging machine learning and SHAP analysis to advance FOC understanding and enhance maritime decision making, contributing significantly to energy efficiency and operational strategies—a substantial contribution to a responsible shipping performance assessment under tightening regulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research is to investigate the safety of inland waterway transportation in Kurutie, Okerenkoko, and Escravos River, Nigeria. The study used a cross-sectional research design, and the study's target group includes passengers who are technical experts, maritime workers, non-academic, academic personnels and students of Nigeria Maritime University, and self-employed passengers who live in the study locations. Questionnaires and field observations were used to obtain data. 378 questionnaires were delivered throughout the study area. According to the study, most cases of maritime boat mishaps beleaguered the inland waterway in the study area due to unskilled boat drivers, overloading/overcrowding of boats, and a lack of enforcement of safety laws by government agencies within the study area. The study recommended that relevant authorities, such as the Nigeria Inland Waterways Authority, enforce safety regulations among jetty operators and boat drivers; that training and certifying boat drivers are enforced; and that government involvement be increased by developing a sensitization program to educate passengers on the importance of adhering to safety practices along the waterways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Voyage Data Recorders (VDRs), often referred to as the 'black boxes' of the shipping industry, collect and store vital data from key sensors and locations around the ship. This data plays a pivotal role in incident investigation, as was seen in the grounding of the Costa Concordia in 2012, and the sinking of the El Faro in 2015. With such an important role to play, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) has mandated that all SOLAS registered ships carry a VDR, which can demonstrate compliance with internationally agreed standards. Without a VDR compliant with these standards a ship cannot sail. However, the rise in the number, and sophistication, of digital devices are making the sector increasingly vulnerable to cyber-attacks. This paper will demonstrate a number of high-risk VDR cyber security vulnerabilities and review the current international technical standards covering all VDR devices being manufactured and used today, drawing attention to the minimum security requirements. The paper will go on to discuss how these standards fail to promote the necessary levels of cyber security needed to protect VDRs from today's cyber risks, amidst increased demands for digital connectivity for remote and autonomous operations. The paper will conclude by proposing several amendments (technical and non-technical) to the current standards which, if adopted, will help increase the minimum level of security of VDRs. Industry opinions were gathered on this topic, and their beliefs have been included across this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last period (last 3 years) the maritime domain, especially the sea transportation and fossil resources exploitation became the most important aspects of the international politics and our lives. Because of the COVID19 situation and now the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, the maritime domain was pushed to its limits. What a few years ago was a safety area of navigation, now this one can be transformed very quickly in a dangerous one. It is important to develop fast, systems for monitoring sea areas and platforms of intervention in case of distress situations. To have a real-time system of monitoring and intervention on sea it is mandatory to have redundant maritime communications. The article presents the most relevant publications related to maritime offshore applications and communications that support them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines an important area where environmental law and economics intersect and proposes a novel model to assess the economic value of environmental shipping regulations. The model is used to evaluate the effect that existing regulatory norms have on the value of shipping regulations. The norms considered include both legal arrangements established under the international law of the sea and those developed within the International Maritime Organization. These norms are found to be beneficial to the financial interests of the sector and to minimise implementation and enforcement costs. They are damaging to the environmental benefits of regulations because of exceptions granted to existing ships, prioritisation of the operational needs over environmental compliance, and the use of flag State certification as the primary method for controlling ships. The value model demonstrates that regulations targeting the most polluting ships, and selectively implemented, would be superior to the current uniform implementation approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, marine container chassis have emerged at the forefront of container port operations in the United States, after shipping lines stopped providing chassis as part of their service. With the operation and management responsibilities transferred to new parties, chassis dislocation has been a major problem across the United States. To ensure chassis availability, one response has been the creation of so-called neutral chassis pools, introducing new challenges for container port operations. This paper presents a mathematical model that can be used to objectively support the management and planning of neutral chassis pools. An empirical case study is provided to illustrate the model. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Hydrogen fuel cells are promising for reducing emissions from shipping. However, their adoption is limited by high costs, lack of regulations, and lack of infrastructure. The objective of this study is to identify the policy instruments needed to accelerate their uptake for the shipping industries of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. The research is based on a literature review and a stakeholder workshop which served as the basis for proposing three policy packages with different degrees of ambition (low, medium, high). These were evaluated with the TIMES-NEU model, an economic model generator for energy systems, which indicated that the proposed taxes on CO 2 emissions and on fossil fuels can help drive the transition away from fossil fuels, but the complete transition requires a ban. The findings show that the proposed policy packages are sufficient to shift the fuel consumption towards methanol for the period of 2025–2040, and towards ammonia for the period of 2040–2050. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transportation of steel scrap cargoes in global trade has been increasing over the years. According to the researches, the demand of steel scrap materials will be more than double in the late 21st century whereby forecasting of steel scrap production and so steel scrap cargo operations will also evenly rise in ports. Increasing steel scrap cargo operations will bring along several undesirable accidents and injuries. Investigations show that the most paramount reason for these incidents or accidents related with steel scrap cargo operations in maritime sector is human error. In this sense, it is aimed to identify human error probabilities (HEPs) for steel scrap cargo operation that is performed frequently in maritime sector, especially in bulk carrier vessels. In this study, Success Likelihood Index Method (SLIM), which is one of the methods for Human Reliability Analysis (HRA), is used to determine HEPs in steel scrap cargo operations due to the limited data availability on this topic. Accordingly, the most common error modes that are determined via detailed literature review are ranked in accordance with HEP values. It is put forward which and how much error mode is affected from Performance Shaping Factor (PSF) such as education, supervision, environmental condition, equipment and tool condition, and experience mostly. According to the analysis results, "the falling piece of steel scrap on the deck during steel scrap loading or unloading operation" has the most probability occurrence. Consequently, it is understood that training and experience factors are critically important for preventing errors in steel scrap cargo operation in overall view. On the other hand, environmental condition, supervision, and equipment and tool condition factors include the prominent level of significance to bring down the probability of accruing of some specific errors. Accordingly, the proposed approach not only make a theory-based contribution to the maritime literature, but also to active contribution to the sector involving P&I Clubs, shipping companies, and classification societies toward focusing point for minimizing the accidents about steel scrap cargo operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blockchain technology has become one of the emerging technologies set to disrupt the maritime industry. Maritime companies are increasingly exploring to adopt blockchain to stay ahead of competition. However, studies on blockchain applications in the maritime sector have been scarce and most of them are confined to a specific sector like the maritime shipping sector. Therefore, this study is motivated to provide a thorough analysis of blockchain applications from the perspectives of different sectors in the industry. It also aims to develop a novel conceptual framework to provide a holistic view of blockchain adoption in the industry and guide future research. The implication analysis of blockchain adoption indicates that for industry organisations, a good understanding of blockchain and their own specific problems and requirements is key before adopting the technology. For government agencies, technical code for blockchain can be utilised to govern blockchain innovation with the same effects as legal code. Lastly, recommendations are provided to various maritime stakeholders to seize the emerging opportunities provided by blockchain and mitigate relevant risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arrival of blockchain is set to transform supply chain activities. Scholars have barely begun to systematically assess the effects of blockchain on various organizational activities. This paper first summarizes the research articles published between year 2015 and year 2018 into four areas: hardware, software, emerging technology, and business applications. The paper then discusses the key enabling technologies applied in blockchain and three types of blockchain structures. Finally, seven case studies of blockchain projects in the maritime and shipping industry are discussed. This paper examines how blockchain is likely to affect key supply chain management objectives such as cost, quality, speed, and risk management. The paper illustrates various mechanisms by which blockchain can help achieve the above supply chain objectives. The paper presents early evidence linking the use of blockchain in supply chain activities to increasing transparency and accountability. Special emphasis has been placed on the degree of deployment of blockchain to validate individuals' and assets' identities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transportation in the era of globalization vital. Public transportation generally includes trains and buses, but also airline services, ferry ports, and taxis. The existence of good public transportation greatly affects the economy of a region or region. The success of economic growth in a country cannot be separated from government interference in an effort to create public transportation that is comfortable, safe, clean, and well ordered. Sea transportation in Indonesia has not been optimally developed, but has significant potential. Therefore, safety and security are key factors that must be considered as a basis and benchmark for decision makers. The safety and security system of marine transportation in Indonesia is not yet running optimally, accidents still often occur both due to natural and human factors. The main cause of marine accidents is due to the ferries exceeding their loading capacities. Government policies in the maritime sector, both the fishing industry and the shipping industry have not been consistently implemented in accordance with the prevailing laws [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

- Maritime sector is one of the major contributors of global economy that carries International trade on its shoulders. Around 80 percent of global trade by volume and over 70 percent of global trade by value are carried by sea. Indian Shipping industry has been a fast growing industry and one of the major contributors, not only in monetary terms but also in giving employment to crew on national and international vessels. Indian Shipping industry is one of the industries which hired only male employees as sailors till few years back. Recently, women have been encouraged to join the wagon. Thousands of seafarers are employed on board out of which meagre 1% are Indian women seafarers. This is more alarming as leaving aside just a fraction of this percentage, majority of women seafarers are facing tremendous challenges on board. This study was carried out through survey method wherein a focus group of 198 respondents was chosen through purposive sampling. These included women seafarers of all age groups and ranks who have either sailed on or are presently sailing on merchant vessels or have taken up a shore job in shipping companies. Data was collected throughdirect closed ended and open ended questionnaire and structured interview method where respondents were asked about their demographic details and also about the various levels of hurdles faced by them on board.Statistical Package for Social Sciences was used for analysing the data. Study was carried out and results taken thereof, followed by suggestions that need immediate attention of the authorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the era of technological advancements and digitization, the security phenomenon encompasses both physical and digital paradigms. The recent developments in cyber security domain reveal an increased number of cyberattacks on critical infrastructures, organizations, and industries. The maritime industry, being the critical infrastructure of any nation, is no exception to it, which is also vulnerable to cyberattacks. With terminals, vessels, ships, transport operators, ports and any other interconnected and integrated critical infrastructure are prone to cyberattacks. This paper discusses the important concepts such as 'maritime' and 'cyber security in maritime industry' and explains the utmost significance of cyber security at sea both on land and on board. It further discusses the major global cyber security incidents to determine vulnerabilities in maritime industry and also highlights challenges faced by maritime stakeholders amidst the COVID-19. Finally, this paper looks into existing cyber security measures and guidelines in the maritime industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article collectively addresses the issues of optimizing the sailing speed of containerships and fleet deployment in intercontinental container liner shipping, taking cargo time values into consideration. A mixed-integer nonlinear programming model is developed to maximize the gross profits of a container shipping line. The sailing speed is divided into 0.1 knot intervals and a reciprocal-discretization method is proposed to transform the model into an integer-based linear programming model, which can be solved using optimization solvers such as CPLEX. A case study is conducted based on the Far East-West America liner route of a global container shipping line to assess the effectiveness of the proposed model and the reciprocal-discretization method. The results show that when the cargo time value is taken into consideration, the increased sailing speed of containerships on long legs and the decreased number of deployed containerships will generate greater operating profits for the container shipping line. The rise in bunker price will lead to a stepwise decline in sailing speed of containerships and a stepwise growth in the number of deployed containerships. Moreover, the downward trend of sailing speed due to the increase of bunker price will be somewhat delayed as the unit container cargo value increases. Several useful insights are drawn from analysis of the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global businesses are transforming towards capturing more value from services, a business model transition called servitization. Digital servitization can help create and maintain a competitive advantage, as well as offering opportunities to tackle major challenges related to environmental pressures and rapidly changing market conditions. This study aims to bridge the gap between the theory of digital servitization and its implementation in the maritime shipping sector. This paper presents a multi-case study that explores the status, perceived challenges, and enablers for the adoption of digital servitization. Empirical data were collected from interviews with 13 companies and analyzed using the PESTEL and DPSIR frameworks. The results are presented across three categories based on the PESTEL framework: organizational context, global priorities, and sustainability. This study contributes to theory by providing empirical insights from the status of digital servitization in the maritime shipping industry. Also, it identifies challenges and needs that can support the transition towards digital servitization and the development of more sustainable solutions. Future research avenues are suggested to advance digital servitization in other industrial sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maritime transportation represents one of the biggest industries worldwide. The functionality improvement of critical ship parts such as sea chest gratings could mean substantial impacts in fuel consumption reduction, larger lifetime span or reduction of non-indigenous sea species transportation. Since 2008, the ban imposed by the international maritime organization over polluting products, especially tributyltin, created the need to explore new sustainable and environmentally friendly alternatives. Multifunctional coatings have the potential to overcome this situation, creating highly tuneable materials able to combine properties according to the naval industry's needs. Zirconium nitride is known for its reliable mechanical and anti-corrosion properties, critical in a multifunctional coating used in the sea. In the present study, this material was obtained through high-power impulse magnetron sputtering technology in a reactive atmosphere (R-HiPIMS). SEM, EDS, AFM and XRD were used to assess the coatings. Also, the films' mechanical properties and adhesion were assessed via nanoindentation and progressive load scratch tests, respectively. The pin-on-disk test was used to assess the coatings' tribological properties under dry and wet (3.5% wt. NaCl solution) conditions. The results demonstrate that the increase in hardness was directly influenced by the changes in the structure promoted by the nitrogen rise, from 16 GPa to 25 GPa, with a nitrogen increase in film composition from 47% to 54%. Besides, the tribological tests revealed the key role of an oxygen-rich tribolayer and surface roughness features (skewness and kurtosis) in keeping the film's integrity. The Zr x N y films obtained by HiPIMS improved the mechanical and tribological properties compared to ZrN obtained by DCMS, opening new possibilities to be explored as a solution inside a multifunctional coating system. [Display omitted] • Zr x N y coatings system was deposited by Reactive High Impulse Magnetron Sputtering. • Film structures turned from ZrN to Zr 3 N 4 as the nitrogen increased. • Hardness was influenced by the coating's microstructure and nitrogen content. • Tribolayer was formed during the wear process despite the condition (wet or dry). • The tribolayer attaching was influenced by the roughness features (S sk < 0). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article develops insight into the historical connections between corporeality and mobility, focusing upon the mobilities made possible by the shipping line P&O's steamship service to the East in the mid nineteenth century. Passenger narratives of journeys made by this service describe an idiosyncratic domesticity which evokes a distinctive attempt to discursively frame steamship mobility as a safe, comfortable, normalised experience of a journey which was often anything but. This blasé attitude emphasises the role of bourgeois material and social practices as a means for the historical agents of globalisation to come to terms with steamship travel, extrapolated through ideas of domesticity which mutate and develop through their relation to the sea and the flux of mobility. This process of normalisation centres in travel narratives upon a preoccupation with the notion of comfort. The historical constitution of comfort is articulated through the body's constitution as a site of struggle, locating the human subject in the dichotomy of the ship interior as a stable materiality and the exterior as a problematic outside revealing that the mobility of steamships was predicated upon the violence not just of speed but the suffering of subaltern labour which reproduced the problematic social relations of empire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines ocean governance in relation to issues of maritime security and transportation in Nigeria and highlights the contributions of the Gulf of Guinea Commission in addressing maritime security challenges plaguing the region. The efforts to tackle various crimes at sea show the extent to which an integrated response strategy on the part of States can help to overcome the scourge. The article recommends solutions the government in collaboration with neighbouring States and regulatory agencies at regional and national levels can employ in order to achieve effective ocean governance and economic development through an integrated maritime strategy and policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the cruise ship industry enjoys continuous growth and penetration into new markets, good safety records must be maintained to achieve business objectives. Unfortunately, serious incidents and accidents reoccur on modern cruise ships and hence a better understanding of why this continues to happen is needed. This paper contributes towards a better understanding of underlying causal factors behind onboard fires, focusing on consequential engine room fires in particular. By analysing a recent fire incident on an almost new cruise ship built to the latest standards, we reveal potential deficiencies in maritime safety control and suggest how they can be rectified. The incident analysis was guided by systemic method CAST, which enables to explore a complex socio-technical system responsible for safety control. The analysis provides a different, more comprehensive explanation of, and response to, the incident from that in the official accident investigation report. Given the systemic nature of suggested causal scenarios, they are capable to explain and preclude other incidents. From a practical point of view, the findings would allow developing and maintaining robust safety management systems, which are currently required onboard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Identified weakest links in maritime safety control can explain accidents. • Overlooked safety hazards, poor feedback etc. were frequent contributing causes. • Identified systemic causes insidiously degenerated safety management systems. • Organisational and systemic causal factors dominated over individual failures. • Degree of omission in accident investigations remains relatively high. Abstract Lessons from maritime accidents are conventionally used to inform safety improvements in design and operation of ships. However, this process is only as good as the core understanding derived from accident analysis is. The current explanation of accidents is limited to direct and contributing causal factors, whereas the role of a wider socio-technical context that has given rise to causal mechanisms behind major maritime accidents in recent years is left unexplained. The paper describes analysis results of maritime incidents and accidents occurred over the last decade with passenger ships, with the purpose to illuminate the prevailing causal factors, not least the systemic ones. The results show where the weak links in maritime safety control are (e.g., interactions between ship operators and equipment manufacturers), what their role in accident causation is, and how they can be strengthened. The study seeks to provide valuable input for enhancements in overall maritime safety control and proactive safety management at the ship and shipping company levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are various energy efficiency and emission reduction regulations enforced by the national and international maritime authorities for the shipping industry to adopt greener technologies. In this light, LNG-fueled vessels can be a promising alternative for ocean going diesel operated ships. It will be more beneficial if the price of LNG is lower than diesel to make that an economically viable fuel. Otherwise, there are concerns over the emission/economic considerations under the cost-benefit analyses of such fuels during their lifetimes with the initial investment risk for the technology, related infrastructure including fueling facilities and technology retrofitting processes. This study is an attempt to address the respective emission, energy, and cost concerns of LNG as a possible greener fuel with innovative dual-fuel engines within the SeaTech H2020 project (seatech2020. eu) initiative. The fuel life cycle of LNG in two scenarios of fuel property modification and load management for the cost analysis is considered. The life cycle assessment (LCA) section is designed to compare typical diesel and LNG fuels with selected short and deep-sea ship routes. Moreover, it is found that the effect of the ship travel distance on the amount of emissions is not significant when compared with the respective ratio. The life cycle cost assessment (LCCA) indicated that the fuel quality is more influential than the load variations in ship navigation. A 39% GHG emission reduction and up to a 22% fuel efficiency can be achieved under more optimal operational conditions by replacing LNG with diesel. The results also showed that the feasibility of using good quality LNG (higher Wobbe Index) instead of poor diesel characteristics in a selected ship is guaranteed within 30% of the sensitivity range. The fuel consumption variations under different engine loads (50% max to 85% min) can decrease the payback period from 6-years to 4-years as per the LCCA. [Display omitted] • Shipping-route distance effect on emission profile for diesel and LNG during TtP. • 30% sensitivity range and 10% risk level by Monte Carlo simulation on the proposed LNG fuel case. • Max 22% fuel efficiency and 39% GHG reduction by possible fuel property modification. • 50% load partial load operation gives more profitability and feasibility of the project than 85% operation partial load. • Diesel impact coefficient is higher than the effect of the LNG pricing in fuel market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyberspace reaches all corners of human access and includes cyber-physical systems such as power grids, communication networks, industrial plants, transportation networks, ports and shipping, and a myriad of networked home appliances through the Internet of Things. One goal of this article is to engage and inform personnel in the maritime domain to help secure cyberspace from adversaries. Another goal is to provide an introductory systems view to help manage cyberspace security. We show that cyberspace is a reflection of human networks and share the advantages and flaws inherent in these human networks. Trust in this network is the missing link that prevents us from securing this network. Although this viewpoint is not an exact model, we believe it helps simplify the complexity of cyberspace and the wide variety of attacks that are possible. These goals help the average person see the big picture, and the entire system can become more robust by allowing everyone to participate intelligently in this endeavor. This article explains in a more simplistic but useful manner the domain of cyberspace, enabling better security of the ecosystem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shipping industries are important pillars to develop Indonesia into a global maritime axis. However, the current tax policies formulated by the government for shipping industry show lack of support to the national shipping companies. The formulated policies tend to benefit international shipping companies more than national shipping companies. Some of these policies are among others: a) no VAT levies for use of containers by international shipping companies, b) non-equal VAT treatment on port services, and c) presumptive scheduler taxation rates based on old Income Tax regime which has relatively high income tax rates. The main objective of this research is to evaluate tax policy on the shipping industries in Indonesia. In addition, this research also does a comparative analysis aiming to increase the productivity of national shipping companies - using South Korea tax policy as a comparison. The final goal of this research is to provide a policy outline for the government in formulating or reconstructing tax policies aimed to develop national shipping industry. State of the art of this research is to make the taxation politic as a new paradigm in analyzing problems. The benefit of this paradigm is in its ability to dissect the root causes on taxation substantial aspects, because actually a policy is a political product. The analysis results show absence of political platform (which should be clear and unequivocal) in the current taxation policies on shipping industry - which tend to be reactively constructed, is not supportive to the development of, or even in some instances discriminatory against, national shipping industries. It is recommended that the government immediately formulate the politic of taxation which is favoring national shipping industry. And, distorting taxation policy need to be revised in order not to impede competitiveness in the shipping industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Icebreakers are special-purpose ships designed to operate in different ice-covered waters, either independently or during assistance of weaker ships. In the Baltic Sea, as well as elsewhere, they are essential for maintaining continuous sea transport services during wintertime. Icebreaker operations are complex, and every situation in which a vessel requires assistance is unique, due to, e.g. changing ice and weather conditions, geographical location or language proficiency of the crew on board the icebreaker or assisted vessel. The icebreaker crew has considerable freedom to adapt to each situation, yet, for safe operations, there are constraints to which the crew has to conform. The study presented in this paper aims at identifying the constraints on nautical officers on board icebreakers during operations, as well as special situations that increase cognitive load. A work domain analysis based on a group interview with nautical icebreaker officers shows the multitude of tasks performed on board icebreakers. Furthermore, it identifies constraints specific to icebreaker operations such as ice assessment and direct icebreaking, but also generic constraints such as language and communication skills. At times, safety and efficiency come into conflict, resulting in a trade-off between the two. When that happens, safety gets priority, and the operation stops until the situation has been evaluated. In addition, several situations that increase cognitive load are identified, with the common denominator that they add elements of uncertainty, e.g. severe weather and technical malfunctions. Finally, further research within the area of icebreaker operations is recommended, with a continued focus on the system constraints, and their potential for system improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of AIN Journal is the property of Arab Institute of Navigation and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A hinterland transport chain is the transport network on the landward side of a seaport, over which cargo moves to/from the seaport. A hinterland transport chain choice is jointly determined by seaports, dry ports, intermodal carriers, importers and exporters. In this paper, determinants of sea/dry port choice, shipper choice and intermodal carrier choice are deduced to also be determinants of hinterland transport chain choice. Furthermore, a behavioral model is presented that describes the joint choice of a hinterland transport chain, accounting for each of the above parties’ objectives: sea/dry ports seek to maximize throughput; intermodal carriers seek to maximize profits; and shippers seek to minimize logistics cost. The behavioral model is used in the analysis of unexplored areas in the hinterland transport chain literature, i.e. the fundamental issues of the existence and uniqueness of such chains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Seafarers are an understudied and essential workforce, isolated from medical care. This study describes injuries, illness, and risk factors for resultant disability in one shipping company with a majority of American seafarers. Methods: The study used a telemedicine database of injury and illness incidence in seafarers, and applied descriptive statistical methods and logistic regression modeling. Results: Illnesses were more frequently reported than injuries (860 vs 479). The overall injury rate was 113 per 1000 person‐years, and the overall illness rate was 211 per 1000 person‐years. Seafarer ratings had higher risk for disability compared to officers (OR = 1.60; 95%CI 1.17, 2.18), and incidents on dry cargo ships (OR = 2.70; 95%CI 1.49, 4.91) and articulated tug‐barges (ATBs) (OR = 2.21; 95%CI 1.26, 3.86) had higher disability risk compared to container vessels. Conclusion: Additional research in this vital American workforce may be useful to confirm these findings forming a basis for preventive interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using diverse sources, including archaeological evidence, this paper scrutinises the technology of the ordinary British Atlantic merchant ship, assessing continuity and change during the formation and development of the Atlantic empire (1600–1800). The paper argues that observable continuities and changes in rig, in hull design, and in defensive armament were responses to risks posed to owners, builders, and crews. I state that ‘risk mitigation’ was the main policy of the actors involved in the business, thus suggesting an innovative research path to assess decisions to innovate and decisions not to. This can thus contribute to a better understanding of Atlantic and technological history, as well as to an understanding of risk mitigation as a driving force in business and technology, beyond the more commonly used concept of disruptive innovations. Naturally, changes did take place, and investigate why that is helps us understand the continuity more fully, and ship technology more fully. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The International Maritime Organization considers decarbonizing international shipping an important and necessary step towards a sustainable global trade economy. There have been commendable studies focusing on nearly all stages of maritime transport from shipbuilding, to operation and maintenance, to engine performance optimization, to fuel options, and to dismantling and recycling, but the number of whole system level life cycle analyses (LCA) on maritime transport is far less than that on energy and goods production. This scarcity highlights the need for more independent studies to enrich the LCA literature on shipping. In response, we propose a method that adapts existing methods for the analysis of energy and goods producing systems. This approach provides crucial continuity in the serial development of a generic process chain analysis framework to ensure consistency in system and boundary formulations. Findings from the case study suggest that “slow-steaming” may not always be desirable and that 12 knots could be considered as a reference optimum speed for tankers of all size categories. Cruising at 12 knots over selected routes between top oil import and export countries, a reference range of life cycle carbon emission factors is found to be 6–9 mg of carbon dioxide for moving 1 tonne of crude oil over 1 km distance (mg-CO 2 /t-km). These developments demonstrate the ability of the proposed method to provide independent assessments on the life cycle carbon emissions of maritime transport systems and to derive new and/or alternative insights on the decarbonizing measures conceived by earlier studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the maritime sector, seafaring has been predominantly a male industry. The industry had developed its own culture which denied or precluded women's participation. This paper draws on the data and analysis of the Gender, Empowerment and Multi-cultural Crew (GEM) Project, an international study aiming to examine seafarers’ welfare, focusing on gender issues arising from a multi-cultural crew environment in three countries: China, Nigeria and the UK. The main research findings, which relate to China, are reported under the headings of motivation, training, employment opportunities and barriers, and career prospects for women. The paper concludes with a discussion on an important new state policy concerning gender equality in university recruitment and with recommendations to move things forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]