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Background: Dementia is a complex condition that affects the elderly and expands global health burdens. Numerous endogenous and external activities can result in the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS). Goal: To evaluate the association between oxidative stress markers and dementia in elderly men. Patients and Methods: A case-control study. Eighty males who were admitted to the Geriatrics and Gerontology Departments at Ain Shams University Hospitals as well as those who were recruited from the geriatric medicine outpatients' clinic were included in the study. The participants were split into two groups: a case group, which consisted of 40 adults with dementia, and a control group, which consisted of 40 participants without dementia. Participants underwent geriatric evaluations, and blood samples were obtained for measurement of oxidative stress blood levels as malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase enzyme (GPX), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) Results: MDA blood levels were significantly higher in the case group, while GPX and TAC blood levels were significantly lower in the case group. According to statistical analysis, GPX with a cutoff point of 83.2 or lower, TAC with a cutoff point of 20.9 or lower, and MDA with a cutoff point of >82.5; all had high specificity and sensitivity for detecting dementia cases. Conclusion: Higher blood levels of MDA and lower blood levels of GPX and TAC in dementia cases compared to the control group indicate that oxidative stress plays a substantial role in the development of dementia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the improved efficacy of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in viral suppression, emerging evidence indicates an increased burden of noncommunicable diseases in people living with HIV (PLWH). Immune activation and persistently elevated levels of inflammation have been associated with endothelial dysfunction in PLWH, likely contributing to the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Here, electronic search databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, and Science Direct were used to retrieve scientific evidence reporting on any association between markers of endothelial function and CVD-related outcomes in PLWH on HAART. Extracted data was subjected to quality assessment using the Downs and Black checklist. Most (60 %) of the results indicated the presence of endothelial dysfunction in PLWH on HAART, and this was mainly through reduced flow mediated dilation and elevated serum makers of adhesion molecules like ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and P-selectin. The summarized evidence indicates an association between persistently elevated markers of endothelial dysfunction and a pro-inflammatory state in PLWH on HAART. Only a few studies reported on improved endothelial function markers in PLWH on HAART, while limited evidence is available to prove that endothelial dysfunction is associated with CVD-risk, which could be attributed to therapeutic effects of HAART. Limited studies with relatively high quality of evidence were included in this systematic review. In conclusion, results from this review lay an important foundation for future research, even a meta-analysis, that will improve the understanding of the contributing factors to the burden of CVDs in PLWH on HAART.

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a widespread infectious disease and one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide. Nevertheless, despite significant advances in the development of new drugs against tuberculosis, many therapies and preventive measures do not lead to the expected favorable health results for various reasons. The aim of this study was to evaluate the acute and sub-acute toxicity and oxidative stress of two selected nitrofuranyl amides with high in vitro antimycobacterial activity. In addition, molecular docking studies were performed on both compounds to elucidate the possibilities for further development of new anti-tuberculosis candidates with improved efficacy, selectivity, and pharmacological parameters. Acute toxicity tests showed that no changes were observed in the skin, coat, eyes, mucous membranes, secretions, and vegetative activity in mice. The histological findings include features consistent with normal histological architecture without being associated with concomitant pathological conditions. The observed oxidative stress markers indicated that the studied compounds disturbed the oxidative balance in the mouse liver. Based on the molecular docking, compound DO-190 showed preferable binding energies compared to DO-209 in three out of four targets, while both compounds showed promising protein–ligand interactions. Thus, both studied compounds displayed promising activity with low toxicity and can be considered for further evaluation and/or lead optimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a widespread infectious disease and one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide. Nevertheless, despite significant advances in the development of new drugs against tuberculosis, many therapies and preventive measures do not lead to the expected favorable health results for various reasons. The aim of this study was to evaluate the acute and sub-acute toxicity and oxidative stress of two selected nitrofuranyl amides with high in vitro antimycobacterial activity. In addition, molecular docking studies were performed on both compounds to elucidate the possibilities for further development of new anti-tuberculosis candidates with improved efficacy, selectivity, and pharmacological parameters. Acute toxicity tests showed that no changes were observed in the skin, coat, eyes, mucous membranes, secretions, and vegetative activity in mice. The histological findings include features consistent with normal histological architecture without being associated with concomitant pathological conditions. The observed oxidative stress markers indicated that the studied compounds disturbed the oxidative balance in the mouse liver. Based on the molecular docking, compound DO-190 showed preferable binding energies compared to DO-209 in three out of four targets, while both compounds showed promising protein–ligand interactions. Thus, both studied compounds displayed promising activity with low toxicity and can be considered for further evaluation and/or lead optimization.

We studied spontaneous production of a spectrum of proinflammatory cytokines by cultured whole blood cells from men with alcohol dependence at the stage of withdrawal syndrome and oxidative stress markers (carbonylated proteins and TBA-reactive substances) in the plasma of these blood samples. Enhanced production of cytokines by blood cells and increased concentrations of oxidative stress markers in the autologous plasma were revealed in comparison with the corresponding parameters in the control (blood from healthy men). Direct correlations were found between the levels of spontaneous cytokine production by blood cells from subjects with alcohol dependence and the concentration of oxidized proteins and lipids in autologous plasma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Oxidative stress is one of the key mechanisms responsible for disease progression in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the serum levels of oxidative stress markers in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DMT2) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and test their relationships with clinical and biochemical patient characteristics, compared to patients with DMT2 without non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and controls.

This study was designed to evaluate the effects of purple potato extract of the Blue Congo variety (PP) on diabetes and its antioxidant activities after two-week administration tostreptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. The activities of PP were evaluated at a dose of 165 mg/kg body weight (b.w.) by estimating biochemical changes in blood plasma and through a histopathological study of kidney, muscles, and liver tissue. We evaluated the effect of treatment with extract on glucose level, glycated hemoglobin, activities of enzymatic antioxidants (including superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase), and lipid peroxidation. Moreover, we determined advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs), and the level of oxidative modified proteins (OMPs) as markers of carbonyl-oxidative stress in rats with diabetes. Using high-performance liquid chromatography, we identified five anthocyanins and six phenolic acids in the extract from Blue Congo with the dominant acylated anthocyanin as petunidin-3-p-coumaroyl-rutinoside-5-glucoside. The administration of Blue Congo extract lowered blood glucose, improved glucose tolerance, and decreased the amount of glycated hemoglobin. Furthermore, PP demonstrated an antioxidative effect, suppressed malondialdehyde levels, and restored antioxidant enzyme activities in diabetic rats. After administration of PP, we also noticed inhibition of OMP, AGE, and AOPP formation in the rats′ blood plasma.

Obesity is independently associated with disturbances in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism, oxidative stress, and is a well-established independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Human paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is a pleotropic high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-associated enzyme with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory proprieties that have been suggested to contribute to the athero-protective function of the lipoprotein. The aim of this study was to investigate whether obesity is associated with PON1 activity and whether this association is influenced by oxidative stress, inflammation and HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) concentration. The promiscuous activities, arylesterase and paraoxonase, and the putative physiological activity, lactonase, of PON1 were assessed in the serum of 214 obese and severely obese, 101 overweight and 129 normal-weight women. Levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), hydroperoxides (by-products of lipid oxidative damage) and lipid profiles were also evaluated. Arylesterase activity was the only activity that significantly differed across the groups (ANOVA, p < .01), with the greatest decrease observed in individuals with body mass index (BMI) > 40 kg/m2 compared to controls (p < .001). This activity was also inversely, although weakly (r = -0.160, p < .001) correlated with the BMI, and the association was independent of age and levels of oxidative stress and inflammation, but not of HDL-C concentration. In conclusion, our results suggest that the apparent obesity-associated decrement of PON1 activity might simply reflect the decrease in concentration of its plasmatic carrier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated serum and aqueous humor thiol/disulfide (T-D) homeostasis in patients with cataracts versus healthy controls. In total, 56 patients with cataracts and 49 healthy controls were enrolled in this case-control study. Serum total thiol (TT), native thiol (NT), and disulfide (DS) concentrations were determined using a novel automated measurement method. Additionally, DS/TT, DS/NT and NT/TT percentage ratios were compared between the groups. In comparison with the control group, serum NT levels and aqueous humor TT and NT levels were significantly lower (p < .05,p < .05 andp < .001, respectively), whereas serum and aqueous humor DS levels were significantly higher in cataract patients (p < .01 andp < .001). DS/TT and DS/NT ratios were significantly higher and the NT/TT ratio was lower in cataract patients in serum (p < .005) and aqueous humor samples (p < .001). In conclusion, serum T-D homeostasis may be useful as biochemical markers, indicating the role of oxidative stress in the development of cataracts. Further studies are needed to confirm the pathophysiological role of T-D homeostasis in cataractogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate oxidative stress factors and C-reactive protein in the saliva of patients with oral lichen planus (OLP) and burning mouth syndrome (BMS).Methods: This consecutive, cross-sectional study included 20 patients with OLP, 19 with burning mouth syndrome (BMS), and 31 control subjects. The oral cavity of each patient was examined and patients responded to a quality of life questionnaire (OHIP-14) and the xerostomia inventory. The following parameters were measured in whole non-stimulated saliva: trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC); total antioxidant capacity (TAC); cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC); ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP); C-reactive protein (CRP); nitric oxide; nitrates; and nitrites.Results: The OLP group presented statistically significant differences in reactive oxygen species (ROS) (29 600 cps) in comparison with the control group (39 679 cps) (P < 0.05). In the BMS group, ROS was 29 707 cps with significant difference in comparison with the control group (P < 0.05). Significantly higher salivary nitric oxide (145.7 μmol) and nitrite (141.0 μmol) levels were found in OLP patients in comparison with control group (P < 0.05).Conclusion: Increases in nitric oxide and C-reactive protein were found in the saliva of OLP patients in comparison with BMS and control patients. Further studies are required to confirm these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starting from the protective properties of the phenol compounds present in wine, signalled out in the case of cardiovascular affections, the sanguine level of some enzymatic and non-enzymatic markers of oxidative stress has been studied on three batch of rabbits subjected to an atherogeneous hypercholesterolemia diet, namely: B1 – untreated, B2 – treated with white wine (2.5 mg/kg body), B3 – treated with red wine (2.5 mg/kg body), comparatively with a control bath (C), subjected to a normal diet. The atherogeneous diet alterates the oxidative anti-stress factors, inducing inhibition of superoxide dismutase (SOD), stimulating glutathion peroxidase (GSH-Px), diminishing the level of reduced glutathion (GSH) and increasing the level of malonil dialdehyde (MDA), comparatively with the values of the control batch. In the wine treated batches, a tendency of normalization of the values of these parameters is observed, along-with a reduction in the level of lipid peroxidation. The melioration effects of anti-oxidation defence are more pronounced in treatments with red wine, comparatively with the white one as due to a richer content of polyphenols, the anti-oxidation capacity of which is well-known, and of scavenger versus the free oxygen radicals, which supports the beneficial effects of a moderate wine consumption.

Oxidative stress results from imbalance in the generation of oxidative free radicals in the body and neutralizing antioxidant mechanisms. It hampers various cellular biochemical processes causing dysfunction of the neurons. Reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species are the two important systems regulating the body's oxidative stress. Oxidative stress has a role in several psychiatric disorders including obsessive--compulsive disorder (OCD) and other anxiety disorders. Various studies have found elevated levels of malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase in patients with OCD, which are considered the markers of oxidative stress. This review discusses the relevance of oxidative stress in OCD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) have biological properties that may contribute to the mortality of children on hemodialysis (HD). This study examines the relationship of LMW fluorescence AGEs, oxidized LDL (ox-LDL), soluble receptor AGE (sRAGE) as markers of oxidative stress in children with end stage renal disease (ESRD) undergoing HD.Method: Thirty children with ESRD undergoing HD, and 30 healthy, age- and sex-matched children were included. Serum levels of LMW fluorescence AGEs, sRAGE, oxidized LDL (ox-LDL), pre- and post-dialysis urea, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), hemoglobin (Hb) and serum albumin (ALB), were measured.Results: Abnormal serum inflammatory changes: elevated levels of LMW AGEs, sRAGE, oxLDL, CRP and urea were exhibited in HD children compared with healthy controls; more so in anemic when compared to non-anemic patients. Significant positive correlation was found between serum levels of AGEs and sRAGE.Conclusion: The low molecular weight form of AGEs is associated with oxidative stress in children receiving chronic HD, and may be important in the mechanisms leading to atherosclerosis and inflammation in such patients. LMW AGEs levels showed a negative correlation with sRAGE and both exhibit a significant negative relation to seum urea. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The relationship between late-onset gestational diabetes mellitus [GDM] and oxidative stress is not well known, and the importance of the oxidant/antioxidant equilibrium in the clinical evolution and its complications require elucidation. The aim of the study was to evaluate the relationships between maternal levels of markers of oxidative stress in women with late-onset GDM that, potentially, may have considerable clinical implications in the pathogenesis and/or the evolution of GDM. Pregnant women ( n = 78; 53 with GDM, 25 controls), between the 24th and 29th week of gestation, were enrolled. Both groups were analysed for demographic data, perinatal and obstetrics outcomes together with the levels of the marker's oxidative stress and antioxidant status. Control versus patient results in the univariate analysis were the following: pre-gestational body mass index [BMI] 23.31 ± 4.2 vs. 27.13 ± 4.6 kg/m ( P = 0.001); weeks at delivery 39.2 ± 3.05 vs. 38.9 ± 1.8 ( P = 0.09); Caesarean delivery 12.5 vs. 43% ( P = 0.004); macrosomia 4 vs. 9.4% ( P = 0.6); lipoperoxides [LPO] 2.06 ± 1.00 vs. 3.14 ± 1.55 μmol/mg ( P = 0.001); catalase 3.23 ± 1.41 vs. 2.52 ± 1.3 nmol/min/ml ( P = 0.03); superoxide dismutase [SOD] 0.11 ± 0.04 vs. 0.08 ± 0.01 U/ml ( P = 0.0003); glutathione peroxidase [GPX] 0.03 ± 0.006 vs. 0.025 ± 0.006 nmol/min/ml ( P = 0.01); glutathione reductase [GSH] 0.004 ± 0.002 vs. 0.004 ± 0.004 nmol/min/ml ( P = 0.9)]; and glutathione transferase [GST] 0.0025 ± 0.0012 vs. 0.0027 ± 0.00017 nmol/min/ml ( P = 0.7). Multivariate analysis showed catalase might have a protective effect against GDM development and LPO seems to be a risk factor for the disease. These data suggest an increase in oxidative stress and a decrease in antioxidative defence in women with late-onset GDM and, as such, may have considerable clinical implications in the pathogenesis and/or the course of the pregnancy in these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antioxidant enzymes can modify cell response to nitrosative stress induced, for example, by nitric oxide or compounds decomposing with its formation. Therefore, we investigated the effects of S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) on cell survival, activity of antioxidant enzymes, and concentrations of reduced and oxidized glutathione in parental and isogenic strains defective in Cu,Zn- or Mn-superoxide dismutases (Cu,Zn-SOD and Mn-SOD, respectively), or in both of them. Stress was induced by incubation of the yeast with 1–20 mM GSNO. The strains used demonstrated different sensitivity to GSNO. A Cu,Zn-SOD-defective strain survived the stress better than the parental strain, while the double mutant was the most sensitive to GSNO. The ·NO-donor at low concentrations (1–5 mM) increased SOD activity, but its high concentrations (10 and 20 mM) decreased it. The activity of catalase in all strains was enhanced by GSNO. Inhibition of protein synthesis by cycloheximide did not prevent the activation of SOD, but it prevented the activation of catalase. These facts suggest that SOD was activated at a posttranslational level and catalase activity was enhanced via de novo synthesis. A GSNO-induced increase in oxidized glutathione level in the studied yeast strains might account for cell killing by GSNO due to the development of oxidative/nitrosative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the oxidative DNA damage, antioxidant activity, and effects of antihypertensive drugs on oxidative stress in hypertensive patients with different stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Fifty-three non-dialyzed hypertensive CKD patients were included by the study. Serum and urinary 8-hydroxydeoxy guanosine (8-OHdG) levels (as a marker of oxidative DNA damage), serum superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (G-Px) activities (as antioxidant enzymes) were measured. SOD activity was higher and G-Px activity was lower in the patient group as compared to control group. Serum and urinary 8-OHdG levels were found to be higher in the patients with proteinuria greater than 3 g/day than those in the patients with proteinuria less than 3 g/day. It has been determined that G-Px activity and urinary 8-OHdG level were lower in the patients treated with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor compared to patients treated with calcium channel blocker. The present data show oxidative DNA damage at a higher level in the patients with proteinuria greater than 3 g/day. In comparison to a calcium channel blocker, an ACE inhibitor seems much more protective against oxidative DNA damage in hypertensive patients with different stages of CKD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. Oxidative stress is one of the important complications occurring in haemodialysis. The aim of the study was to determine haemodialysis-induced changes in oxidative burst of phagocytes and the antioxidative properties of plasma. Methods. Twenty-seven patients and 50 healthy controls were examined. Oxidative burst of phagocytes and plasma antioxidative potential were measured luminometrically. Concentrations of major plasma antioxidants (vitamin E, bilirubin and uric acid) were also determined. Results. Phagocyte chemiluminescence was higher in patients before haemodialysis compared with that in controls and decreased after haemodialysis compared with predialysis status. A significant increase in plasma antioxidative potential and uric acid was found in patients before haemodialysis. These parameters decreased after haemodialysis compared with both predialysis and control values. Conclusions. The higher generation of phagocyte-derived oxidants and the decline in plasma antioxidative properties after haemodialysis confirm insufficient antioxidant defence in patients with chronic renal failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was designed to evaluate the effects of purple potato extract of the Blue Congo variety (PP) on diabetes and its antioxidant activities after two-week administration tostreptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. The activities of PP were evaluated at a dose of 165 mg/kg body weight (b.w.) by estimating biochemical changes in blood plasma and through a histopathological study of kidney, muscles, and liver tissue. We evaluated the effect of treatment with extract on glucose level, glycated hemoglobin, activities of enzymatic antioxidants (including superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase), and lipid peroxidation. Moreover, we determined advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs), and the level of oxidative modified proteins (OMPs) as markers of carbonyl-oxidative stress in rats with diabetes. Using high-performance liquid chromatography, we identified five anthocyanins and six phenolic acids in the extract from Blue Congo with the dominant acylated anthocyanin as petunidin-3-p-coumaroyl-rutinoside-5-glucoside. The administration of Blue Congo extract lowered blood glucose, improved glucose tolerance, and decreased the amount of glycated hemoglobin. Furthermore, PP demonstrated an antioxidative effect, suppressed malondialdehyde levels, and restored antioxidant enzyme activities in diabetic rats. After administration of PP, we also noticed inhibition of OMP, AGE, and AOPP formation in the rats′ blood plasma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]