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Recurring Slope Lineae (RSL) are narrow, dark features that typically source from rocky outcrops, incrementally lengthen down Martian steep slopes in warm seasons, fade in cold seasons and recur annually. In this study we report the first observations of RSL at Hale crater, Mars, during late southern summer by the Color and Surface Science Imaging System (CaSSIS) on board ESA's ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO). For the first time, we analyze images of RSL acquired during morning solar local times and compare them with High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) observations taken in the afternoon. We find that RSL activity is correlated with the presence of steep slopes. Our thermal analysis establishes that local temperatures are high enough to allow either the melting of brines or deliquescence of salts during the observation period, but the slope and aspect distributions of RSL activity predicted by these processes are not consistent with our observations. We do not find any significant relative albedo difference between morning and afternoon RSL. Differences above 11% would have been detected by our methodology, if present. This instead suggests that RSL at Hale crater are not caused by seeping water that reaches the surface, but are best explained as dry flows of granular material. • We report the first CaSSIS observations of RSL at Hale crater, Mars. • We compare morning CaSSIS images with afternoon HiRISE observations. • We do not find any relative albedo variations between morning and afternoon RSL. • RSL lengthening is constrained to steep slopes. • Our results indicate that RSL are consistent with dry flows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reliable detection and characterization of water ice on the Martian surface is pivotal to not only understand its present and past climate, but to also provide valuable information on in-situ resource availability and distribution for future human exploration missions. Ice-rich features are currently identified with visible/near-IR (VNIR), thermal IR and radar data. However, their coarse spatial scale sometimes limits confident characterization of small (i.e., meter-scale) icy exposures resulting from recent activity like new impacts. Water ice bearing materials possess weaker spectral characteristics at wavelengths shorter than ∼1030 nm that may be resolved by VNIR imaging instruments like the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) and the Colour and Stereo Surface Imaging System (CaSSIS). Our study assesses the spectral capability of HiRISE colour observations to help distinguish high purity water ice exposures from ice-poor materials. We report detailed methodologies for reliable colour characterization of icy surface using unfiltered HiRISE images. We present the first quantitative approach to uniquely characterize high-purity ice-rich materials through spectral shape and spectral parameterization methods at high spatial resolution (∼50 cm/pixel). We also present three spectral parameters to aid detection of pure water ice features, while also providing statistical constraints to enable a quantitative interpretation scheme. Our methods are observed to work well in characterizing and separating ice-rich features uniquely from ice-poor and ferrous materials. However, we do observe that these methods have a lower grain size detection limit of ∼250–300 μm, and may not be able to uniquely separate frosts from ground ice exposures. We also apply these methods to better constrain the composition of bright materials exposed by recent impacts identified in previous surveys, where substantial evidence for ice-bearing materials was previously unavailable. Overall, our work proposes HiRISE colour-based methods as a novel approach for high-resolution multispectral characterization of ice-rich features on the Martian surface, which is of particular value since the Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) has ceased operations. • Reliable characterization of water ice on the Martian surface is crucial for understanding its climate, resource availability, and future human exploration. • HiRISE colour observations offer a spectral capability to distinguish high-purity water ice exposures from ice-poor materials at high spatial resolution (∼50 cm/pixel). • The study presents a quantitative approach to aid in the detection and characterization of pure water ice features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Colour and Stereo Surface Science Imaging System (CaSSIS) of the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter returns on average twenty images per day of the Martian surface, most of them in 3 or 4 colours and some of them in stereo. CaSSIS uses a push-frame approach to acquire colour images, with four bandpass filters deposited directly above the sensor and an imaging cadence synchronized with the ground track velocity to cover the imaged area with tens of small, partially overlapping images. These "framelets" are later map-projected and mosaicked to build the final image. This approach offers both advantages and challenges in terms of radiometric calibration. While the collection of dark and flatfield frames is considerably enhanced by the frequent and fast acquisition of tens of successive images, mosaics assembled from the adjacent framelets highlight the straylight and changes in the bias of the detector. Both issues have been identified on CaSSIS images, with low intensities overall (up to a few %), but sufficient to generate prominent artefacts on the final assembled colour images. We have therefore developed methods to correct these artefacts that are now included into the radiometric calibration pipeline. We detail here the different steps of the calibration procedure and the generation of the products used for calibration, and discuss the efficacy of the corrections. The relative uncertainties on the bias and flatfield frames are low, of the order of 0.2 and 0.1%, respectively. The uncertainty on the absolute radiometric calibration is of 3%, which is quite low for such an instrument. The straylight adds an estimated ∼1% error to the absolute calibration. The residuals after corrections of the straylight and bias offsets are of the order of a few DNs to tens of DNs. As CaSSIS can observe the Martian surface in challenging illumination conditions to provide unique views of the surface at early and late local solar time, residuals from the straylight correction can become noticeable when the absolute signal is very low. As they appear at the level of the noise in very low illumination images, these residuals do not limit the scientific exploitation of the data. For most of the dataset, as the signal in well-exposed images reaches 8000 DNs in the panchromatic filter and thousands of DNs in the colour filters, the residuals are negligible and CaSSIS provides the best colour images available over many areas covered. [Display omitted] • Description of the radiometric calibration procedure for the CaSSIS imager of Exomars TGO. • High precision and stability of the calibration products bias and flatfield. • Correction of straylight and instabilities of the detector bias. • Discussion of uncertainties in the calibration and residuals vs. signal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Slope streaks are albedo features that form frequently on equatorial Martian slopes. Most slope streaks are dark relative to surrounding terrains, a minor fraction is bright, and there are rare transitioning streaks that exhibit a contrast reversal partway downslope. Their formation mechanisms and physical surface properties are not well understood. New observations acquired by the Colour and Stereo Surface Imaging System (CaSSIS) on board ESA's ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) provide insights into slope streaks' surface microstructure, roughness and particle size ranges. Using multiple phase angle observations, we show that dark slope streaks are substantially rougher and possibly more porous than their bright counterparts, which are likely composed of more compact regolith. Color data acquired in the four wavelength bands suggest that dark streaks are spectrally similar to bright streaks but are composed of larger particles. The comparison of our orbital results to the laboratory measurements of Martian regolith analogs indicates that particles within dark slope streaks may be up to a factor of four larger than the granular material of the surrounding terrains. At one study site in Arabia Terra, using complementary imagery from other orbiters, we identify a case where dark slope streaks turned fully bright in a twenty-year period. These and CaSSIS observations suggest that bright slope streaks are old dark slope streaks, likely formed by deposition of dust or decomposition of surface aggregates into smaller particles. [Display omitted] • We report first CaSSIS observations of Martian slope streaks. • We identified a site where dark streaks turned fully bright in a twenty-year period. • Dark streaks are possibly composed of more porous and rough Martian soil. • Laboratory measurements of Martian simulant indicate particle size effects. • Bright streaks are more compact but of similar grain sizes relative to the surrounding terrains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]