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This study investigates the effects of increasing PbO concentration on the Al2O3–PbO–B2O3–SiO2 glasses' physical, mechanical and gamma ray shielding properties. PbO addition leads to higher density and molar mass, making the glass denser. However, molar volume decreases, indicating a more compact structure. Interatomic distances and ion concentration change, strengthening atomic interactions. Oxygen molar volume increases, but packing density drops with more PbO, impacting the glass lattice. Optical basicity rises, suggesting improved electron transport and optical behavior. Electronegativity decreases, and electronic polarizability increases with higher PbO content, rendering the glass more electron-donating and sensitive to external electric fields.This study investigates glass mechanical properties using the Makishima–Mackenzie model. As PbO concentration rises, elastic moduli consistently decrease, signifying increased flexibility in glass structures. The mass attenuation coefficients (MAC) of the chosen glasses were evaluated in the 0.284–1.333 MeV energy range. It was found that increased PbO content leads to a corresponding MAC enhancement. The MAC values at 0.284 MeV were 0.297 and 0.349 cm2/g, while at 0.511 MeV they varied between 0.124 and 0.135 cm2/g. It was found that Glass Pb47.5 sample, which contains a higher amount of PbO compared to the other glasses, had the highest MAC at all energies. The results showed that the PbO has a notable impact on the MAC and thus on the radiation attenuation performance at lower energy. Moreover, increased glass density led to a corresponding LAC increase, which at 0.284 MeV increased from 1.269 cm−1 for Pb32.5 to 1.898 cm−1 for Pb47.5. According to the LAC results, one simple means of enhancing the glasses' radiation shielding properties is utilizing a high PbO percentage. This paper aims to illuminate silicate glasses' radiation shielding abilities. The paper will investigate the efficiency under specific conditions, like high-energy radiation. Moreover, it will explore innovative methods to enhance their shielding competence, concreting the way for a better yet effective radiation shielding approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study's objective is to evaluate an Al 2 O 3 –PbO–B 2 O 3 –SiO 2 –BaO glass system's radiation shielding characteristics. The composition of the glasses is 15Al 2 O 3 –25PbO–(60-x)B 2 O 3 –10SiO 2 –xBaO, with x in the 5–20 mol% range. Experimental results were used to determine the samples' linear attenuation coefficients (LAC), which were then confirmed by Phy-X program. Utilizing narrow beam transmission geometry, the experimental LAC values were determined. According to the results there was high agreement when comparing the theoretical and experimental values. The LAC values were used to calculate the prepared glasses' mass attenuation coefficients (MAC) and other relevant properties. The mean free path (MFP) values of the sample with 5 mol% BaO were 0.079, 2.549, 3.944 and 4.273 cm at 0.0595, 0.662, 1.173, and 1.332 MeV, thus demonstrating that raising the glass system's BaO enhances the prepared glasses' shielding capacity. According to radiation protection efficiency (RPE), the glasses' capacity to shield the photon is enhanced when their BaO content rises. • Study of shielding coefficients against gamma radiation for different glass. • Using the traditional melt quenching procedure. • Linear attenuation coefficient, LAC, values have been determined experimentally. • The sample APBSB-4 exhibits higher values of LAC than the other glasses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research is to identify the radiation shielding capability of ceramics adding CuO, CdO, and Bi2O3 with diverse wt (%). The chemical compositions of the raw ceramics were documented through Energy Dispersive X-ray "EDX" techniques. For aesthetic appeal and solidification, CuO has been chosen to be added to ceramic. Moreover, in the interest of increasing the radiation shielding ability, the high atomic number and density of both CdO and Bi2O3 were suggested for the raw ceramics. To obtain the morphological features of the prepared ceramic samples, a Scanning Electron Microscope, or SEM, was utilized. To verify the experimental results, the MCA value obtained from the Phy-X software was compared to the experimental value collected from the HPGe detector. At energies 0.06 MeV, 0.662 MeV, 1.173 MeV, and 1.333 MeV the linear and mass attenuation coefficients of the prepared ceramics have been measured using a high purity germanium "HPGe" detector as well as three different point sources. Moreover, the relationship between ln(I) and the thickness of the ceramics has been presented here, and the comparison between the LAC of the prepared ceramics with other materials has also been displayed. Bentonite ceramic containing CuO (15 mol %)-CdO (15 mol %)-Bi2O3 (20 mol %) with density 3.6 showed the lowest HVL, MFP, and TVL at all studied energies, yet pure Bentonite ceramic containing only CuO (50 mol %), having density 3.4, presented the greatest values. Hence, it can be concluded that the addition of CdO and Bi2O3 enhances the radiation shielding ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work explores the glass system of (50 + x)PbO–5BaO–5WO3–10Na2O–(30−x)B2O3 (x: 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 mol%) for radiation shielding applications. For this purpose, five distinct glass systems (PbBaW50–PbBaW70) have been fabricated via conventional melting technique. The fabricated glass series was then investigated in terms of physical, mechanical, and photon shielding properties. According to the physical determinations, the glass density increases from 5.22881 to 6.50914 g.cm−3 as the PbO ascends from 50 to 70 mol%. On the other hand, the change of the PbO concentration in the respective samples affects the mechanical properties (Makishima and Mackenzie model) due to the change in composition and density of the samples. That is, the values of Young's, Bulk, Shear, and Longitudinal moduli are nearly the same with the slight decreasing trend for all the moduli, respectively, as the PbO increases. Further, the Poisson's ratio decreases from 0.179 to 0.171 while the value of fractural bond connectivity ranges from 3.516 to 3.624, and the hardness increases from 2.195 to 2.252 GPa with the increase in PbO concentration. For radiation shielding features, the Phy-X/PSD computations revealed that linear attenuation coefficient (LAC)@0.3029 MeV were equal to 1.627, 1.770, 1.921, 2.062, and 2.223 cm−1 for PbBaW50 to PbBaW70 samples, respectively. By considering LAC determinations, other significant parameters such as mass attenuation coefficient, half-value layer, tenth-value layer, mean free path, and effective atomic number were evaluated. As a result of these findings, one can report that the increasing doping rate of PbO leads to achieving more-performanced radiation shielding materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the the present work, we discussed in detail the X-ray shielding behavior of the glasses in the composition of TeO2-Li2O-GeO2-ZnO-Bi2O3 for the energy range of 30.82–303 keV. Some essential radiation shielding parameters have effectively been evaluated via EPICS2017 library. EPICS2017 showed a relative change between 0.67%—8.23% from the Phy-X software mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) calculations. According to the findings, one can report that the linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) was enhanced for all photon energies owing to the insertion of 15 mol% Bi2O3. From these results, the authors evaluated the thickness variations by finding the half-value layer (HVL), and it was seen that BiTe1 was equal to 0.323 cm while BiTe2 to BiTe4 were equal to 0.221, 0.172, and 0.144 cm in the respective order, at 0.1606 MeV. Similarly, the tenth-value layer (TVL), mean free path (MFP), and effective atomic number (Zeff) were improved by far the best via sample-BiTe4 (highest Bi2O3 concentration). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research work aims to investigate the radiation shielding ability of a Yb3+-doped calcium borotellurite glass system. The system has the basic composition of CaF2–CaO–B2O3–TeO2–Yb2O3 but is denoted as TeBYbn for simplicity. The effect of increasing the TeO2 content in the glasses from 10 to 54 mol% was investigated, with five different chosen compositions and densities. The Phy-X/PSD program was used to investigate the mass attenuation coefficient (µ/ρ) of the samples. The mass attenuation coefficients were theoretically determined by using an online software for the calculation of shielding parameters. Other parameters were then calculated and analyzed, such as the linear attenuation coefficient (µ), transmission factor (TF), radiation protection efficiency (RPE), effective atomic number (Zeff), and mean free path (MFP). TeBYb5, the glass with the greatest TeO2 content, was shown to have the greatest µ/ρ; however, at greater energies, the differences between the values are practically negligible. µ was shown to increase with density, such as from 0.386 cm−1 to 0.687 cm−1 for TeBYb1 and TeBYb5 at 0.284 MeV, respectively. The least TF was found for samples with a thickness of 1.5 cm, proving an inverse correlation between the thickness of the sample and the TF. The HVL and TVL of the glasses decreased as the density of the samples increased, which means that TeBYb1 is the least effective out of the investigated glasses. The five samples proved to have a lower MFP than some other shielding glasses, demonstrating their capabilities as radiation shields. Based on the calculated parameters, TeBYb5 indicated the greatest photon attenuation ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mechanical and radiation shielding properties for the PbO–MoO3–Li2O–B2O3 glass system were theoretically investigated in this paper. The PbO–MoO3–Li2O–B2O3 glass system (coded as investigated glasses) was fabricated using the melt quenching mechanism. The optical packing density (OPD) increases from 75.563 to 84.366, and oxygen molar volume (OMV) decreases from 13.234 to 11.853 cm3/mol when increasing the PbO concentration. The values of elastic moduli decreased from 47.06 to 39.67 GPa for Young, from 33.51 to 32.41 GPa for bulk, from 19.82 to 16.29 GPa for shear and from 59.94 to 54.14 GPa for longitudinal moduli as the PbO is increased. The radiation attenuation characteristics were reported at the photon energies used in diagnostic radiology. The mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) was evaluated using the three photoatomic data libraries EPICS2017, EPDL97, and XCOM, available in the EpiXS and Phy-X programs. The MAC for the five investigated glasses at 20 keV was much higher than the MAC at 40, 60 and 80 keV. The MAC for investigated glasses increased with the addition of PbO, with Pb-S1 demonstrating the lowest MAC, and Pb-S5 demonstrating the highest MAC. Additionally, the rate of the increment of MAC at 20 keV as the concentration of PbO increased was higher than that at 40, 60 and 80 keV. The effective atomic number (EAN) was determined using Phy-X program. The EAN follows the trend: Pb-S5 > Pb-S4 > Pb-S3 > Pb-S2 > Pb-S1. The EAN results proved that the glass with low amounts of B2O3 and higher amounts of PbO had good attenuation features. The EAN had the maximum values of 73.55–76.67 at 20 keV, whereas the lowest values occurred at 80 keV and varied between 53.63 and 63.39. The half-value layer (HVL) results showed that the Pb-S1 glass had the greatest HVL, while Pb-S5 had the least. There is a higher discrepancy between the tenth-value layer values at 80 keV than at 20 keV. At 20 keV, the difference between the highest and lowest TVL values (Pb-S1 and Pb-S5) was only 0.004 cm, while the difference at 80 keV was 0.152 cm. Pb-S5 is the most space-efficient radiation shield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current paper studied the (95-y)P2O5–yBi2O3–5Nb2O5 glass systems where y = 10, 12.5, 15, and 17.5 mol% using EPICS2017 data library to understand the radiation shielding characteristics. The investigated glass systems, PNbBi1 to PNbBi4, were evaluated in terms of linear attenuation coefficient (LAC), mass attenuation coefficient (MAC), half-value layer (HVL), tenth-value layer (TVL), mean free path (MFP), and effective atomic numbers (Zeff) at the energy levels of 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 keV. According to the theoretical computations, Bi2O3 ensured to improve LAC parameter in all photon energies; hence, PNbBi4 can be regarded as the best. Further, we reported that a nearly 14% increase in glass density leads to improve MAC parameters against ascending photon energies. PNbBi4 can be regarded as the lowest thickness ensuring sample at all photon energies amongst the other samples with respect to HVL and TVL parameters. Moreover, inserting Bi2O3 provided lower MFP thicknesses which in turn develops better radiation shielding characteristics. We found out that Zeff shows an increasing trend as the Bi2O3 increases, but displays a decreasing trend as the photon energy increases. Additionally, a comparison of shielding properties using the EpiXS and Phy-X/PSD has been evaluated. It was figured out that there is a good agreement observed between the results of each library. The results in most energies were found to be in good agreement with low (< 1%) relative differences. Overall, the authors concluded that the Bi2O3-reinforced PNb series can be utilized in X-ray shielding applications with satisfactory performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to study the radiation shielding features of TeO2–WO3–RO systems (where RO =PbO and Bi2O3). The glasses were theoretically evaluated by using the simulation code Phy–X/PSD. Four TeO2–WO3–Bi2O3 glasses and three TeO2–WO3–PbO glasses were tested in this study. The linear attenuation coefficient (LAC), mass attenuation coefficient (MAC), effective atomic number (Zeff), half value layer (HVL), tenth value layer (TVL), and mean free path (MFP) of the glasses were calculated and analyzed. WTeBi3 and WTeBi4 have the greatest LAC and MAC values at all energies, while WTePb1 had the least LAC and MAC values. At 0.347 MeV, the MAC of the glasses is equal to 0.115 0.117, and 0.107 cm2/g for WTeBi3, WTeBi4, and WTePb1, respectively. The Zeff of the glasses decreased and increased based on the photon interaction phenomena present in low, medium, and high energy ranges. WTeBi2 has the greatest HVL, equal to 2.070 cm and 2.594 cm at 1.333 and 2.506 MeV, respectively, while WTeBi3 has the least, 1.943 cm and 2.532 cm for the same energies, respectively. The TVL values followed the order of WTePb1 < WTePb2 < WTeBi2 < WTePb3 < WTeBi1 < WTeBi3 < WTeBi4 at both the tested energies. The greatest MFPs were observed at the greatest selected energy, 2.506 MeV. The TeO2–WO3–Bi2O3 glasses and TeO2–WO3–PbO glasses were compared against each other and with some other radiation glasses to determine the most effective attenuator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The highly dense PbO-TeO 2 -CdO glasses have been fabricated by the melt quenching procedure. The prepared samples are light yellow in colour and are highly transparent. The density of the samples is very high and it lies in the range of 5.576–6.082 g/cm3. The molar volume is showing downtrend from 35.488 to 33.705 cm3 accounting towards the compactness of the samples with addition of PbO. Oxygen packing density increases from 30.996 to 32.637 whereas the oxygen molar volume is decreasing from 32.262 to 30.641 cm3 mol−1 with increase in PbO content. As PbO grows, E's modulus rises from 18.517 to 19.368 GPa, B's from 6.903 to 7.705 GPa, G's from 9.504 to 9.662 GPa, and L's from 19575 to 20.558 GPa. We used the Phy-X software to estimate the radiation shielding properties for the prepared glasses in a wide energy range of 0.015–15 MeV. We reported an enhancement in the mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) values when the PbO level increases from 70 to 77.5 mol %, this he highest MAC is found for PTC4, while the lowest MAC is reported for PTC1 sample. The photon energy has an impact on Linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) and the Greatest values of this parameter is reported at 0.015 MeV and equalling 501.64, 521.84, 549.53 and 569.17 cm−1 for the PTC1 to PTC4 glasses. In contrast, the lowest LAC is reported at 15 MeV (in the range of 0.283–0.313 cm−1). According to the LAC, the studied samples are able to attenuate more photons in the low energy region. The effective atomic number (Z eff) is also evaluated and similar to LAC, we found that the Z eff is increased due to the addition of PbO. From the results of different shielding factors, the inclusion of PbO alters the radiation attenuation performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physical properties, optical properties, and shielding properties were reported herein by varying the amount of bismuth (III) oxide (Bi 2 O 3) and boron oxide (B 2 O 3) on the PbO-Bi 2 O 3 -CdO- B 2 O 3 glass systems through Melt quenching technique. After altering the amount of Bi 2 O 3 density studied glass systems have varied from 4.3 g/cm3 - 5.7 g/cm3. With the addition of bismuth oxide, the density, molar volume, and oxygen packing density all rise. As bismuth concentration increases, the indirect band gap reduces, indicating structural changes in the glasses. As bismuth concentration rises, so do the refractive index (n), optical dielectric constant, and reflection loss (R L) characteristics. Ionic nature of current samples is supported by the reduction in electronegativity and rise in polarizability, which reduces the band gap. Linear attenuation coefficients (LAC), mass attenuation coefficients (MAC), half value layers (HVL), and mean free path (MFP) were calculated for photon energy range 0.015–15 MeV via exploiting Phy-X software. Containing supreme amount of Bi 2 O 3 (25% mol) studied glass systems have shown higher values of effective atomic number (Z eff), LAC, MAC along with least values of HVL and MFP considering with other studied glass systems. Results showed that deposition of Bi 2 O 3 on the studied glass systems has boosted their shielding ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We analyzed the mechanical properties and radiation-shielding performance of a lithium zinc bismuth silicate glass system. The composition of these glasses is 20ZnO-30Li2O-(50-x)SiO2-xBi2O3 (x varies between 10 and 40 mol%). The mechanical properties of the investigated glass system, such as Young's modulus (E), bulk modulus (K), shear modulus (S), and longitudinal modulus (L), were determined using the Makishima–Mackenzie model. The elastic moduli gradually decreased with the addition of Bi2O3. E decreased from 46 to 31 GPa, K decreased from 27 to 14 GPa, S decreased from 19 to 14 GPa, and L decreased from 52 to 32 GPa as Bi2O3 was substituted for SiO2. The mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) was investigated at energies between 0.284 and 1.33 MeV to understand the radiation-shielding performance of the glasses. The MAC value increased when SiO2 was replaced by Bi2O3. We found that the effect of Bi2O3 on MAC values was noticeably stronger at energies of 0.284 and 0.347 MeV, while the effect of Bi2O3 on MAC values became weaker as energy increased. The linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) results demonstrated that if the samples were exposed to low-energy photons, the glass could prevent the penetration of photons, and thus, the glass samples were effective in radiation protection. The LAC values for the lowest- and highest-density samples changed from 0.998 to 1.976 cm−1 (at 0.284 MeV) and from 0.286 to 0.424 cm−1 (at 0.826 MeV). According to the radiation-shielding results, the thick, high-density glass sample has special and distinctive shielding properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influences of the sintering process and AgNO3 addition on the phase formation and radiation shielding characteristics of Bi1.6Pb0.4Sr2Ca2Cu3O10 were studied. Three ceramics (code: C0, C1, and C2) were prepared as follows: C0 was obtained after calcination and only one sintering step, C1 was obtained after calcination and two sintering cycles, and C2 was prepared after the addition of AgNO3 at the beginning of the final sintering stage. C2 displayed the maximum volume fraction of the Bi-2223 phase (76.4 vol%), the greatest crystallite size, and high density. The linear mass attenuation coefficient (µ) has been simulated using the Monte Carlo simulation. The µ values are high at 15 keV (257.2 cm−1 for C0, 417.57 cm−1 for C1, and 421.16 cm−1 for C2), and these values dropped and became 72.58, 117.83 and 133.19 cm−1 at 30 keV. The µ value for the ceramics after sintering is much higher than the ceramic before sintering. In addition, the µ value for C2 is higher than that of C1, suggesting that the AgNO3 improves the radiation attenuation performance for the fabricated ceramics. It was demonstrated that the sintering and AgNO3 addition have a considerable influence on the ceramic thickness required to attenuate the radiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Li 2 O-K 2 O-B 2 O 3 -PbO glass system has been synthesized through the melt quenching technique. The indirect bandgap energies were obtained from the recorded UV–visible spectra. It is confirmed that as the concentration of PbO increases, the indirect bandgap energies increases. While the refractive index, and the optical dielectric constant (p dp dt ) decrease. The reflection loss (R L), as well as optical transmission coefficient (T) of the glasses, follow the opposite trend with PbO content. While the molar refraction (R m) and electronic polarizability (α m) increase, the electronic polarizability (α e) decreases as the mol percentage of PbO rise in the glass matrix. The metallization (M) is <1, hence, the investigated glass samples show non-metallic nature. On the other hand, replacing B 2 O 3 with PbO oxide increases the mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) of the samples, which in turn increases their radiation shielding effectiveness. The more B 2 O 3 oxide is replaced with PbO oxide, the greater the effect in elevating their capabilities in shielding radiation especially for low gamma energies. The glass samples under investigation outperformed most of the radiation shields that were previously fabricated. With the increase of PbO levels, the half-value layer reduces due to the rise in the density of the samples. The Pb20 sample had the lowest TVL at all tested energies, demonstrating that it is the most efficient for radiation shielding applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this investigation is to analyse the radiation shielding features of a SrO–B 2 O 3 –TeO 2 glass system. The glasses have the composition of 10SrO-(90-X)B 2 O 3 -XTeO 2 , where X is equal to 40, 45, 50, 55, and 60 mol%. The mass attenuation coefficients (MAC) of the samples were experimentally determined and were validated with results obtained using the Phy-X/PSD software. Narrow beam transmission geometry was utilized to obtain the experimental MAC values. When comparing the experimental and theoretical values, the results were found to strongly agree with each other. Using the MAC values, the linear attenuation coefficients (LAC) of the glasses were determined. The results demonstrated that the LAC values decrease with increasing energy, meaning that the glasses are more effective against lower energy photons. The radiation protection efficiency (RPE) showed that increasing the TeO 2 content in the glasses improves the shielding ability of the glasses. The HVL and MFP were next calculated and the SBT60 sample showed to have the lowest values at all energies, while having the greatest Z eff and N eff. Lastly, the MFP results for the SBT60 glass were compared against other common radiation shields and it was demonstrated that the sample outperformed most of the shields it was compared against. Therefore, it was concluded that the SBT60 glass has great potential as an environmentally friendly shield for radiation applications. • The radiation shielding features of a SrO–B 2 O 3 –TeO 2 glass system have been reported. • The MAC were experimentally determined and were validated with the Phy-X/PSD. • The RPE showed that increasing the TeO 2 content improves the shielding ability. • SBT60 glass has great potential as a shield for radiation applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ordinary method of melt quenching was utilized to manufacture 55B 2 O 3 – 30Pb 3 O 4 -(15 - x) Al 2 O 3 - xFe 2 O 3 , glasses where x: (0≤x ≤ 5). The amorphous state of this system was investigated using X-ray diffraction. The structure of each sample was examined using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR). As Fe 2 O 3 levels increased, FTIR revealed that connectivity increased, and the FT-IR spectral shifts to higher wavenumbers. The MCNP5 code was utilized to simulate the fabricated glasses' radiation protection parameters. The highest mass attenuation coefficient (μ m) values were observed at 0.015 MeV, varied between 80.67 and 80.918 cm2/g with increasing the Fe 2 O 3 concentration between 0 and 5 mol%, respectively. Moreover, the lowest μ m values achieved glass without Fe 2 O 3 content, reduced from 80.67 to 0.0457 cm2/g between 0.015 and 15 MeV. The effective and equivalent atomic numbers, as well as the buildup factors, were calculated using the BXCOM. • Five glass samples were fabricated as a mixture of B 2 O 3 –Pb 3 O 4 – Al 2 O 3 – Fe 2 O 3. • The density of the fabricated glasses increased with substituting of Al 2 O 3 by Fe 2 O 3. • The Monte Carlo simulation code (MCNP-5) used to evaluate the fabricated glasses' shielding factors. • The mass attenuation coefficient enhanced with the Fe 2 O 3 addition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The melt quenching method has been utilized to prepare the TeO 2 -CdO-PbO-B 2 O 3 glass system. The optical packing density and the various elastic moduli increase as the as PbO increases from 30 to 40 mol%. The number of bonds per unit volume increases from 8.96 × 1022 cm−3 to 11.91 × 1022 cm−3 as the concentration of PbO increases. The indirect and direct band gap energies decrease from 2.828 to 2.705 eV and 3.112–2.931 eV respectively with increasing mol% of the PbO. The mass attenuation coefficient has been derived using EPICS2017 library. Below 0.284 MeV, the mass attenuation coefficient obtained by EPICS2017 are higher than that determined by Phy-X/PSD by approximately 2.5% for the five glass samples. In contrast, the mass attenuation coefficient determined by Phy-X/PSD are higher than that calculated from EPICS2017 at energies higher than 0.284 MeV, ranging from 0.09% to 0.36%. Moreover, we determined the linear attenuation coefficient and the results showed that the PbB5 glass (with 50 mol% of PbO) has a higher value of this parameter. The effective atomic number values at 122 keV span from 61.06 to 69.98, while at 1458 MeV span from 17.26 to 25.23. The mean free path results proved that the photons with low energy have small penetration ability thus the glasses have a good attenuation performance when exposed to radiation with low energy. For the glass with 30 mol% of PbO (coded as PbB1), the value of mean free path increased from 0.120 cm at 122 keV to 4.305 cm at 1458 keV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gamma-ray shielding features of Bi2O3-CaO-K2O-Na2O-P2O5 glass systems were experimentally reported. The mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) for the fabricated glasses was experimentally measured at seven energy values (between 0.0595 and 1.33 MeV). The compatibility between the practical and theoretical results shows the accuracy of the results obtained in the laboratory for determining the MAC of the prepared samples. The mass and linear attenuation coefficients (MACs) increase with the addition of Bi2O3 and A4 glass possesses the highest MAC and LAC. A downward trend in the linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) with increasing the energy from 0.0595 to 1.33 MeV is found. The highest LAC is found at 1.33 MeV (in the range of 0.092–0.143 cm−1). The effective atomic number (Zeff) follows the order B1 > A1 > A2 > A3 > A4. This order emphasizes that increasing the content of Bi2O3 has a positive effect on the photon shielding proficiencies owing to the higher density of Bi2O3 compared with Na2O. The half value layer (HVL) is also determined and the HVL for the tested glasses is computed between 0.106 and 0.958 cm at 0.0595 MeV. The glass with 10 mol% of Bi2O3 has lower HVL than the glasses with 0, 2.5, 5, and 7.5 mol% of Bi2O3. So, the A4 glass needs a smaller thickness than the other glasses to shield the same radiation. As a result of the reported shielding parameters, inserting B2O3 provides lower values of these three parameters, which in turn leads to the development of superior photons shields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role La2O3 on the radiation shielding properties of La2O3-CaO-B2O3-SiO2 glass systems was investigated. The energies were selected between 0.284 and 1.275 MeV and Phy-X software was used for the calculations. BLa10 glass had the least linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) at all the tested energies, while BLa30 had the greatest, which indicated that increasing the content of La2O3 in the BLa-X glasses enhances the shielding performance of these glasses. The mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) of BLa15 decreases from 0.150 cm2/g to 0.054 cm2/g at energies of 0.284 MeV and 1.275 MeV, respectively, while the MAC of BLa25 decreases from 0.164 cm2/g to 0.053 cm2/g for the same energies, respectively. At all energies, the effective atomic number (Zeff) values follow the trend BLa10 < BLa15 < BLa20 < BLa25 < BLa30. The half value thickness (HVL) of the BLa-X glass shields were also investigated. The minimum HVL values are found at 0.284 MeV. The HVL results demonstrated that BLa30 is the most space-efficient shield. The tenth value layer (TVL) results demonstrated that the glasses are more effective attenuators at lower energies, while decreasing in ability at greater energies. These mean free path results proved that increasing the density of the glasses, by increasing the amount of La2O3 content, lowers MFP, and increases attenuation, which means that BLa30, the glass with the greatest density, absorbs the most amount of radiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper evaluated the radiation shielding features of different 19 alloy samples utilizing the EPICS2017 library for cross section interpolation. The alloys include the ternary Fe, Cr, and Ni based alloys, nickel silver alloys, ternary Cu, Zn, Pb based alloys, and four binary Ag/Cu, Ag/Cu, Pd/Cr and Pd/Cu based alloys. Comparative results were provided by the XCOM and several experimental and Monte Carlo based values in literature. All results described a decreasing trend of mass attenuation coefficient with increasing photon energy. A good agreement was obtained among EPICS2017, MCNPX and experiments. The strongest agreement was obtained between EPICS2017 and XCOM with relative differences between 0.00 and 0.36%. The obtained results highlight the capability of EPICS2017 as a new and accurate theoretical method for future radiation shielding research and development of alloys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fabrication of TePbMgX glass system has been done using the standard melt quenching method. The number of bonds per unit volume (n b) increases from 7.77 x 1022 cm−3 to 8.02 x 1022 cm−3. The values of E, K, G and L moduli decreases from 31.58 to 23.22 GPa for E, 14.79 to 11.76 GPa for K, 14.82 to 10.63 GPa for G and 34.55 to 25.93 GPa for L respectively as the PbO increases from 35 to 55%. The σ lies in the range of 0.145–0.172. The indirect and direct band gap energies decrease from 2.832 to 2.673 eV and 3.120–3.005 eV respectively with increasing mol% of the PbO. Moreover, with the help of FLUKA code, we reported the mass attenuation coefficient (μ/ρ) for the prepared samples between 0.122 and 1.458 MeV. The FLUKA results were compared with those generated from Phy-X software and a good agreement was reported and this validated the simulated μ/ρ results. The linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) was determined to examine the influence of adding PbO on the shielding performance of the prepared samples. The LAC result suggested that the attenuation performance for the TePbMgX glass systems is highly effective when exposed to low energy radiation, and, by contrast, the glasses become worse attenuators when exposed to high energy radiation. Also, the glass with 55 mol% of PbO (MgO free) has a higher LAC than the glasses with 35–50 mol% of PbO (5-20 mol% of MgO). The half value layer (HVL) of the glasses greatly increase with increasing energy. For TePbMg1, the HVL increases from 0.050 cm at 0.122 MeV, to 1.559 cm at 0.779 MeV, and 2.573 cm at 1.458 MeV. This HVL results demonstrated that increasing the PbO content in the glasses improves the shielding ability of the glass system, with TePbMg5 having the best HVL at all energies. At 0.3443 MeV, the effective atomic number (Z eff) values increase from 48.40 for 35 mol% PbO, to 49.87 for 40 mol% PbO, 51.28 for 45 mol% PbO, 52.62 for 50 mol% PbO, and 53.89 for 55 mol% PbO. We calculated the Relative reduction in transmission (RRT) and we found that at 0.245 MeV, the RTT values at 0.245 MeV have the following values: 17% and 81% for the samples with thickness of 0.25 and 2.25 cm respectively. • The fabrication of TePbMgX glasses has been done using the melt quenching method. • The n b increases from 7.77 x 1022 cm−3 to 8.02 x 1022 cm−3. • The indirect band gap energy decreases from 2.832 to 2.673 eV with adding PbO. • The glass with 55 mol% of PbO (MgO free) has a higher LAC than the other glasses. • The values of E, K, G and L moduli decreases as the PbO increases from 35 to 55%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of introducing SrO, TeO 2 , PbO, and Bi 2 O 3 heavy metal oxides on the optical and the gamma ray shielding properties of Li 2 O-K 2 O-B 2 O 3 glasses were studied in this work. The results demonstrated that the direct and indirect energy band gap values increased as the amount of SrO, TeO 2 , PbO, and Bi 2 O 3 in the present glass samples increased. The value of the refractive index (n), dielectric constant (ε), and optical dielectric constant (p dp dt ) all decreased with the increased presence of these oxides. The values of M were all less than 1, so it was concluded that the studied glass samples are non-metallic in nature. Additionally, the free online program Phy-X was used to compute the mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) of the glasses at 15 energies ranging from 0.0401 to 1.46 MeV. It was found that the MAC highly depends on the chosen oxides and is much more variable at low energies (E < 0.678 MeV), where the MAC values for the glasses with 10 mol% SrO, TeO 2 , PbO and Bi 2 O 3 at 0.0401 MeV are 1.633, 3.737, 3.849 and 5.957 cm2/g, respectively. The linear attenuation coefficient for the glass with 10 Bi 2 O 3 mol% is much greater than the value obtained for the glass with SrO. The average tenth value layer was calculated in two regions (0.122–0.867 MeV and 0.964–1.46 MeV) and is equal to the following values in the first energy region: 9.53, 8.64, 6.55 and 4.34 cm for the glasses with SrO, TeO 2 , PbO and Bi 2 O 3 , respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The B 2 O 3 -TeO 2 -K 2 O-Li 2 O glasses have been prepared using the melt quenching technique. The indirect energy band gap of prepared glass samples increases from 3.3446 eV to 3.5571 eV as the concentration of TeO 2 increases. The refractive index (n), static (ε) as well as optical dielectric constant (p dp dt ), molar refractivity (R m) and molar polarizability (α m) decreases with increasing the TeO 2 content in the selected glass matrix. The transmission (T) has reverse behaviour of the reflection loss (R L) as the substitution of TeO 2 in the Te5 -Te20 glass systems. The Optical electronegativity (χ*) increases whereas the values of linear susceptibility, χ (1) decrease with the substitution of TeO 2. For the considered glasses in this study and with the help of Phy-X software, we examined some radiation shielding factors in the low energy region. The selected energy region span from 13.81 keV to 98.97 keV. The mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) shows a downward behavior as a result of increasing the energy from 13.81 keV to 98.97 keV, but at 33.20 keV it has an opposite behavior. The MAC at 33.20 keV is found to be higher than that at 26.34 keV. We found that increasing the content of TeO 2 is a successful method of enhancing the MAC. The TeO 2 has a positive role on the linear attenuation coefficient (LAC), and the Te20 takes the maximum LAC (72.13 cm−1 at 13.81 keV and 1.91 cm−1 at 98.97 keV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Bi 2 O 3 -TeO 2 -MgO-Na 2 O-B 2 O 3 glasses were fabricated using the melt quenching method. Present samples increase in density from 3.833 to 4.283 g/cm3 as bismuth concentration rises. The average boron-boron separation and oxygen packing density are reduced when bismuth oxide is added to the network. As bismuth content rises, the indirect band gap value reduces from 2.626 eV to 2.492 eV. The refractive index and molar refractivity increase whereas the optical electronegativity values decrease as bismuth oxide increases. The gamma-ray shielding parameters for the prepared glasses were determined via Phy-X / PSD computer program. The energies used in this study varied between 0.248 and 1.275 MeV. The mass attenuation coefficient values are range from 0.309 cm2/g (for Bi20) to 0.358 cm2/g (for Bi35). At all energies, the MAC improves when Bi 2 O 3 is added. The dependence of the half-value layer for the glasses with the Bi 2 O 3 content is studied, and we found that the lowest thickness occurred at 0.284 MeV. It is 0.586 cm for Bi20, 0.532, 0.492 and 0.452 cm for Bi25-Bi35, while the HVL reached the maximum values of 3.192, 3.047, 2.97 and 2.82 cm at 1.275 MeV. This HVL result indicates that more radiation is being attenuated in the glass with a high concentration of Bi 2 O 3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current research scrutinizes the potential of the Dy3+ doped modifier-dependent (BaO, SrO, ZnO, CaO, LiO) lead phosphate boro-tellurite glasses as radiation attenuating channels. Various analytical studies observed the detailed results of all the above-listed modifiers in the boro-tellurite network. The amorphous character of the samples is established through XRD pattern. The FTIR study confirmed the bending and stretching vibration of BO 3 , Te−O, P − OH, and Pb−O units in the prepared glasses. The compositional variation in the glass structure was noticed through density and refractive index values. The Metallization criterion revealed the nature of the samples to be non-metal. Optical analyses employed UV−Vis−NIR absorption spectra and the energy transitions involved in Dy3+ ions levels were analyzed. Using Tauc's plot, the direct energy bandgaps of the proposed glasses were examined, and the estimated Urbach's energy is lower for the Zn-containing glass (39B 2 O 3 +20PbO+15TeO 2 +10 P 2 O 5 +15ZnO+1Dy 2 O 3 ; ZnPbP:Dy), which implies that the structure possesses fewer defects. We evaluated the radiation attenuation factors for these glasses to examine the impact of these oxides on the attenuation ability of the current glasses. Also, we examined the impact of the density of each glass on the attenuation ability of the glasses. The highest linear attenuation coefficient happened at 0.284 MeV (1.057, 0.988, 1.127, 0.957 and 0.836 cm−1 for BaPbP: Dy, SrPbP: Dy, ZnPbP: Dy, CaPbP: Dy and LiPbP: Dy respectively) and the lowest at 1.333 MeV (0.231, 0.222, 0.253, 0.213 and 0.182 cm−1 for the same glasses respectively). The glass which contains ZnO (ZnPbP: Dy) had the highest LAC, while the sample with LiO had the least LAC. The average mean free path for the prepared glasses corresponding to the two energies, 0.284 MeV and 0.662 MeV, is 1.79, 1.89, 1.65, 1.96, and 2.27 cm for the glasses with BaO, SrO, ZnO, CaO, and LiO, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The physical, optical, and gamma ray shielding behavior of the four Bi 2 O 3 -Li 2 O-P 2 O 5 glasses with varying Li 2 O and Bi 2 O 3 compositions have been explored. The glass density increases from 2.44 to 3.85 g cm-3 with bismuth oxide content. The molar volume follows the same trend as density and the overall molar volume of these glasses increases, which in turn directly affects the oxygen packing density (OPD). Optical band gap energies decrease after lithium oxide is replaced with bismuth oxide. The values of M lie between 0.3485 and 0.3209 indicates that glasses under investigation are non-metallic. Radiation shielding evaluation using EpiXS software and Phy-X/PSD program shows comparable mass attenuation coefficients (MACs) but with relatively higher percent differences at energies near the K-edge energies of O (0.538 keV) and Bi (90.5 keV). The MACs of the glasses rise when Li 2 O oxide is replaced with Bi 2 O 3 oxide. The half-value layer (HVL) results showed the difference in the radiation shielding capabilities of the four glasses is more apparent at high energies. An increase in MAC and a decrease in HVL imply that adding Bi 2 O 3 to the glass improves its radiation attenuation properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy Metal Oxide (HMO) containing glass materials serve the purpose of radiation shielding owing to their optical transparency as well as radiation attenuation power. In this work, a glass system Li 2 O-K 2 O-B 2 O 3 -HMO containing various HMOs like SrO/TeO 2 /PbO/Bi 2 O 3 was analyzed for the radiation shielding properties. The density of the synthesized glasses was relatively higher than the same HMO containing other glass systems. The X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) profile confirmed the amorphous structure of the synthesized glasses. The assignment of the vibrational contributions from the borate glass network was done using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. From the determined linear attenuation coefficient, transmission factor, mass attenuation coefficient (µ/ρ), and half value layer of the glasses, it was reported that the Bi 2 O 3 containing glass was more favorable for radiation shielding over SrO, TeO 2 , and PbO containing glasses. The radiation shielding performance of this glass was even superior to commercial glasses like Type A, Type B, and Rider, and comparable to the RS360 glass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The optical, mechanical and radiation shielding features of novel (60-x) TeO 2 -10SrO-(30+x)B 2 O 3 glass systems have been investigated. The density of the glasses decreases from 5.107 to 3.593 g/cm3 whereas the molar volume increases from 24.86 to 30.32 cm3 as the concentration of the TeO 2 decreases. The band gap energy increases from 3.388 to 3.417 eV and from 3.083 to 3.118 eV for direct and indirect bandgap, respectively with the decreasing concentration of the TeO 2. Further, the Urbach energy descends from 0.03959 to 0.03306 with an ascending insertion of the TeO 2. The increase in elastic moduli indicated the improvement in the elastic properties of the samples with increase in TeO 2 concentration. The mass attenuation coefficient (μ/ρ) was calculated via EPICS2017, and the results revealed that the μ/ρ EPICS2017 is slightly lower than μ/ρ XCOM by an average of 0.001 cm2 g−1 for the five glasses, and this means that the two theoretical models of the five glass samples are in good agreement. The linear attenuation coefficient (µ) was calculated and we found that when the concentration of the high molecular weight component (TeO 2) decreases from 60 to 40 mol%, a reduction in the µ is occurred, and the µ follows the trend: TBS30 > TBS35 > TBS40 > TBS45 > TBS50. We also determined the average half value layer (HVL ̅) for each glass sample and we found that the HVL ̅ varied between 1.835 cm (for TBS30) and 2.614 cm (for TBS50). An inverse relation between the TeO 2 content and the HVL ̅ is reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The physical and structural properties of the (40 + x) P 2 O 5 - 20 CaO- (30-x) Na 2 O - 10 K 2 O (x increases from 0 to 20 mol% in increments of 5 mol%) glasses have been reported. The sample CKNP40 having highest concentration of Na 2 O possess the highest value of the various elastic moduli, indicating that this sample possess maximum rigidity and mechanical strength. For attaining the photon shielding competencies, we evaluated the theoretical computations via Phy-X/PSD in the range of 0.015–15 MeV. According to the findings, the mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) values are found to be high (>9 cm2. g-1) in the lowest photon energy for all glass series whereas a sudden reduction in MAC values exists when the photon energy goes through 0.10 MeV, namely around 0.1787 cm2. g-1 and reached to its lowest value (around 0.0216 cm2 g−1) at 15 MeV. On the other hand, one can figure out that the HVL thicknesses varied between 0.032 and 13.72, 0.033 to 14.01, 0.034 to 14.23, 0.034 to 14.50, and 0.035–14.66 cm for CKNP40 to CKNP60 in the respective order. Besides that, we found out that if one requires lower MFP distances, then it is suggested to use lower P2O5 contribution in the CaO–K2O–Na2O–P2O5 glass system. • (40 + x) P 2 O 5 - 20 CaO- (30-x) Na 2 O - 10 K 2 O glasses have been fabricated. • The sample CKNP40 possess the highest value of the various elastic moduli. • The MAC values are found to be high (>9 cm2. g-1) in the lowest photon energy. • The HVL varied between 0.032 to 13.72 and 0.035–14.66 cm for CKNP40 and CKNP60. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]