Search

Barium fluoride borosilicate glass samples reinforced with varying amounts of Gd2O3 (BSBLG0–BSBLG4) have been manufactured using the conventional melt quenching procedure in order to provide additional research on the type of borosilicate glass. Structural, physical, and linear optical characteristics as well as γ-ray attenuation capacity of barium fluoride borosilicate doped with Gd2O3 was investigated. X-ray diffraction pattern proving the amorphous nature of the glass samples due to the absence of a distinctive crystalline characteristic peak. The density (ρ) slightly increased from 2.74 g/cm3 to 2.91 g/cm3 and the molar volume (Vm) ranged from 31.27 cm3/mol to 31.49 cm3/mol with increasing Gd2O3 substitution ratio. The UV-Vis absorption spectra revealed a considerable increase in the absorbance of the glass samples in the visible and ultraviolet wavelength range and the UV absorption edge shifted to a higher wavelength as the Gd2O3 substitution ratio increased. The direct optical gap (Eg) ranged from 3.40 eV to 3.21 eV, while the indirect values dropped from 2.88 eV to 2.74 eV. The values of Urbach's energy (Eu) increased from 0.35 eV to 0.38 eV. The dispersion and indices of refraction were significantly impacted by Gd2O3 concentration. Real (ε1) and imaginary (ε2) parts of optical dielectric constants improved as the ratio of Gd3+ ions increased. Mass attenuation coefficient (MAC), linear attenuation coefficient (LAC), and effective atomic number (Zeff) parameters were increased as Gd2O3 content increased in the glass networks. Half-value layer (HVL) and mean free path (MFP) followed the order: BSBLG0 > BSBLG1 > BSBLG2 > BSBLG3 > BSBLG4. Results concluded that the suggested glasses cab be applied in opt-electronic devices and radiation shielding applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lead borate glass is the best radiation shielding glass when lead is in high concentration. However, it has low transparency after radiation exposure. Radiation decreases transparency due to chemical and physical changes in the glass matrix, such as creating or healing defects in the glass network. The addition of rare earth elements like cerium and dysprosium oxides to lead borate glasses can improve their transparency and durability as radiation shielding barriers. The newly manufactured glasses' optical absorption, structural, and radiation shielding properties were measured. The optical characteristics of the generated samples were examined to determine the effect of the cerium/dysprosium ratio on the structural alterations, specifically in the presence of bridging oxygen (BO) and non-bridging oxygen (NBO). Incorporating Ce3+ results in peaks at 195 nm for borate units, 225 nm for Ce3+, and a broadened peak at 393 nm due to overlapping peaks for Ce3+ and Ce4+ in the UV region. By adding Dy, multiple peaks are observed at 825, 902, 1095, 1275, and 1684 nm, corresponding to the transition from 6H15/2 ground state to 6F5/2, 6F7/2, 6F9/2, 6F11/2, and 6H11/2. The samples were also tested before and after exposure to gamma irradiation from a 60Co source at a dose of 75 kGy to assess their stability against radiation. The energy gap value during irradiation shows decreased non-bridging oxygen. The energy gap difference before and after irradiation for the M4 sample shows higher NBO to BO conversion, reducing radiation damage and improving structural stability. Furthermore, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was utilized to get insight into the coordination chemistry of the created glass samples. The half-value layer (HVL), radiation protection efficiency (RPE), neutron removal cross-section (FRNCS), mean free path (MFP), mass attenuation coefficients (MAC), and effective atomic numbers (Zef) of the glassy structure were calculated theoretically to assess its radiation shielding qualities. The linear attenuation coefficient order for the prepared samples was M1 > M2 > M3 > M4. The FRNCS values were 0.090, 0.083, 0.081, and 0.079 cm−1 for samples M1, M2, M3, and M4, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, gamma-ray attenuation properties as well as transmission factor values of high-density sodium metaphosphate-tungsten trioxide glasses with chemical composition of (40−x)NaPO3−xWO3-60Sb2O3: (x = 0 (S1), 5 (S2), 10 (S3), 15 (S4), 20 (S5), 30 (S6), and 40 (S7) mol%) have been investigated. MCNPX general purpose Monte Carlo code and Phy-X/PSD program were utilized for the calculation of transmission factor values and fundamental gamma-ray shielding parameters. Our findings suggest that the S7 sample (with the highest WO3 content mole%) has possessed the maximum mass attenuation coefficients (μm) at all gamma-ray energies investigated. In terms of half value layer (HVL) and mean free path (MFP), the coded glass sample S7 has achieved the minimum values. The effective atomic number (Zeff) and equivalent atomic number (Zeq) of the investigated glasses have the same trend of mass attenuation coefficient. The raising of WO3 content in mole% in glasses leads to reducing both exposure and absorption buildup factor values for all mean free path values. The minimum transmission factor (maximum attenuation) quantities were verified at a thickness of 3 cm for all investigated glasses. It can be concluded that the S7 sample exhibits superior radiation shielding characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, comprehensive experimental measurements have been achieved to assess the gamma shielding properties of the five unique compositions and highly dense PBSCCx-glass (4.13–4.51 g/cm3) at selected gamma-ray energies (81–2614 keV). Several significant radiation shielding factors, such as mass attenuation coefficient, half value layer, and Radiation protection efficiency (RPE), have been determined. The experimental outcome data agrees with those obtained via FLUKA codes. The PBSCCx-glasses possessed μ values as: 0.2813, 0.2881, 0.2939, 0.2999, and 0.3065 cm2/g for PBSCC00, PBSCC2.5, PBSCC5.0, PBSCC7.5, and PBSCC10 at 0.662 MeV, respectively. At all selected energy, PBSCC10 glasses (10 wt%) reported the lowest T1/2 with a reduction of up to 92% at 2.614 MeV compared to PBSCC00 and recorded the. Furthermore, PBSCC10 has the highest RPE. These findings demonstrate that the PBSCC10 glass exhibits excellent attenuation properties when compared to other tested materials. Through systematic variation of CeO2 concentrations and comparison of experimental data with FLUKA simulation results, the study provided a comprehensive analysis of gamma shielding properties, validating findings and enhancing understanding of how different CeO2 levels impact radiation attenuation. That provides novel insights into the optimal composition for enhanced gamma-ray shielding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effects on mechanical and γ-ray shielding competence of TiO2-based glasses of chemical composition: 30PbO⋅4MoO3⋅(66 − z)B2O3⋅zTiO2 (0.0 < z < 2.0 mol%) was calculated in this report. The glass density was found to increase in the range of 4.650–4.696 g/cm3 concurrent with a decline in the oxygen molar volume (OMV) from 10.633 to10.547 cm3/mol when [Ti4+] molar fraction is increased in the glass samples. The Gibbs free energy was found to be between 20.874 and 22.586 kJ/cm3 and was found to be influenced by TiO2 concentration in these glasses and on the valance states of Ti3+ and Mo5+. The affinity of mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) values (0.039 < MAC < 6.198 g/cm3) in the examined photon energy domain 0.015 < E < 15.0 MeV has the following chronological sorting: MACT0 < MACT2 < MACT4 < MACT6 < MACT8 < MACT10 < MACT15 < MACT20. The half-value-layer (HVL) trend of Mo-glasses was balanced against two standard RS-glass systems and discovered to possess a less γ-ray shielding competence as RS-(360, 520) or concrete. Also, we found that when the [Ti3+]/[Mo5+] ratio exceeds 0.8 mol%, then both ions participate in the studied properties via de-polymerization of the glass network. These outcomes revealed that the safety effectiveness against radiation and physic-mechano-properties can be synchronized for diverse purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Structural, density, mechanical, electrical and shielding properties of xLi2O·(49.5-x)BaO·50P2O5·0.5CuO (0 ≤ x ≤ 49.5 mol%) glasses have been studied. XRD patterns and SEM analyses have demonstrated the amorphous nature of the prepared glass system. FTIR spectra showed that there is a slight increase in the relative areas of Q1 and Q2, and a decrease in that of P=O as Li2O replaces BaO. This is concomitant not only with a decrease in density and molar volume but also with an increase in electrical conductivity and elastic parameters (Young, shear and bulk moduli). This is attributed to the significantly heavier mass of BaO than Li2O, as well as the higher ionic radius of the Ba2+ cation than the Li+ ion. Furthermore, the mass and linear attenuation coefficients, effective electron density and effective atomic number are decreased. Thus, the radiation shielding capacity decreases as the Li2O content replaces BaO. Overall, the proposed glass matrix is promising for electronic devices and radiation shielding applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High density glass samples of chemical composition 70B2O3–20CaO–(10 − x)Bi2O3–xEu2O3: 0 (BCBEu0.0) ≤ x ≤ 1 (BCBEu1.0) mol% were synthesized by melt-quenched route. The amorphous structure of glass blocks is established by the X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectrum. The physical, mechanical properties as well as gamma-ray shielding characteristics of the synthesized glass blocks were investigated. Density of samples showed an increment from 5.0373 to 5.0736 gcm−3. The molar volume decreased from 25.012 cm3/mol for BCBEu0.0 (Eu = 0.0) to 24.605cm3/mol for BCBEu1.0 (Eu = 1.0). Elastic moduli and Poisson's ratio have been estimated according to Makishima and Mackenzie via the system values of dissociation free energies and packing densities. The oxygen molar volume decreased from 9.62 to 9.46346 cm3/mol, whereas Poisson's glasses ratio varies between 0.250 and 0.257 as the [Eu2O3] mol% is improved from 0 to 1.0 mol%. Young's modulus has a value of 63.202 GPa and increased to 65.002 GPa at lower and higher [Er2O3] mol%, respectively. Shielding properties of investigated glasses have been estimated utilizing XCOM, and Phys-X/PSD program. Mass and linear attenuation coefficient were found to increase as the mol% of Eu2O3 increased. The sample coded as BCBEu1.0 with high density possessed lowest values of half-value layer. The glass BCBEu1.0 pointed out to be a superior when used as radiation protection agent. The suggested glass sample loaded with high concentration of europium has a strong ability to guard against radiation as compared to glasses without and low concentration of europium and it can be used in the field of medicine, according to the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work examines a number of synthetic glasses with the molecular compositions 60B2O3, 5CaO, 5Bi2O3, and xEr2O3 (BBCEr-x, where x = 0.0–2.0 mol%) to determine their structural, optical, mechanical, physical, and γ-rays protective properties. Glass was shown to be in an amorphous state by XRD measurements. The density (ρ) of BBCEr-x grew from 3.14 to 3.32 g/cm3 when the molar addition of Er3+ ions increased from 0.0 to 2.0 mol%. The absorbance spectra of the BBCEr-x samples showed seven absorption bands related to the Er3 + electronic transitions (4f–4f). It has been evaluated the dependency of elastic moduli, including Poisson's ratio (σ), and the efficacy of shielding against incoming gamma rays on [Er2O3] mol%. The Makishima-Mackenzie theory was used to calculate the mechanical parameters. As a function of [Er2O3] mol%, the micro-hardness (H) of the Vickers increases while the ratio of the Passion decreases. The mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) has been calculated in the energy range of 0.015–15 MeV using the XCOM and Phys-X/PSD programs and has been compared with Monte Carlo simulations performed using the Geant4 code. The linear attenuation coefficient (LAC), transmission factor (TF), and fast neutron removal cross-sections (ΣR) all showed monotonic dependence on [Er2O3] mol%. With photon energies of 0.015–15 MeV, the sample BBCEr-0.0 had the lowest values of MAC, measuring 34.418–0.029 cm2/g. This result reflects the interaction between density and [Er2O3] impacts on the mechanical and radiation shielding capabilities of the synthesized glasses. The greatest MAC values were found in the BBCEr-2.0 sample, which ranged from 39.6 to 0.037 cm2/g. It was found that ΣR approximates the molar volume (Vm) and exhibits the same trending behavior. This study demonstrated that radiation shielding and mechanical properties could both be customized for indoor or outdoor scientific or industrial usage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of the [Na2O]/[CuO] ratio in two glass groups with a chemical formula of (50 − y/2)Na2O–yCuO–(50 − y/2) P2O5 (y = 0.0–40 mol%) coded as Line I and (50 − y)Na2O–yCuO–50P2O5 (y = 0.0–50 mol%) coded as Line II on physical and gamma-ray attenuation properties have been deeply investigated. The density (ρ) varied from 2.471 to 3.262 g/cm3 and from 2.471 to 3.113 g/cm3 for Line I and Line II glasses, respectively. The molar volume (Vm) values varied from 41.280 to 28.526 cm3/mol and from 41.280 to 35.609 cm3/mol for Line I and Line II glasses, respectively. The oxygen molar volume (OMV) reduced from 13.761 to12.972 cm3/mol and from 13.761 to 11.873 cm3/mol, while the oxygen packing density (OPD) improved from 72.674 to 77.124 and from 72.674 to 84.253 g.atom/l for Line I and Line II glasses. The mass and linear attenuation coefficients (MAC and LAC) values corresponding to the Line II glass is slightly lower than their counterpart of the Line I. The effective atomic numbers (Zeff) and electron density (Neff) for glasses in Line I was lower than that for those in Line II. Exposure (EBF) and energy absorption (EABF) buildup factors have the same trend in both glass groups. The findings support the capability to utilize the examined glasses as radiation shielding materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Role of V2O5 as a strong network glass modifier on the optical, elastic, physical, and radiation protection performance of V2O5-based glasses in form 10CaF2-(20-x)Bi2O3-60P2O5-10B2O3:xV2O5, x = 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.2, 0.2, and 2.5 mol% was investigated in this article. The studied glasses have been synthesized using the melt-quenching technique. The investigated samples coded as V0, V1, V2, V3, V4, and V5 according to x values. Difference theoretical approaches have been utilized to achieve these goals including: radiation shielding calculations, optical, and elasto-mechanical properties. The optical basicity (Λ(Eg)) was found to decrease from 0.5630 to 0.5593 with increasing the mol% of [V4+] in the glass samples. The density was decreased from 4.134 to 3.817 g cm−3 associated with a simultaneous decrease in the oxygen molar volume (OMV) from 12.5 to 12.25 cm3/mol as the mol% of [V4+] increased in the samples. The Vicker's hardness was found to be diminished with increasing V2O5 content in the investigated glasses. All elastic moduli were reduced as V2O5 increased. Refractive index increased from 2.20 to 2.63, while metallization criterion decreased from 0.341 to 0252. The observed trend of mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) values in the tested energy spectrum followed the sequence: (MAC)v0 > (MAC)v1 > (MAC)v2 > (MAC)v3 > (MAC)v4 > (MAC)v5. Also, we found that linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) increased, while the half value layer (HVL), and transmission coefficient (TF%) were also decreased. The HVL values of the current samples were compared with standard glasses, and it found that V2O5-based samples possess a comparable photon protection capacity as commercial RS-360 and RS-520 glasses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study examined the effect of nitrogen ion implantation on the physical and optical properties of prepared glasses. Implantation of N+ ions was performed at concentrations of 5 × 1016 and 5 × 1017 ions/cm2 and energy of 150 keV. The morphological investigation was conducted using SEM analysis. The structural change is primarily comprehended through optical and physical investigation. With increasing ion concentrations, the optical band gap shifts and the cut-off wavelength increases simultaneously. This is due to the band edge sharpness induced by band tailing introduced during the implantation procedure. In addition, measurements of the glass transition temperatures revealed that as ion concentrations increased, the glass structure became less rigid. These results shed light on the effects of nitrogen ion implantation on the numerous properties of glasses. Results revealed that the sample encoded as Bi-10 possessed the highest values of mass and linear attenuation coefficients among all studied glasses. In terms of the half, tenth value layers, and mean free path, the sample Bi-10 possessed the lowest values. Therefore, the Bi-10 sample had the highest capacity as radiation shielding glasses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper-doped borate zinc sodium fluoride glasses with the chemical formula 70B2O3-10ZnO-(20 − x)NaF-xCuO: x = 0.0 (BZNC0.0)−1.0 (BZNC1.0) mol.% were fabricated via the rapid cooling technique. Physical and linear optical characteristics and photon, electron, proton, and alpha particle attenuation capacities were explored. The glass densities (i.e., ρ) were improved from 2.932 g/cm3 to 2.975 g/cm3 and the molar volume (Vm) decreased from 22.261 cm3/mol to 22.062 cm3/mol for BZNC0.0 to BZNC1.0 glasses. The direct ( E OBG Direct ) and indirect ( E OBG Indirect ) optical band gap decreased with increasing Cu2+ ions in the glassy networks. The direct optical band gap ( E OBG Direct ) decreased from 3.85 eV to 3.28 eV, whereas the indirect optical band gap ( E OBG Indirect ) varied between 3.29 eV and 3.02 eV. The Urbach energy (EU) was enhanced from 0.084 eV to 0.131 eV. The extinction coefficient (k), refractive index (n), surface energy loss function (SELF), and volume energy loss function (VELF) were improved as the molar ratio of Cu2+ increased in the glass structural backbone. The mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) and linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) were enhanced as Cu2+ ions increased. The results of the induced effective atomic number (Zeff) of various interactions confirmed that (Zeff)photon > (Zeff)beta > (Zeff)proton > (Zeff)alpha. Thus, the proposed glasses may be utilized in several opto-radiation shield applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Six series of strontium lead-borate blocks with general chemical form (60-x)B2O3-10Li2O-20ZnO-10PbO-xSrO: x = 0 (BLZPS-0)—25 (BLZPS-25) mol% were synthesized by the melt-quench method. FTIR spectroscopy, density, and γ-rays buildup factors of the prepared glasses were investigated. Dielectric spectroscopic properties of glasses are conducted during frequencies interval from 50 Hz to 5 MHz at room temperature. Density of BLZPS glasses increased from 3.2824 g/cm3 to 3.8717 g.cm−3 as the SrO mol% enhanced from 0.0 to 25.0 mol%. Relative portion of BO4 (N4) enhanced at the cost of BO3 (N3) relative portion with an increase in SrO content up to 10 mol%, and then back transformation of BO4 to BO3 is observed by increasing SrO over 10 mol%. In terms of dielectric spectroscopy, the real part of permittivity was decreased by SrO doping up to 10 mol% and then enhanced. The increase in glass matrix solidity caused by switching from NBOs networks "BO3" to BOs networks "BO4" with an increase in strontium content up to 10 mol% is considered the responsible for the reduction in real part of permittivity by SrO content up to 10 mol%. The relaxation peaks detected in tan δ were enhanced by strontium (Sr) doping. The optical energy gap (Eg) varied 2.79 eV to 2.91 eV. The mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) of these blocks was boosted from 41.322 to 42.268 cm2/g when E = 0.015 MeV. Sample encoded BLZPS-25 possessed the lowest values of half value layer (HVL), but highest values of Zeq along all energy range. The exposure-(EBF) and energy-absorption-(EABF) buildup parameters were increased with increasing SrO mol% in these networks. In conclusion, BLZPS-25 glass demonstrates a higher effectiveness in absorbing gamma radiation compared to other samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work scrutinizes the radiation protection features and mechanical characteristics of neodymium zinc-tellurite of composition [(TeO2)70-(ZnO)30]1−x-(Nd2O3)x: x = 0−5 mol% in steps of 1 (TZNd1 – 5). The Makishima–Mackenzie’s model was adopted for the computation of the Poisson’s ratio (PR) and elastic moduli. WinXcom and EXABCal software’s were performed to evaluate the radiation shielding parameters and buildup factors, respectively of TZNd-glasses. Results revealed that the increasing of Nd2O3 concentration in TZNd-glasses from 1 to 5 mol% had a positive effect on their elastic parameters: Young’s modulus increased from 53.13 to 54.81 GPa, bulk modulus changed from 31.95-33.65 GPa, and the PR varied from 0.222 to 0.228 for TZNd1 to TZNd5. There was a small increase in the Z/A as the Nd content increased, which leads to slight increase in TMSP of the particles. The mass attenuation coefficient (µm) increased in the order TZNd1 < TZNd2 < TZNd3 < TZNd4 < TZNd5. The maximum value of LAC obtained at 15 keV were 246, 249, 253, 257, and 260 cm−1 for TZNd1, TZNd2, TZNd3, TZNd4, and TZNd5, respectively. The HVT varies inversely with the linear attenuation coefficient. Throughout the considered energy spectrum the range of Ze f f for the glasses varied from 22.65−40.22, 22.64−40.25, 22.64−40.29, 22.63−40.32, and 22.63−40.36 for TZNd1, TZNd2, TZNd3, TZNd4, and TZNd5, respectively. The values of fast neutron removal cross section ΣR showed a steady increase as the partial densities of Nd and oxygen of the TZNd-glass systems increased. Generally, one can conclude that the additive of Nd2O3 to TeO2-ZnO glasses leads to enhance their mechanical properties and increase their ability to absorb neutron and photon to apply in nuclear medicine applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glasses with desirable structural, thermal, and microhardness properties were prepared in the 16Na2O-(34-x)CaO-xCdO-(50-y)SiO2-yFe2O3 system, where x = 0, 8.5, and 17; Y = 2.5, 5, and 10 mol.%. The glasses were synthesized using the melting method and characterized via x-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and differential thermal analysis (DTA). Physical properties such as density (ρ) and molar volume (Vm) were shown to be compositionally dependent on the CdO and Fe2O3 content. Thermal characteristics were demonstrated as well. The XRD patterns confirmed the amorphous nature of all glasses. The density (ρ) increased from 2.75 g/cm3 to 3.38 g/cm3, whereas the molar volume (Vm) decreased from 57 cm3/mol to 36 cm3/mol, both of which exhibited the great compactness of the glass structure. The composition of the studied glass was modified using cadmium and iron oxides instead of CaO and SiO2 , leading to a decrease in glass transition (Tg) and crystallization (Tc) temperatures and enhanced devitrification. This was accomplished by increasing the thermal expansion coefficient (α) values (from 33 × 10–7 C−1 to 72 × 10–7 C−1). Consequently, Vickers microhardness (Hv) values were found to decrease gradually from 5243 MPa to 4174 MPa. The mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) was enhanced by increasing the density and Fe2O3 content in the proposed glasses. The half-value layer (HVL) followed the trend (HVL)D1 > (HVL)D2 > (HVL)D3 > (HVL)D4 > (HVL)D5 > (HVL)D6. The mean free path (MFP) showed a similar trend as the HVL. The trend of the effective atomic number (Zeff) was the same for both MACs. Results confirm that the proposed glasses (D1–D6) can be applied as radiation shielding materials in the medical and industrial fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigations have been made on the mechanical and gamma-ray attenuation properties of the zinc bismuth-borate ternary glass system with the chemical formula (70-x)Bi2O3–xB2O3–30ZnO, where x = 20 (S1), 25 (S2), 30 (S3), 40 (S4), 45 (S5), and 50 (S6) mol%. Makishima-Mackenzie model and Phy-X/PSD software were used to accomplish this goal. Our research showed that the packing density (Vt) and dissociation energy (Gt) values reduced from S1 glass sample (with B2O3 = 20 mol% and Bi2O3 = 50 mol%) to S6 glass sample (with B2O3 = 50 mol% and Bi2O3 = 20 mol%), respectively, from 0.522 to 0.352 and from 31.53 kJ/cm3 to 26.97 kJ/cm3. By increasing the amount of B2O3 in the glasses, the efficiency of their mechanical features was reduced. The S1 glass sample's linear (µ) and mass attenuation (µm) coefficients had the highest values among the glass materials examined, i.e., (µ, µm)S6 < (µ, µm)S5 < (µ, µm)S4 < (µ, µm)S3 < (µ, µm)S2 < (µ, µm)S1. The S1 glass sample exhibits the lowest values for half value layer (T0.5) and mean free path (λ) of all the examined glasses. Consequently, (T0.5, λ)S6 > (T0.5, λ)S5 > (T0.5, λ)S4 > (T0.5, λ)S3 > (T0.5, λ)S2 > (T0.5, λ)S1. The analyzed glasses' effective atomic numbers (Zeff) follow the same trend for mass and linear attenuation coefficients. Our results show that the values of exposure (EBF) and energy absorption (EABF) accumulation factors decreased with increasing Bi2O3 and lowering B2O3 reinforcement for all mean free path values (i.e., from 0.5 to 40 mfp). Results show that of all the glasses under study, the S1 glass sample has the best gamma-ray shielding properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A melt quenching procedure was used to create newly created arsenic glasses with chemical compositions of (70 − x)B2O3-15CaO-15Li2O-xAs2O3: x = 0 (As0)–20 (As20) mol percent in stages of 5 mol percent. Physical and optical properties of the prepared glasses have been investigated. In the broad photon energy range of 0.015–15 MeV, gamma-radiation and neutron shielding capacities have been evaluated. XRD measurements verified that the syntheized arsenic glasses are in amorphous state. The density of the manufactured arsenic glasses gradually increased from 2.410 g/cm3 for the As0 glass sample to 2.760 g/cm3 for the As20 glass sample. For the glasses containing 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 mol% As2O3, respectively, the optical energy band gap (Eg) was 2.61, 2.58, 2.54, 2.51 and 2.49 eV, and the optical linear (no) refractive index was 2.498, 2.507, 2.518, 2.527, and 2.533. The values of the mass attenuation coefficient (µm) that are obtained when As2O3 is inserted into the glass matrix are directly positively impacted. All arsenic glasses had a lowest µm (µm)min value of 0.02 cm2/g at 15 MeV, while the maximum µm (µm)max values were 3.76, 13.22, 21.18, 27.98, and 33.84 cm2/g for As0, As5, As10, As15, and As20, respectively, at 0.015 MeV. The As As20 glass attained the lowest values of the half value layer parameter (T1/2), which ranged from 0.007 cm at 0.015 MeV to 10.64 cm at 15 MeV. The behavior of the half-tenth layer (T1/10) and mean free path (λ) is identical to that of the T1/2. For As0, As5, As10, As15, and As20 glasses, respectively, the measured values of FNRCS in cm−1 were 0.1071, 0.1040, 0.1016, 0.1003, and 0.0971 cm−1. Our results are contrasted with some concrete and glass findings. The outcome showed that the optimum glasses for shielding against neutrons and gamma rays are As0 and As20, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Influence of CuO on the linear/nonlinear optical, elastic, physical features, and radiation protection performance of CuO-based glasses in form (50-y/2)Na2O + (50-y/2)P2O5 + yCuO, (y = 0.0–40 mol%) has been studied in the current article. The density was increased from 2.47 to 3.26 g.cm−3 accomplished with a concurrent decrease in the oxygen molar volume from 13.76 to 12.97 cm3.mol−1 as the mol% of [Cu2+] enhanced in the tested glasses. Also, the Vickers hardness (Hv) was found to increase with increasing CuO content in the current glass systems. The notable tendency of mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) values in the investigated energetic photon range obeyed the sequential order: MACCuI-0 < MACCuI-10 < MACCuI-20 < MACCuI-25 < MACCuI-30 < MACCuI-33 < MACCuI-40. Also, we found that the linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) increased, while the half-value-layer (HVL), and transmission coefficient (TF%) also decreased. The HVL values of the current samples were compared with standard glasses, and it was found to those CuO-based samples possessed a comparable photon protection capacity as RS-360 and RS-520. The linear (nlinear) and nonlinear ( n 2 optical ) refractive index increased from 3.914 to 3.983 and from 2.76 × 10–9 and 3.15 × 10–9. Results uncovered that the optical, radiation protection efficiency and elasto-mechanical characteristics might at the same time be adjusted for an in- or/and out-door scientific and medical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work intended to determine the contribution of different rare-earth elements (W6+, Nb5+, and Pb2+) with respect to Al3+ effects and on physical, structural, mechanical and shielding performance of different types of borotellurite glasses. Accordingly, nine different borotellurite glasses from the system: 5MxOy − zAl2 O3 − 20B2O3 − (75 − z)TeO2 (where MxOy = WO3, Nb2O5, and PbO) and three glasses of the chemical form zAl2 O3 − 20B2O3 − (80 − z)TeO2; where (x, y, z) = 0, 5, and 10 mol% compositions were comprehensively examined for of their nuclear attenuation shielding performance, along with physical, thermodynamic and mechanical properties. The results revealed that these rare-earth ions have different effects on the mechanical and shielding properties of borotellurite glasses against ionizing radiation. W6+, Nb5+ and Pb2+ increased the borotellurite mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) values and enhanced the radiation protection efficiency of the glass, however Al3+ decreased it. These findings pointed that W-reinforced borotellurite glass composition, namely 5WO3-5Al2O3-20B2O3-70TeO2 40Bi2O3 with density of 4.77 g/cm3 had superior gamma-ray attenuation performance. These correlated findings between the radiation shielding performance, chemical, physical, structural, and mechanical properties may open a door for engineers to design glasses using rare-earth oxides as additive components for special needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel boro-bariofluoride/sodium/calcium/nickel glasses with chemical compositions (40-x)B2O3·30BaF2·15CaO·15Na2O·xNiO, where x = 0.0 (Ni0.0)–1.5 (Ni1.5) in steps of 0.3 mol% were prepared using the conventional melt quenching technique. Physical and optical features as well as ionizing radiation resistance capacities of the synthesized glass have been examined using various characterization techniques. Radiation shielding abilities have been examined via Phy-X/PSD software. Amorphous state of the Ni-glasses was confirmed by XRD data. Addition of NiO increased the density of glasses from 3.53 to 3.80 g/cm3. The direct optical band gap ( E Direct Optical ) was reduced from 3.58 to 3.33 eV, while the indirect ( E Indirect Optical ) one was reduced from 3.08 to 2.84 eV. Urbach's edge (EU) was enhanced from 0.4197 to 0.5009 eV as NiO content increased from 0.0 to 1.5 mol%. At a certain wavelength λ = 500 nm, the values of refractive index (n) increased from 1.84 to 2.56. In the photon energy range (0.15–15 MeV), the mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) results had the following trend: (MAC)Ni0.0 < (MAC)Ni0.3 < (MAC)Ni0.6 < (MAC)Ni0.9 < (MAC)Ni1.2 < (MAC)Ni1.5. The linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) showed a similar trend of the MAC. In the same photon energy range, the half value layer (HVL) of Ni-glasses was reduced as NiO level increased, i.e. (HVL)Ni0.0 > (HVL)Ni0.3 > (HVL)Ni0.6 > (HVL)Ni0.9 > (HVL)Ni1.2 > (HVL)Ni1.5. The effective atomic number (Zeff) of the prepared Ni-glasses has the same trend of MAC and LAC shielding parameters. The Ni-glasses can be applied in optical areas and considered as superior light glasses for radiation shielding applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of manganese (II) oxide on elastic–mechanical, effective electron density, effective electrical conductivity, the total atomic and electronic cross sections, and radiation shielding buildup factors parameters of the prepared B2O3–PbO–K2O–MnO glasses is investigated. In terms of mass attenuation coefficient (µm), values of (µm) increased with manganese (II) oxide content increased and followed the trend: (Mn5)µm > (Mn4)µm > (Mn3)µm > (Mn2)µm > (Mn1)µm > (Mn0)µm. Half (T1/2) and tenth (value layer (and T1/10) of the proposed glasses have the same trend. The effective atomic (Zeff) and electron (Neff) numbers of the investigated glasses have a similar trend of the µm, i.e., (Mn5)Zeff,Neff > (Mn4)Zeff,Neff > (Mn3)Zeff,Neff > (Mn2)Zeff,Neff > (Mn1)Zeff,Neff > (Mn10)Zeff,Neff. The effective electrical conductivity (Ceff) varied from 3.62 × 109 (S/m) to 3.90 × 109 (S/m) at photon energy 0.015 MeV and from 1.76 × 109 (S/m) to 1.91 × 109 (S/m) at photon energy 15 MeV. The exposure (EBF) and energy absorption (EABF) buildup factor values are increasing as the molar fraction of MnO is increased. Therefore, the addition of the manganese element to the glass mixture makes it more valuable in shielding performance. The calculated values of Poisson's ratio (σ) are increased from 0.417198 to 0.412746 as the molar fraction of MnO is increased in the sample. Similarly, high Young's moduli values are found to increase from 19.5 to 22.5 consistence's with the obtained Poisson's ratio. Results confirm that the investigated glasses can be used in various radiation shielding fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The melt-quenching technique was used to prepare five samples of antimony (III) oxide (Sb2O3) glasses with chemical composition of ySb2O3-15CaO-15Li2O-(70 − x)B2O3: y = 0 (Sb0), 1 (Sb1), 3 (Sb3), 5 (Sb5), and 8 (Sb8) mol.%. The physical and optical characteristics and the gamma-radiation protection effectiveness within 0.015–15 MeV photon energy were investigated. XRD patterns for all Sb glasses confirmed their amorphous nature. The density of the Sb glasses was gradually increased from 2.410 g/cm3 to 2.780 g/cm3. Both the optical energy band gap (Eg) and Fermi energy level (EF) were increased as a function of increasing antimony (III) oxide content in the glass network: Eg = 2.56 eV, 2.58 eV, 2.62 eV, 2.90 eV, and 2.97 eV, and EF = 3.68 eV, 3.45 eV, 3.69 eV, 3.97 eV, and 3.99 eV for Sb0, Sb1, Sb3, Sb5, and Sb8 glasses, respectively. Insertion of the Sb2O3 in the glass matrix enhanced the mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) of the Sb glasses. The highest MAC values were achieved for Sb8 glass, while the lowest MAC values were achieved for Sb0 glass for all photon energy. Generally, the MAC followed the order (Sb8)MAC > (Sb5)MAC > (Sb3)MAC > (Sb1)MAC > (Sb0)MAC. In terms of the half-value layer (HVL) parameter, Sb0 glass demonstrated the highest HVL values, while Sb8 glass demonstrated the lowest values. The effective atomic (Zeff) and electron (Neff) numbers showed the same trend as (Sb8)Zeff, Neff > (Sb5)Zeff, Neff > (Sb3)Zeff, Neff > (Sb1)Zeff, Neff > (Sb0)Zeff, Neff. Both the total atomic (ACS) and the total electronic (ECS) cross-sections were enhanced with increasing antimony (III) oxide content in the glass network. In comparison, our findings confirm that the Sb8 sample is superior for radiation protection among all prepared Sb glasses. On the other hand, the Sb glass is better than some commercial radiation shielding materials such as concrete and RS-253-G18 glasses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physical, optical characteristics, and radiation attenuation capacities of the prepared (50-x)B2O3 + 30PbO + 10Na2O + 10MgO + xNb2O5 glasses with various doping ratios x = 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 mol% have been investigated. Glasses were prepared using the well-known melt quenching process and named as their corresponding x value. The density and molar volume of the prepared glasses were increased from 4.71 g/cm3 and 23.76 cm3/mol for the sample with free Nb2O5 to 4.91 g/cm3 and 25.99 cm3/mol for the rich sample with x = 8 mol% of Nb2O5. With increasing Nb2O5 concentration, the broad near-visible band centered was moved towards higher wavelength. The direct band gap energies of glass samples felt from 3.728 to 2.939 eV, while the indirect band gap energies from 3.032 to 1.822 eV as the Nb2O5 substitution ratio increased. Urbach's energies of the prepared samples were increased with the increasing of Nb2O5. For photons, the maximum values of mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) were 32.67, 33.02, 33.38, 33.74, and 34.10 cm2/g for x = 0 – x = 8, respectively at 0.015 MeV, while the least corresponding MAC value of 0.0286, 0.0288, 0.0291, 0.0293, and 0.0295 cm2/g was obtained at 10 MeV. For neutrons, the fast (MAC)FN was decreased from 0.0185 – 0.0161 cm2/g, while the thermal (MAC)TN was decayed from 6.6538 – 5.5903 cm2/g. Analysis of the TSP and CSDA range of the glasses emphasize the fact that there is no significant difference in the charged particle of the glasses irrespective of the weight fraction of Nb2O5 relative B2O3. Results confirm that the current glasses are superior for radiation shielding materials compared to some commercial concrete and glasses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Role of Sb2O3 on physical, elastic-mechanical, and gamma-ray protection ability of (70-x)B2O3-15CaO-15Li2O-xSb2O3: x = 0, 1, 3, 5, and 8 mol% glass systems was investigated through this report. The density was improved from 2.410 to 2.780 g.cm3 associated with a simultaneous increase in the molar volume from 25.575 to 28.556 cm3/mol as the mol% of Sb increased in the samples. In addition, the oxygen packing density (OPD) and oxygen molar volume (OMV) were decreased and increased, respectively, as a direct response to this increase in Sb mol%. The Gibbs free energy increases from 32.22 to 33.796 kJ/cm3, while Young's modulus decreases from 43.17 to 41.23 GPa. Therefore, Poisson's ratio (σ) values were varied from 0.4069 to 0.4153. Vicker's hardness was improved by enhancing Sb2O3 concentration. The observed trend of the mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) parameter was followed as: MACSb0 < MAC Sb1 < MAC Sb3 < MAC Sb5 < MAC Sb8 with values in the range of 4.176–0.018, 5.907–0.019, 9.032–0.021, 11.775–0.0227, 15.315–0.0245 cm2/g for samples encoded as Sb0-Sb8, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The direct effect of BaO addition on the optical basicity (^th) , electronegativity ( χ av ), electronic polarizability ( α 0 - 2 ), the linear/nonlinear optical properties, and the γ-radiation and neutron shielding competencies was evaluated for glasses described by a chemical formula of 50P2O5 + 30TiO2 + (20-x) K2O + xBaO; x varies between 0 and 20 mol%. The (^th) was decreased from 0.780 to 0.730; the ( α 0 - 2 ) was decreased from 1.88 to 1.78, and ( χ av ) was enhanced from 2.31 to 2.38 when the BaO varied between 0 and 20 mol%. The optical energy gap (Eg) was increased from 3.19 to 3.49 eV for the indirect transition, while from 3.40 to 3.69 eV for direct transition. The highest mass attenuation coefficient changes between 12.198, 14.781, 17.238, 19.579, and 21.806 cm2/g at a gamma photon energy of 0.015 MeV, while the lowest mass attenuation coefficient varied between 0.022, 0.0235, 0.0246, 0.0256, and 0.0266 cm2/g, achieved at a gamma photon energy of 15 MeV when the BaO insertion concentration increases from 0 to 20 mol%. Regarding the shielding parameters, they are enhanced gradually along with the studied gamma spectrum energy with increasing the replacement of K2O by BaO compound. The total fast neutron total effective removal cross-section ∑R (cm2/g) was reduced in the order between 0.03248 and 0.02916 cm2/g with raising the BaO insertion ratio between 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 mol%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optical properties and gamma-ray attenuation competence of bismo-tellurite sodium titanium zinc glass samples with chemical formula (80 − x)TeO2–10ZnO–5TiO2–5Na2O–xBi2O3, where x = 5, 8, 10, 12, and 15 mol% have been explored. Values of optical electronegativity (χ*) were varied from 0.715 for B5 glass sample to 0.677 for B15 glass sample. Values of linear dielectric susceptibility (χ(1)) were varied from 0.400 for B5 glass sample to 0.430 for glass sample. Values of non-linear optical susceptibility (χ3) and non-linear refractive index n 2 optical were varied from 4.379 × 10−12 to 5.812 × 10−12 (esu) and from 6.719 × 1011 to 8.656 × 10−11 (esu) for B5 and B15 glasses, respectively. The B15 sample with the highest Bi2O3 content had the maximum mass attenuation coefficient (µm) values across all examined photon energies, while B5 sample with the lowest Bi2O3 content had the minimum (µm). Both half-value layer (T0.5) and mean free path (λ) followed the trend as follows: (T0.5, λ)B5 > (T0.5, λ)B8 > (T0.5, λ)B10 > (T0.5, λ)B12 > (T0.5, λ)B15. The exposure and energy absorption buildup factor (EBF and EABF) values decrease from B5 to B15, demonstrating that the shielding enhancement of glass samples has strengthened. The effective atomic number (Zeff) parameter followed the trend as follows: (Zeff)B15 > (Zeff)B12 > (Zeff)B10 > (Zeff)B8 > (Zeff)B5. Our findings confirm that the enhancement of Bi2O3 content in the bismo-tellurite sodium titanium zinc glass samples plays an important role of improvement in both optical and gamma-ray protection properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mechanical and radiation interaction parameters are vital for characterizing a material as potential shields in nuclear radiation protection applications. This study presents a glass system with the following formula: 56B2O3-25Li2O3-10Na2O-5CaO-2Al2O3-2SrO-0.5TeO2-1X wt%: X = ZrO2 (G1-Zr), CoO (G2-Co), NiO (G3-Ni), and V2O5 (G4-V). The photon attenuation parameters were evaluated through the use of XCOM software for typical photon energy sources used in medical and research applications of photons (22–1330 keV). In addition, the mechanical properties of glasses were examined. The maximum value of the mass attenuation coefficient ( μ m ) of 2.356, 2.049, 2.073, and 1.958 cm2/g for G1-Zr, G2-Co, G3-Ni, and G4-V, respectively, was obtained at the least energy of 22 keV. The minimum value of μ m was obtained at 1.33 MeV with corresponding value of 0.054 cm2/g for the four glasses. The range of effective atomic number ( Z eff ) of the glasses was 7.189–17.88, 7.182–16.242, 7.185–16.353, and 7.171–15.869 for G1-Zr, G2-Co, G3-Ni, and G4-V, respectively, for the considered energy spectrum. Based on the half value layer (HVL) value at 662 keV, it is clear that the present glasses are better photon absorbers than OC and RS-253-G18 glass shield. The value of Σ R for the glasses revealed that G4-V is a better fast neutron absorber among the investigated glasses. The G1-Zr glass sample has a minimum elastic moduli values, but G3-Ni sample has the maximum values. Generally, the investigated glasses can be used as appropriate materials for gamma-ray shielding applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A detailed investigation of the role of titania on gamma and neutron attenuation competence of sodium lead borosilicate 30PbO-20SiO2-(50—y)Na2B4O7 -xTiO2, where y = 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 45 mol%) glasses has been evaluated. XCOM and EXABCal softwares have been utilized to achieve the purposes. The increasing (decreasing) in the molar content of TiO2 (Na2B4O7) from 0 (50) to 45 (5) mole % in the glasses subsequently increases the mass density and improves the photon absorbing ability of the glasses. The values of mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) were followed the same trend for all PSNT-glasses throughout the energy spectrum as at maximum (minimum) energy (MAC)PSNT-0 = 39.29 (0.03), (MAC)PSNT-10 = 42.83 (0.031), (MAC)PSNT-20 = 46.91 (0.032), (MAC)PSNT-30 = 51.66 (0.034), (MAC)PSNT-40 = 57.25 (0.035), and (MAC)PSNT-45 = 60.44 (0.036) cm2/g. Linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) values were followed the same trend as MAC values. The effective atomic number (Zeff) were varied from 15.72–61.84 for PSNT-0, 17.00–61.10 for PSNT-10, 18.63–60.41 for PSNT-20, 20.79–59.76 for PSNT-30, 23.81–59.14 for PSNT-40, and 25.81–58.85 for PSNT-45. For most part of the energy spectrum, Zeff(PSNT-45) > Zeff(PSNT-40) > Zeff(PSNT-30) > Zeff(PSNT-20) > Zeff(PSNT-10) > Zeff(PSNT-0). The increasing in the titanium content of the glasses leads to gradual reduction in half value tenth (HVT). The exposure buildup factor (EBF) is noticed to be high at absorption edges and energies where incoherent scattering are high. The fast neutron removal cross-section (FNRCS) of the glasses was 0.0943, 0.0930, 0.0901, 0.0847, 0.0875, and 0.090 cm−1 for PSNT-0, PSNT-10, PSNT-20, PSNT-30, PSNT-40, and PSNT-45, respectively. Generally, the outcome results confirm that the PSNT-45 is the best photon absorber among the PSNT-glasses and the PSNT-0 is the best neutron shielding ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Potassium lead borate glasses doped with MnO (40B2O3 + 40PbO + (20-x)K2O + xMnO: x = 0–5 mol%) have been prepared via standard melting quenching process. The impact of MnO on the structure, optical, magnetic and gamma-ray protection properties of pottisium lead borate glasses have been examined. The density was increased from 4.83to 5.23 g/cm3 as MnO content increased while the molar volume of prepared glass sample was decreased from 28.112 to 25.755 cm3/mol. The obtained direct optical gap (Eg) values were 2.84, 2.59, 2.41, 2.19, 1.95, and 1.84 eV for the Mn-x (x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5) glass samples, respectively. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra demonstrated that as the MnO concentration increases in the glass network the intensity and width of the IR bands were increased. The magnetic measurement revealed that the magnetic saturation (Ms) was decreased while the magnetic coercivity (Hc) was increased with increasing MnO substitution ratio. The linear attenuation coefficient of the μ M n - g l a s s follows the order: µMn-0 < µMn-1 < µMn-2 < µMn-3 < µMn-4 < µMn-5. Half value layer (HVL) rises as µ decreases and vice versa. The range of the HVL is 0.002–3.378, 0.002–3.334, 0.002–3.291, 0.002–3.248, 0.002–3.176, and 0.002–3.106 cm for Mn-x (x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and5). The trend of effective atomic number (Zeff) variation is related to that of both linear and mass attenuation coefficients (µ and µm). The produced Mn-glasses can be employed in a variety of optical, magnetic and radiation protective applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate a specific strontium borosilicate with the form 30SiO2– 40B2O3– 30SrO– xEu2O3 (x = 0.1, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, and 0.6 mol%) glasses encoded as (GE0.1-GE-0.6) in terms of their nonlinear/linear optical, mechanical characteristics as well as gamma photons attenuation capacity. The molar refractivity (Rmolar) was possessed the values 19.409, 19.440, 19.256, 19.575, and 19.819 (cm3/mol), while the molar polarizability (αmolar) was possessed the values 7.702, 7.714, 7.641, 7.768, and 7.863, (cm3) for GE0.1, GE.0.3, GE0.4, GE0.5, and GE0.6 glasses, respectively. Values of the optical susceptibility (χ3) were 4.000 × 10−12, 4.534 × 10−12, 4.640 × 10−12, 4.749 × 10−12, and 5.095 × 10−12 (esu), and values of nonlinear refractive index ( n 2 optical ) were 6.196 × 10−11, 6.931 × 10−11, 7.075 × 10−11, 7.224 × 10−11, and 7.695 × 10−11 for GE0.1, GE.0.3, GE0.4, GE0.5, and GE0.6 glasses, respectively. The mass attenuation coefficient (µm) values were obeyed the trend: (µm)GE0.6 > (µm) GE0.5 > (µm)GE0.4 > (µm) GE0.3 > (µm) GE0.1. The half value layer (T1/2) values of 0.192 cm, 0.178 cm, 0.171 cm, 0.167 cm, and 0.164 cm were recorded for GE0.1, GE0.3, GE0.4, GE0.5, and GE0.6 samples at 0.06 MeV photon energy, respectively. The findings indicated that GE0.6 had the lowest values of mean free path (λ) and the highest effective atomic numbers (Zeff) at the photon energies investigated. The GE0.1 sample was reported the maximum exposure and energy absorption buildup factors (EBF and EABF) values, while the minimum values were reported for the GE0.6 sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current study, 10PbO-xSrO-(90-x)B2O3 (x is between 20 and 45 mol% with a step of 5 mol%) glasses with SrO inserted in various proportions were surveyed in terms of nuclear shielding qualities. Gamma- ray shielding features of the glasses encoded BPS1-BPS6 were investigated in the energy range of 0.015–15 MeV. The mass attenuation coefficients (MAC) of BPS glasses were composed via GEANT4 simulation codes and the accuracy of the outcomes was checked by WinXCOM software. The MAC values of BPS1 and BPS6 glasses were obtained between 14.934–0.024 g/cm2 and 19.047–0.029 g/cm2 in the energy range of 0.015–15 MeV. Further, other essential parameters, MFP, Zeff, Zeq, EABF, and EBF were derived from the MAC values for the same energies. It was noted that the MFP values of the BPS6 glass are higher than some commercial glasses and ordinary concrete at chosen energy intervals. According to the results achieved, EBF, EABF, and MFP values decline as the percentage of SrO in the BPS glasses increases. The highest Zeff was achieved by BPS6 (with 45% SrO), while the lowest Zeff was obtained by BPS1 (with 20% SrO). Finally, fast neutron removal cross-sections (ΣR), Mass Stopping Power (MSP), and Projected Range (PR) values were computed to investigate the fast neutron, proton and alpha shielding properties of SrO added BPS glasses. It is seen that the ΣR values of BPS glasses vary in the range of 0.126 cm−1–0.117 cm−1. The addition of SrO in the glass leads to reduce the ranges of charged and uncharged particles. According to the outcomes achieved, BPS6 glass with 45% SrO additives can be regarded as an effective radiation shield used in many technological disciplines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Influence of Gd2O3 on the structure, physical, neutrons and gamma-photon protection features of newly prepared (50-x)B2O3 + 25Bi2O3 + 25Na2O + xGd2O3 glasses with different Gd2O3 concentrations was investigated. Glasses have been prepared via solid-state conventional method and encoded as Gd0, Gd1, Gd2, Gd3, and Gd4, respectively, according to xGd2O3 values. X-ray diffraction measurements proved that all Gd-glasses were in an amorphous nature. The density of the samples was increased from 5.1021 to 6.3210 g.cm−3. The mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) values were simulated via MCNPX in photon energy range of 15 keV–15 MeV and verified via XCOM program. The MACs were ranged from 28.69 to 32.52 cm2.g−1, while linear attenuation coefficient values were found to be ranged from 142 to 201 cm−1 for Gd0 and Gd4, respectively. The Gd4 glass has the lowest half value layer (HVL, highest radiation shielding capacity) among all the prepared Gd-glasses, several concretes, and conventional glasses. The atomic cross section (ACS) and electronic cross section (ECS) values were enhanced with the increment of Gd ratio in the sample compositions, and the measures of ACS were much greater than the ECS values. The effective atomic number (Zeff) values were ranged from 62.7 to 63.4 for Gd0 to Gd4, respectively. The effective conductivity (Ceff) is directly proportional to the density and effective electron density of the glass samples. By utilizing the Phy-X/PSD program, the maximum values of exposure buildup factor were slowly decreased with the addition of Gd2O3 contents and decreased from 55.8 to 55.3, while the highest energy absorption buildup factor increases slowly from 70.5 to 71.1 for glasses Gd0 and Gd4, respectively. The lowest values of fast neutron removal cross section (∑R, cm−1) were obtained for glasses Gd0 (∑R = 0.179 cm−1), while the highest value was obtained for glasses Gd4 (∑R = 0.179 cm−1). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Structural, optical, mechanical and gamma-ray shielding of newly prepared cadmium biso-borate transparent glasses with the form (70-x)B2O3−15ZnO–10BaO–5CdO–xBi2O3: x = 0, 2, 4, 8, and 12 mol% glasses were investigated. Glasses have been fabricated by the quenching conventional process and named as Bi-0 (x = 0), Bi-2 (x = 2), Bi-4 (x = 4), Bi-8 (x = 8), and Bi-12 (x = 12). Moreover, radiation shielding capability of these glasses has been performed via XCOM program and FLUKA simulation code. The density of the fabricated Bi-glasses was enhanced from 3.26 to 3.95 g/cm3 and molar volume was also increased from 25.35 to 33.00 cm3/mol was with the increase of Bi2O3 content. The indirect optical band gap was decreased from 2.49 to 2.13 eV and values of Urbach energy (Eurbach) were increased from 0.364 to 0.516 eV. The linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) values were the highest at lowest energy, for example, 58.42, 67.33, 76.47, 96.39, and 118.11 (cm−1) for Bi-0, Bi-2, Bi-4, Bi-8, and Bi-12 glasses, respectively at 0.015 MeV. LAC and mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) values were followed the trend as: (Bi-0)LAC,MAC < (Bi-2)LAC,MAC < (Bi-4)LAC,MAC < (Bi-8)LAC,MAC < (Bi-12)LAC,MAC. Values of the half value layer (X1/2) and mean free path (λ) of the fabricated Bi-glasses were have the same trend as (Bi-0) X1/2, λ > (Bi-2) X1/2, λ > (Bi-4) X1/2, λ > (Bi-8) X1/2, λ > (Bi-12) X1/2, λ. The Bi-0 glass has the lowest Zeff values while the Bi-12 glass has highest Zeff values within selected photon energy. The kinetic properties (Y, K, G, and L) were enhanced with the increased of the Bi2O3 content in the Bi-glasses. Results revealed that the fabricated glasses have better radiation shielding competences compared to several of other conventional materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elastic moduli parameters and photon attenuation competence of phosphate (P2O5)/sodium (Na2O)/calcium (CaO) glasses with form 45P2O5–(55-x)Na2O–xCaO: x = 0–55 mol% (PNC-0:PNC-55) have been estimated and clarified. The development in Poisson's ratio and elastic moduli parameters (bulk, Young's, shear, and longitudinal) of the heavier CaO content of the PNC-glasses were proved through Makishima-Mackenzie (M-M) and bond compression (B-C) models. The B-C bulk elastic (KB-C) modulus was found to raise from 71.4 to 95.16 GPa, while the M-M bulk (KM-M) modulus was increased from 22.48 to 40.75 GPa for PNC-0 (glass sample free with CaO) and PNC-55 (glass sample rich with CaO), respectively. The highest mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) values were reported for PNC-55 sample, whereas the lowest were reported for PNC-0 sample. Half value layer (HVL) values were reported as 1.6526 cm, 1.6181 cm, 1.5734 cm, 1.5275 cm, 1.4847 cm, 1.441 cm, and 1.4172 cm for PNC-0, PNC-10, PNC-20, PNC-30, PNC-40, PNC-50, and PNC-55 samples at 0.1 MeV, respectively. The effective atomic numbers (Zeff) were reported as 10.2658, 10.4393, 10.6149, 10.7924, 10.9719, 11.1536, and 11.2451 for PNC-0, PNC-10, PNC-20, PNC-30, PNC-40, PNC-50, and PNC-55 samples at 0.1 MeV, respectively. The PNC-55 sample was reported with a maximum value of effective atomic weight for absorption (Aeff). The lowest exposure and energy absorption buildup factors (EBF and EABF) values were discovered for the PNC-55 sample, while the highest EBF values were found for the pure PNC-0 sample. Finally, one can conclude that the PNC-55 is a superior for gamma-ray attenuation competencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kinetic, mechanical properties of xPbO-(10-x)Er2O3-90Bi2O3: x = 3 (BEP-3), 5 (BEP-5), 7 (BEP-7), 9 (BEP-9), and 10 (BEP-10) mol% glass system were investigated experimentally utilizing the pulse-echo technique and theoretically via bond compression and Makishima and Mackenzie models. Radiation shielding capacity of the investigated BEP-glasses was also evaluated via Phy-X/PSD code. The longitudinal and shear ultrasonic wave velocities were increased with the increase in PbO content in BEP-glasses. Values of the elastic moduli, longitudinal modulus, shear modulus, bulk modulus, and microhardness, for BEP-glasses were enhanced when the PbO content increased from 3 to 10 mol % content. There was good agreement between the obtained values of experimental and theoretical values of elastic moduli. The maximum mass attenuation coefficient value of 10368.30, 10381.78, 10395.25, 10408.93, and 10415.417 cm2/g was obtained at the least energy of 15 keV while corresponding least value of 4.102, 4.108, 4.114, 4.120, and 4.124 was obtained at E value of 4 MeV for BEP-3, BEP-5, BEP-7, BEP-9, and BEP-10, respectively. The half value layer of the BEP-glasses was lower than those of ordinary concrete and RS-360. The fast neutron removal cross section values varied from 0.0733 to 0.0903 cm-1 for BEP-3 – BEP-10. The total stopping power (TSP) follows the trend (TSP)BEP-3 < (TSP)BEP-5 < (TSP)BEP-10 < (TSP)BEP-9 < (TSP)BEP-7. Generally, one can conclude that the optimum PbO concentration for gamma-ray shielding is BEP-9 glasses, while for electron absorption is BEP-7 glasses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of Bi2O3 content on photon, alpha particle, proton, fast and thermal neutron shielding capacity, and elastic moduli of 10ZnO-(90-x)B2O3-xBi2O3 (ZBB-glasses): x = 25–50 mol% has been investigated. The mass density and Bi-content of the ZBB-glasses had the greatest impact on the values of mass and linear attenuation coefficients. The mass and linear attenuation coefficients values were followed the trend (ZBB25)MAC,LAC < (ZBB30) MAC,LAC < (ZBB35) MAC,LAC < (ZBB40) MAC,LAC < (ZBB45) MAC,LAC < (ZBB50) MAC,LAC. The mean free path (MFP) and half value layer (HVL) were having the same trend and opposite to which obtained in mass and linear attenuation coefficients. All the ZBB-glasses showed almost similar charged particle shielding capacity. However, ZBB50 had a comparable charged particle absorption efficiency. There was a 57% growth in fast neutron removal cross section as Bi2O3 molar concentration increased to 50% in the ZBB-glass matrix. ZBB50 possesses the highest fast neutron removal cross section among the ZBB-glasses. In terms of thermal neutron absorbing capacity, the presence of B in the glass matrix ensures that the ZBB-glasses are good thermal neutron absorption. ZBB25 has the highest thermal neutron absorption capacity among the investigated glasses. Generally, ZBB-glasses can be adopted for photon, thermal neutron, proton, and alpha particle shielding purposes. In addition, elastic (shear, longitudinal, and Young's) moduli and Poisson's ratio are changed significantly with the increase of Bi2O3 content mol% in ZBB-glasses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three systems of alkali borate glasses containing either 0.15% CuO or ZnO (mol. %) were prepared using melting–annealing technique. Some of the glasses optical, physical, and radiation shielding properties have been interpreted. The optical UV absorbance spectra show a good stability before and after gamma irradiation. Also, many of the glasses physical parameters have been calculated, such as optical energy band gap (Eopt), refractive index (n), optical transmittance coefficient (T), reflection loss (RL), optical electronegativity (X), metallizatioxn criterion (MCriterion), static dielectric constant(εStatic), and optical dielectric constant (εOptical). The efficiency of the glasses as radiation shielding materials has been by simulated and discussed by Monte Carlo code (MCNP-5) and calculated theoretically by Phy-X/PSD program, such as linear attenuation coefficient LAC (µ, cm−1), mass attenuation coefficient (μ/ρ), half-value layer (HVL), and fast neutron removal cross-section (FNRCS, ∑R (cm−1)). The glasses show close efficiency to shield radiation; however, the difference depends on the significant variation in molecular weight (MW) of the introduced transition metal ion and the effective atomic number of the prepared glasses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

70TeO2–(30−x)WO3–xBi2O3 and 80TeO2–(20−x)WO3–xBi2O3; where x = 0, 5, and 10 mol% glasses have been synthesized. The optical absorption measurements for the prepared glasses were performed using Cary series UV/Vis–spectrophotometer at room temperature via exposure to UV–visible radiations in the range 200–1100 nm. The optical energy bandgap was calculated via Davis and Mott method and found to decrease from 5.00 to 4.73 eV in the indirect transition, while the direct transition revealed a decrease from 5.30 to 4.90 eV. Shielding parameters, such as mass attenuation coefficient (MAC), half-value layer (HVL), and effective atomic number (Zeff) have been investigated via the Phy-X/PSD software online version. The sample mass attenuation coefficient trend followed the order that 80T–20W–0B < 80T–15W–5B < 80T–10W–10B with values equal to 49.49, 61.91, and 64.05 at 0.015 MeV, while found 0.03476, 0.0354, and 0.03596 cm2/g at 5 MeV. Also, the fast neutron removal cross-section (FNRCS, cm−1) has been achieved. The obtained FNRCS for each sample found 0.102, 0.104, 0.107, 0.103, 0.104, and 0.107 cm−1 for samples characterized by (0B, 30W), (5B, 25W), (10B, 20W), (0B, 20W), (5B, 15W), and (10B, 10W), respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, the physical, UV–Vis–NIR spectroscopy, and nuclear shielding properties of novel borate glasses with nominal compositions 50B2O3–25BaO–25PbO–xSrO2: x = 0–30 mol% (BBPS0–BBPS30) have been investigated. The non-crystalline nature of the fabricated glasses was verified utilizing X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements. Direct and indirect ( E gap Direct , E gap Indirect ) optical energy gaps, average of refractive index (n), Urbach's energy for (BBPS0–BBPS30) glasses were determined. MCNPX simulation code and WinXCOM program were employed to evaluate the mass attenuation coefficient, half value layer, tenth value layer, mean free path, and effective atomic number (μm, HVL, TVL, MFP, and Zeff) of gamma for the proposed glasses. Neutron shielding survey was examined by determining neutron removal cross section (NRCS, ΣR) of glasses. Results reveal that E gap Direct varied from 3.15 to 2.38 eV, while E gap Indirect from 3.07 to 2.28 and n from 2.268 to 2.606 for BBPS0 and BBPS30 glasses, respectively. The HVL, MFP, and TVL values corresponding to the materials were in a descending order BBPS0 > BBPS5 > BBPS10 > BBPS15 > BBPS20 > BBPS30. Therefore, the BBPS30 has superior shielding features against gamma-rays than the other material in the studied sample of glasses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work presents an extensive study of the optical (linear/non-linear), mechanical properties and gamma-photon-shielding effectiveness of potassium titanate biso-phosphate with chemical form 50P2O5-30TiO2-(20-x)K2O-xBi2O3: x = 0 (Bi-0) mol%, 5 (Bi-5) mol%, 10 (Bi-10) mol%, 15 (Bi-15) mol%, and 20 (Bi-20) mol%.The linear refractive index (noptical) increased from 2.41 for Bi-0 sample to 2.52 for Bi-20 sample. Both optical susceptibility (χ(3)) and non-linear refractive index ( n 2 optical ) were enhanced with the addition of Bi3+ ions in the investigated glasses. Bond compression bulk elastic (KB-C) modulus was found to decrease from 72.737 GPa for Bi-0 to 69.266 GPa for Bi-20 glasses, while Poisson's ratio (σB-C) for Bi-glasses was increased from 0.251 to 0.256. According to Makishima-Mackenzie (M-M) model, values of (KM-M) were decreased from 39.370 GPa to 36.775 GPa. In terms of mass and linear attenuation coefficients (MAC and LAC), the glasses take the order that (Bi-0)MAC,LAC < (Bi-5)MAC,LAC < (Bi-10)MAC,LAC < (Bi-15)MAC,LAC < (Bi-20)MAC,LAC. In terms of half value layer (HVL), at 0.015 MeV, HVL decreased from 0.022 cm to 0.003 cm, while at 15 MeV, it decreased from 12.062 cm to 4.841 cm for Bi-0 and Bi-20 glasses. In terms of transmission factor (TF), the average photons absorbed in the energy interval between 0.15 MeV and 1.5 MeV is 43.34%, 51.60%, 57.59%, 62.02%, and 65.16% of the incoming photons for glasses Bi-0, Bi-5, Bi-10, Bi-15, and Bi-20, respectively. The calculated values of exposure and energy absorption buildup factors (EBF and EABF) increase with increasing the penetration depth (PD) values, and a high increase is detected for high PD values (i.e., PD > 20 mfp). The fast neutron removal cross-section (∑R) takes values 0.03248 cm2/g, 0.02931 cm2/g, 0.02691 cm2/g, 0.02504 cm2/g, and 0.02355 cm2/g for glass samples Bi-0, Bi-5, Bi-10, Bi-15, and Bi-20, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of Nd3+ ion-reinforced yttrium lead borotellurite glasses based on (49-x)B2O3-35TeO2-15PbO-1.0Y2O3-xNd2O3 (where x = 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5% mol) was investigated in terms of their optical (linear and nonlinear) and gamma-ray attenuation properties. The values of the nlinear were varied from 2.482 (S1 sample) to 2.421 (S6 sample). Our findings showed that Rmolar (19.134–17.259 cm3/mol) and αmolar (7.593–6.848) × 10–24 cm3 have direct relationship on studied glasses. The Rloss (0.1811–0.1725) and Toptical (0.6932–0.7057) were in inverse behavior with the increasing Nd3+ ions in glasses. Our findings also showed that Mcriterion was varied from 0.2793 to 0.2914, while the εoptical was varied from 6.160 to 5.861. Moreover, the highest mass attenuation coefficients values were reported for S6 glass sample with the highest Nd2O3 additive (i.e., 2.5 mol%) in terms of gamma-ray attenuation competencies of studied glasses. The minimum EBF and EABF values were reported for the S6 sample, while S1 sample was reported with its maximum EBF and EABF values. Results revealed that S glasses have suitable properties for optical applications. It can be concluded that S6 sample has superior gamma-ray attenuation properties among the investigated glasses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The doping effect of Y2O3 oxide on the structure, physical properties, and gamma-ray competence of new prepared glass systems of the form xY2O3·(20−x)Li2O·20Al2O3·60B2O3 glasses: x = 0–3.2 mol% encoded as (0Y2O3–3.2Y2O3) was investigated. The synthesized glasses were transparent and in an amorphous state. Clusters around microns were formed in the synthesized glasses were formed. Fourier transformation infrared measurements revealed that the replacement of Li2O by Y2O3 can result in the transforming of NBOs found in the BO3 groups into BOs, in the region of 1120–1500 cm−1 and, therefore, the BO 4 ¯ units. The addition of Y2O3 leads to an increase in the density of glasses from 2.154 to 2.378 g/cm3, while the molar volume was decreased from 31.627 to 31.295 cm3/mol. Indeed, there was an insignificant increase in the bandgap values from 3.33 eV of 0Y2O3 glass sample to 3.54 eV of 3.2Y2O3 glasses. The mass attenuation coefficient results were arranged in the order that (3.2Y2O3)MAC > (1.6Y2O3)MAC > (0.8Y2O3)MAC > (0.4Y2O3)MAC > (0.2Y2O3)MAC > (0Y2O3)MAC. At the lowest photon energy 0.015 MeV, half-value layer was 0.130, 0.123, 0.118, 0.108, 0.092, and 0.072 cm, while at 15 MeV, the values were found equal to 17.651, 17.404, 17.196, 16.762, 15.879, and 14.739 for 0Y2O3, 0.2Y2O3, 0.4Y2O3, 0.8Y2O3, 1.6Y2O3, and 3.2Y2O3, respectively. The maximum Zeff values were obtained in the low zone and ranged from 9.61 to 14.22 at 0.015 MeV, while the lowest values were obtained at 15 MeV and ranged from 7.50 to 8.57 for 0Y2O3 and 3.2Y2O3, respectively. In general, results claimed that the prepared 0Y2O3–3.2Y2O3 glasses can be applied in optical, biological, and medical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mechanical properties, uncharged and charged particles shielding capacity of 60Bi2O3-(40-x) B2O3-xSiO2: x = 0 (S1), 10 (S2), 20 (S3), 30 (S4), and 40 (S5) mol% glasses have been investigated. The enhancement in Young's, shear, and longitudinal elastic moduli and Poisson's ratio of the denser Bi content of the S-glasses was confirmed via bond compression (B–C) and Makishima–Mackenzie (M–M) models. The trend order of the mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) is consistent with that of the mass density as (S1)MAC < (S2)MAC < (S3)MAC < (S4)MAC < (S5)MAC. The highest value of the linear attenuation coefficients (LAC) for each of the S-glasses was obtained at photon energy of 15 keV with values of 601, 624, 640, 648, and 661 cm−1 for S1–S5, respectively. The increasing trend of the mean free path (MFP) is opposite to that of MAC and LAC with the order: (S1)MFP > (S2)MFP > (S3)MFP > (S4)MFP > (S5)MFP. The maximum tenth value thickness (TVT) of the glasses was recorded at 4 MeV with values of 3.93, 3.79, 3.70, 3.67, and 3.60 cm for S1, S2, S3, S4, and S5, respectively. The trend of the effective atomic number (Zeff) directly follows the MAC. Both exposure and energy absorption buildup factors (EBUF and EABUF) were increased with photon energy and depth of penetration except at Bi absorption edges where spikes were seen. Comparing the effective linear attenuation coefficient (ELAC) of the glasses, it is affirmed that S5 has the greatest photon absorption coefficient for all the considered energy and depth. Therefore, the S-glasses are better photon absorber and will perform better in gamma radiation shielding in nuclear facilities compared to commercially available glass shields (RS360 and RS520) and a recently investigated glass matrix (TVM60). In addition, the glass system can thus be used for fast neutron absorber rather than ordinary concrete or water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Novel series of fluorotellurite lithium niobate glasses with compositions TeO2–LiNbO3–BaO–BaF2–La2O3 coded as Pr3, Pr4, Pr5, Pr6, and Pr7 were fabricated using the traditional process of quenching the melt. The density of the fabricated glasses was varied from 5.1689 to 5.4088 g/cm3, while optical packing density (o.p.d) was taken values from 50.85 to 64.4 g atom l−1. The thermal features glasses were determined by using (DSC), while their optical properties were determined in ultraviolet–visible–near-IR (UV–Vis–NIR) spectral region. Results revealed that the glass transition temperature (Tg) has the lowest value for Pr6 glass sample otherwise the highest value in Pr3 sample. The thermal stability (ΔT) was equal to 133, 149,154,127, and 153 °C for Pr3, Pr4, Pr5. Pr6, and Pr7 glass samples, respectively. The optical energy gap (Eopt) varied from 2.81 to 3.12 eV, while the Sellmeier gap energy (ES) changed from 6.6 to 8.55 eV. Also, gamma-ray shielding competences of the fabricated glasses were evaluated in terms of their mass and linear attenuation coefficients (MAC, LAC), half-value layer (HVL), and mean free path (MFP). The obtained values showed that LAC was in the order of Pr7 > Pr6 > Pr3 > P4 > Pr5, while HVL arranged in the order of Pr7 < Pr6 < Pr3 < Pr4 < Pr5. Therefore, Pr7 glass has the highest LAC and the lowest HVL which assured its best shielding capacity among all the proposed glasses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work focused on investigating the mechanical, optical features and gamma-ray shielding parameters of different five glasses coded as W1, W2, W3, W4, and W5 based on 0.8[xBaO (1-x)MgO]−0.2WO3−2TeO2:x = 0, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 1 mol%. According to Makishima–Mackenzie's model, the total ionic packing density (Vt) and the total dissociation energy (Gt) for the investigated glasses were computed. Then, the main mechanical features (elastic moduli and Poisson's ratio) haven been calculated. The optical features such as optical electronegativity (χ*) and linear dielectric susceptibility (χ(1)) and other related parameters for the W1–W5 glasses were also computed. Utilizing the newly Phy-X/PSD program, mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) has been computed. Based on MAC values, linear attenuation coefficient (LAC), half value layer (HVL), mean free path (MFP), and effective atomic number (Zeff) as radiation shielding parameters were evaluated. Results revealed that the (Vt) increased from 0.39 to 0.49, while (Gt) decreased from 84.94 × 106 to 45.33 × 106 (KJ/m3) for W1 to W5 glasses. The elastic properties varied from 76.21 to 44.32 GPa for Young's modulus, from 29.25 to 18.23 GPa for shear modulus, from 32.29 to 26.00 GPa for bulk modulus, from 70.91 to 50.30 GPa for longitudinal modulus, and from 0.15 to 0.22 for Poisson's ratio. The value of χ* changed from 0.84 to 0.41, while χ(1) changed from 0.62 to 0.36. HVL and MFP values are in the ascending order of W1 > W2 > W3 > W4 > W5. Therefore, the W5 glass (contains the highest concentration of BaO) has the best radiation shielding efficiency among the other samples W1–W4. Correlations between shielding features (MAC and HVL) at different photon energy are estimated, where MAC and HVL have been improved by increasing the BaO in W1–W5 glasses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electronic polarizability, dielectric constants, and the capability of using (24-x)PbO–47P2O5–23Na2O–6Al2O3: x = 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, and 3.0 mol% MoO3 as γ-rays shielding materials were investigated. The linear refractive index of glasses changed from 2.059 to 2.514. The molar polarizability was directly proportional to molar refraction. The mass attenuation coefficients varied between 0.1850- 0.0401 and 0.1762- 0.0399 cm2/g for Mo0.0 and Mo3.0 glasses between 0.284 and 2.506 MeV. The replacement of PbO by MoO3 is found to decrease the attenuation ability of the tested samples. The maximum linear attenuation values for all samples occur at 0.284 MeV and equal to 0.684, 0.661, 0.626, and 0.546 cm−1 for Mo0.0, Mo0.5, Mo1.0, and Mo3.0 glasses, respectively, which suggested that the tested Mo0.0–Mo3.0 samples have better attenuating behavior at lower energies. The effective atomic number decreases in the order Mo0.0, Mo0.5, Mo1.0, and Mo3.0. Mo0.0 glass showed the highest effective atomic number among the tested glasses, which revealed that Mo0.0 has better attenuation features among the investigated glasses. The minimum effective atomic number was found at 1.33 MeV and equal to 12.45, 12.42, 12.39, and 12.26 for the Mo0.0, Mo0.5, Mo1.0, and Mo3.0 samples. The Phys-X software was applied to determine the half value thickness for the investigated glasses between 0.284 and 2.506 MeV. The usage of different percentage of PbO and MoO3 in the chosen glasses had been found to notably affect the half value thickness of the glasses. The half value thickness values are small at low energy and then increase with increasing the energy of the photon and reach the maximum values at 2.506 MeV. At 2.506 MeV, the half value thickness varied between 4.678 and 5.601 cm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Structural, optical, and gamma radiation safety properties of 46V2O5·46P2O5·(8–x)B2O3·xZnO (x = 0,2,4,6, and 8 mol%) abbreviated as VPB/Zn glasses were investigated. The structure of the synthesized glasses has been examined via FTIR spectra within the range of 400–1500 cm−1 at room temperature. UV–Vis–NIR measurements of the proposed glasses were performed within the range of 200–3300 nm. The optical characteristics such as optical energy bandgap ( E Optical ), refractive index (nLinear), and Urbach's energy (EU) have been determined. In addition, the mass attenuation coefficients (MAC) for VPB/Zn glasses were performed utilizing MCNP-5 simulation code and XCOM program for various gamma ray energy varied in range 0.015–15 MeV. Based on MAC values, the equivalent atomic number (Zeq) and buildup factors (EABF and EBF) were evaluated. Results reveal that the direct E Optical Tauc ′ s of the VPB/Zn glasses ranged from 0.688 to 0.710 eV, while from 0.560 to 0.647 eV for the indirect transition. The admission of the ZnO improves the MAC of the VPB/Zn glasses. Thus, one can conclude that the proposed glasses can be applied for optical devices as semiconductor glasses and considered as good materials for γ-rays shielding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chalcogenide glasses are which include germanium, antimony, and sulfur in its structure. The high physical, dielectric, optical, mechanical, and thermal features of the chalcogenide glasses lead to the occasion to evaluate its radiation shielding characteristics. Gamma ray and neutron shielding parameters were evaluated for five chalcogenide glasses doped with CdCl2 according to the formula 60(GeS2)–(40 − x)Sb2S3–xCdCl2; x = 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 mol% glasses. The mass attenuation coefficient MAC for chalcogenide glasses was simulated using Monte Carlo simulation code (MCNP-5) in gamma photon energy between 0.015 and 15 MeV. The obtained results showed that the MAC for all studied glasses decreases with insertions of CdCl2. The highest MAC is obtained for GSC glasses without CdCl2 content and varied between 0.037 and 4.706 cm2 g−1, while the lowest MAC achieved for GSC 40 glasses with (40 mol%) CdCl2 and varied between 0.034 and 44.758 cm2 g−1. After that, the simulated MAC for all chalcogenide glasses is compared with those calculated theoretically using XCOM software. Other pivotal gamma ray shielding competences such as half value layer, mean free path and effective atomic number (Zeff), and exposure buildup factor for the chalcogenide glasses were also evaluated via the μ/ρ. Furthermore, the fast neutron removal cross section (ΣR) was also evaluated for chalcogenide glasses. GSC0 possesses the best removal cross section for fast neutron (ƩR = 0.0695 cm−1) among the present chalcogenide glasses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, new lead borate glass system in the chemical form of 40B2O3–40PbO–20Li2O3–xZrO2; where x = 0, 0.25, 0.50, 1, and 1.5 mol% has been synthesized. Gamma-ray shielding properties of these glasses have been tested in terms of mass attenuation coefficient (μ/ρ), half value layer (HVL), effective atomic number (Zeff), mean free path (MFP), and exposure build-up factor (EBF). The μ/ρ values of the prepared glasses were generated by FLUKA Monte Carlo simulations over an extended energy range of 0.015–15 MeV, and then, the generated data were verified using the calculated values of XCOM software. The results showed that gamma-ray shielding ability of BPLZ0.00 is superior among the other prepared glasses. Moreover, the gamma-ray shielding properties of the current glass system have been compared with that of some commercial glasses and newly developed HMO glasses. It can be concluded that the prepared glass system could be useful to design and/or develop novel shields for radiation protection applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]