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The volume fraction of the solid and liquid phase of debris flows, which evolves simultaneously across terrains, largely determines the dynamic property of debris flows. The entrainment process significantly influences the amplitude of the volume fraction. In this paper, we present a depth-averaged two-phase debris-flow model describing the simultaneous evolution of the phase velocity and depth, the solid and fluid volume fractions and the bed morphological evolution. The model employs the Mohr-Coulomb plasticity for the solid stress, and the fluid stress is modeled as a Newtonian viscous stress. The interfacial momentum transfer includes viscous drag and buoyancy. A new extended entrainment rate formula that satisfies the boundary momentum jump condition (Iverson and Ouyang, 2015) is presented. In this formula, the basal traction stress is a function of the solid volume fraction and can take advantage of both the Coulomb and velocity-dependent friction models. A finite volume method using Roe's Riemann approximation is suggested to solve the equations. Three computational cases are conducted and compared with experiments or previous results. The results show that the current computational model and framework are robust and suitable for capturing the characteristics of debris flows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The cylindrical nano-indentation on metal film/elastic substrate is computationally studied using two-dimensional discrete dislocation plasticity combined with the commercial software ANSYS®, with a focus on the storage volume for geometrically necessary dislocations (GNDs) inside the films and the nano-indentation size effect (NISE). Our calculations show that almost all GNDs are stored in a rectangular area determined by the film thickness and the actual contact width. The variations of indentation contact width with indentation depth for various film thicknesses and indenter radii are fitted by an exponential relation, and then the GND density underneath the indenter is estimated. Based on the Taylor dislocation model and Tabor formula, a simple model for the dependence of the nano-indentation hardness of the film/substrate system on the indentation depth, the indenter radius and the film thickness is established, showing a good agreement with the present numerical results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The indentation response of aluminum–matrix SiC particle-reinforced metal matrix composites (PR-MMCs) impressed by a circular indenter has been numerically analyzed under the two-dimensional discrete dislocation plasticity combined with the ANSYS® finite element software. Dependence of the nominal hardness HN on multiple factors, including the particle size, the particle area fraction, the matrix thickness between the indenter and the particle, the indentation location as well as the particle shape, is addressed in detail. Herein, we show that the nano-indentation response of the PR-MMCs is strongly associated with the particle area fraction of PR-MMCs as well as the blocking of dislocation free gliding within the matrix. At a high particle area fraction of 25%, HN increases with the decrease of the particle size due to the increasing blocking effect of particles on the dislocation gliding. However, at a low particle area fraction of 9%, a reverse dependence of HN could be observed, which is attributed to the formation of long free-slip bands in the matrix. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: 2D discrete dislocation dynamic modeling of compressed micro-pillars attached on a huge base is executed to study the size-dependent microplastic behavior of micro-pillars and the corresponding size effect. In addition to the conventional dimensional parameters of the micro-pillar such as the micro-pillar size and the height-to-width ratio, the micro-pillar taper angle and the dislocation slip plane orientation angle in the micro-pillar are also considered to address the size effect and its rich underlying mechanism. Computational results show that there are at least two operating mechanisms responsible for the plastic behavior of micro-pillars. One is associated with the dislocation free slip-out from the micro-pillar sidewall; the other is related to the dislocation pile-up at the base and the top end of the pillar. The overall mechanism governing the size effect of the micro-pillar rests with multi-factors, including the micro-pillar size, the height-to-width ratio, the micro-pillar taper and the slip plane orientation angle; however, whether the “free slip band” exists or not is the most important denotation. The well-known Schmid law still validates in the slender micro-pillars due to existence of the free slip band, whereas it may fail in the podgier micro-pillars due to absence of the free slip band; as a result, a complicated even “reverse” size effect appears. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Nanoindentation has been extensively used to measure the mechanical behavior of materials at the micro- and nanoscale. However, the material response of nano/microindentation and its intrinsic mechanisms are very complicated, especially when considering heterogeneous polycrystalline materials. In this contribution, nanoindentation in polycrystals, performed with a circular indenter, is studied by numerical modeling based on the two-dimensional discrete dislocation plasticity of Van der Giessen and Needleman [Van der Giessen E, Needleman A. Model Simul Mater Sci Eng 1995;3:689]. The dependence of indentation hardness is investigated with respect to four typical characteristic dimensions: indenter radius, grain size, indentation depth, and the distance between the grain boundary and the indenter. Results show that these characteristic dimensions have considerable influence on the nanoindentation hardness. Further investigation shows that their influence takes effect mainly in two ways, i.e. via strain hardening and the indentation size effect. Although both effects are size dependent, their underlying mechanisms are clearly different. For the present polycrystal case, the strain hardening effect is mainly associated with the constraints of grain boundaries and dislocation obstacles to the dislocation glide, while the indentation size effect is related to the average strain gradient beneath the circular indenter. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The cyclic plastic response of a single crystalline thin beam subject to combined cyclic tension and bending is analyzed using two-dimensional discrete dislocation plasticity. In this contribution, special attention is paid to the difference in the inherent mechanism of the size effect for different cyclic loads. Results show that the cyclic plastic response has a strong size effect for both cyclic pure tension–compression and pure bending. However, the inherent mechanisms are different. The dislocation starvation mechanism dominates the cyclic tension–compression while the geometrically necessary dislocation dominates the cyclic pure bending. When the combined cyclic tension and bending are applied to the thin beam, the cyclic moment–rotation response shows strong size effect while the stress–strain response shows weak or even no size effect. In addition, it is also found that the cyclic loading paths have considerable influences on the shape of the cyclic stress–strain loops. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]