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With approximately 1 in 20 individuals experiencing tooth fractures annually, there is a pressing demand for dental restorations. However, commercially available dental restoration options force consumers to compromise between aesthetics and mechanical properties. Highly esthetic cubic yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) deviates from the popularity of standard tetragonal 3 mol% YSZ bioceramic due to its insufficient mechanical properties for practical dental applications. Yet, a tantalum functional gradient coating (FGC) applied to cubic YSZ has been demonstrated to enhance mechanical properties beyond even that of undoped 3 mol% YSZ, while maintaining adequate transparency values—corroborated by mechanical and optical testing. A combination of SEM, EDS, XRD, and Raman spectroscopy were employed to elucidate the mechanisms behind the change in mechanical and optical properties upon varying tantalum dopant concentrations. Tantalum defects within the YSZ lattice decrease cubic phase stability, locally inducing monoclinic phase transformations around cracks, subsequently arresting their propagation. Although the monoclinic crystal structure diminishes optical isotropy, the negative impact on transparency is deemed negligible for dental restoration applications.Advisors: Drs. Chriss Hoo, Shen Dillon, David Kisailus, jae-Won Kim

As the average luminous efficacy of light emitting diodes (LEDs) has increased over the years, the energy performance of LEDs has surpassed preceding lighting technologies such as incandescent and fluorescent lighting. One way to reduce the cost per lumen.hour would be to maximize the wall-plug efficiency (WPE), where the internal quantum efficiency (IQE), η_rad, plays a major role. η_rad represents the number of photons created per injected electron-hole (e-h) pair and is known to peak at a low current density ~1-10 A cm-2. This reduction in efficiency at higher current densities has been referred to as efficiency droop, or simply droop, posing a roadblock to full penetration of the lighting market and for applications in display technologies.An effective technique to study efficiency droop is electron emission spectroscopy (EES). EES is capable of measuring and detecting hot electrons generated in the active region of an LED, thus allowing direct investigation of the recombination, and scattering processes in the device. Electrons were detected to be emitted from a side valley at ~0.9 eV above the Γ-valley of GaN, which can only be generated by Auger recombination. The intensity of these hot electrons was showed to increase with increasing droop, thereby providing direct evidence of Auger recombination as the cause of droop.The work presented here concerns taking the experimental technique towards a full quantitative approach. Using the light output power of an LED as a proxy for active region carrier density n, we were able to directly obtain the power law dependence of the various valley peaks on n, distinguishing between 2-body trap-assisted Auger recombination (TAAR) and 3-body band-to-band Auger combination. Efficiency and thermal droop studies in c-plane blue and green III-nitride LEDs were made to quantify the prevalence of TAAR and investigate the sources of the defects. We report on detection of a new high energy upper valley at ~1.7 eV above Γ-valley, which was predominantly generated by TAAR. Its detection was contingent on a low number of pre-well InGaN/GaN superlattice (SL) period, higher [In] quantum wells, and presence of AlGaN in the active region – indicating the defect reduction capabilities of SLs and presence of a deep trap at the AlGaN/(In)GaN interfaces. Through systematic thinning of the p-region by growth or by ex-situ etching, we present work leading towards obtaining the absolute TAAR and 3-body Auger electron currents for full LED recombination physics quantification.

Millimeter wave components, such as circulators and isolators, frequently use magnetic fields to break symmetry of the signal propagation and provide unidirectional signal transmission. While effective, these components have not seen the level of miniaturization of other millimeter wave components, primarily due to the discrete nature of the magnets used in the components. Using circulators in the 40-50 GHz range as a motivating application, requirements arise for the deposited films, namely immunity to eddy currents, sufficient magnetization to act as self-biasing magnets, and out-of-plane orientation of the self-biasing field. Based on these required properties, hexaferrite materials are selected for their strong magnetocrystalline anisotropy (MCA) and low conductance. The difficulty of integrating these components monolithically with monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMIC) originates from the incompatibility of crystal structure with standard semiconductor materials and process conditions. Additive manufacturing using a composite of strontium hexaferrite (SrFe12O19) particles and photoresist has been chosen as a method to overcome the difficulties of integrating hexaferrite material to semiconductor substrates. Due to their large internal anisotropy field, the particles of strontium hexaferrite tend to rotate to the field direction instead of changing magnetization direction under application of an external magnetic field (less than the anisotropy field). We have developed a method for 3D printing composites of high strontium hexaferrite concentration (up to 20% by volume) in a liquid photoresist, SU8. Rotation of hexaferrite particles in polymer matrix and thus magnetic anisotropy has been demonstrated in the composite, which is subsequently cured to hold the physical position and orientation of the particles. The anisotropy of the self-biasing field provided by the films has been experimentally characterized, and a ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) frequency ~43 GHz has been observed. We have also characterized the viscosity of the particle-laden polymer at different particle concentrations. 3D printing of this composite with poling will make it possible to directly print magnetic components that require out-of-plane anisotropic magnetization.

Designing photonic structures and obtaining optimal responses is still a difficult task. A large number of gradient based algorithms and adjoint solvers are used, and the results have been effective in that complex free form geometries of devices are capable of being created. The fact remains, however, that many solvers still tend to be black boxes, and there is very little transparency in how the solver comes to its conclusion. Furthermore, because many of these solvers are gradient based, additional knowledge of the device is needed, otherwise the solver can get trapped in a local minimum and not reach the true optimal geometry. To this end, an inverse design framework that combines adjoint optimization, automated machine learning (AutoML), and explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) is presented in order to determine both the relation between device structure and performance and also minimize the effect of local minima trapping. This framework is used in the inverse design of waveguides and achieves an average of 43\% increase in performance. Consequently, this study portrays how to extend beyond traditional inverse design solvers in terms of both performance and ability to elucidate the solvers' decisions.

Retrofitting a crown to an existing removable partial denture (RPD) is a complex process and requires additional clinical and laboratory procedures. Various methods have been described for retrofitting a new tooth-supported crown. However, if an abutment tooth has to be extracted, descriptions of techniques for restoring a new edentulous site with an implant-supported crown retrofitted to an existing RPD are lacking. Therefore, this technical report describes a straightforward approach to fabricating an implant-supported surveyed crown fitted to an existing RPD by using an acrylic resin template.

The extrudability, microstructural characteristics, and tensile properties of the Mg–5Bi–3Al (BA53) alloy are investigated herein by comparing them with those of a commercial Mg–8Al–0.5 Zn (AZ80) alloy. When AZ80 is extruded at 400 °C, severe hot cracking occurs at exit speeds of 4.5 m/min or more. In contrast, BA53 is successfully extruded without any surface cracking at 400 °C and at high exit speeds of 21–40 m/min. When extruded at 3 m/min (AZ80–3) and 40 m/min (BA53–40), both AZ80 and BA53 exhibited completely recrystallized microstructures with a 〈10–10〉 basal texture. However, BA53–40 has a coarser grain structure owing to grain growth promoted by the high temperature in the deformation zone. AZ80–3 contains a continuous network of Mg17Al12 particles along the grain boundaries, which form via static precipitation during natural air-cooling after the material exits the extrusion die. BA53–40 contains coarse Mg3Bi2 particles aligned parallel to the extrusion direction along with numerous uniformly distributed fine Mg3Bi2 particles. AZ80–3 has higher tensile strength than BA53–40 because the relatively finer grains and larger number of solute atoms in AZ80–3 result in stronger grain-boundary and solid-solution hardening effects, respectively. Although BA53 is extruded at a high temperature and extrusion speed of 400 °C and 40 m/min, respectively, the extruded material has a high tensile yield strength of 188 MPa. This can be primarily attributed to the large particle hardening effect resulting from the numerous fine Mg3Bi2 particles.

This study discusses the influence of fluidization and gasification parameters on the hydrogen composition in syngas. For gasification conditions, when Stage 1 and Stage 2 gasifier temperature is 900 °C, the hydrogen content in syngas is 35.59 mol.% when the activated carbon is used as bed material. For using zeolite as bed material, the hydrogen content is 38.25 mol.%. The hydrogen content is higher than that under other conditions, but if the Steam/Biomass ratio is increased to 0.6, the hydrogen content resulted from zeolite as bed material is the highest 39.38 mol.%. For fluidization parameters, when Stage 2 bed material size is changed to 0.46 mm, no matter the bed material is activated carbon or zeolite, the hydrogen content in syngas is the best among three particle sizes. In terms of operating gas velocity, when gas velocity is 1.5 Umf, the hydrogen content is higher. For fluidization parameters, the two bed materials can increase hydrogen content in syngas effectively in Stage 2 fluidized bed, and their effects are similar to each other. However, considering the fluidization parameters, the hydrogen content in syngas when activated carbon is used as bed material is better than that when the zeolite is used.

Through an investigation of the microstructure and mechanical properties of extruded Mg–5Bi–xSn (BT5x, x = 0, 2, 4, and 6 wt%) alloys, this study demonstrates that the addition of Sn to an Mg–5Bi binary alloy significantly improves the tensile strength of the extruded alloy. All the extruded alloys exhibit a typical basal fiber texture and a partially dynamically recrystallized (DRXed) microstructure consisting of fine DRXed grains and coarse unDRXed grains. As the Sn content increases from 0 wt% to 6 wt%, the average size of the DRXed grains decreases from 4.2 to 2.8 μm owing to the increase in the amount of precipitates via their grain-boundary pinning effect. The extruded B5 and BT52 alloys contain numerous Mg3Bi2 precipitates, but their size and number density are smaller and higher, respectively, in the latter alloy. Numerous Mg2Sn precipitates as well as Mg3Bi2 precipitates are present in the extruded BT54 and BT56 alloys, and the number density of the Mg2Sn precipitates is higher in the latter alloy because of its higher Sn content. The addition of 2 wt% Sn to the B5 alloy significantly improves the yield strength (YS) and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of the extruded alloy—by 76 and 57 MPa, respectively. This drastic improvement is the combined outcome of enhanced grain-boundary hardening, precipitation hardening, and solid-solution hardening effects induced by the refined DRXed grains, numerous precipitates, and Sn solute atoms, respectively. The further addition of 2 wt% or 4 wt% Sn to the BT52 alloy leads to moderate increments in the YS and UTS of the extruded alloy. Specifically, each addition of 2 wt% Sn increases the YS and UTS by ~26 and ~20 MPa, respectively, which is attributed mainly to the additional precipitation hardening effect induced by the Mg2Sn precipitates.

Clean and renewable energy plays important role in achieving carbon neutrality and nature sustainability, especially the application of green hydrogen in new energy system. Hydrogen (H2) produced from visible light has attracted attention owing to its high conversion efficiency and cleaner process. In this review, different photocatalyst preparation methods which can directly design the same structure were clarified. Also, different mechanism design which can realize different electron transfers were also proposed. Thus, various morphologies and different mechanisms of electron transfer have been summarized and evaluated. Also, the methods of photocatalysts’ construction were mentioned, all H2 production reactions depend on the amount of reaction sites and photo-generate electrons. It was evident that the concentration of reaction sites and photo-generate electrons play important roles in efficient H2 production. This review provides fundamental knowledge to design and construct variable morphologies with different electron transfer processes to enhance efficiency of H2 production.

To advance the understanding of the degradation of the liquid electrolyte and Si electrode, and their interface, we exploit the latest developments in cryo-atom probe tomography. We evidence Si anode corrosion from the decomposition of the Li salt before charge-discharge cycles even begin. Volume shrinkage during delithiation leads to the development of nanograins from recrystallization in regions left amorphous by the lithiation. The newly created grain boundaries facilitate pulverization of nanoscale Si fragments, and one is found floating in the electrolyte. P is segregated to these grain boundaries, which confirms the decomposition of the electrolyte. As structural defects are bound to assist the nucleation of Li-rich phases in subsequent lithiations and accelerate the electrolyte's decomposition, these insights into the developed nanoscale microstructure interacting with the electrolyte contribute to understanding the self-catalyzed/accelerated degradation Si anodes and can inform new battery designs unaffected by these life-limiting factors.

The use of thin-film solid oxide fuel cells (TF-SOFCs) can effectively lower the operating temperature of a typical solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) below 600 °C, while maintaining high efficiency and using low-cost catalysts. However, the fuel flexibility in SOFCs becomes a significant challenge at lower operating temperatures, resulting in the need for expensive noble-metal catalysts. The effective implementation of low-cost catalysts, Cu and CeO2, in a TF-SOFC presents a solution to this problem. Cu is inserted directly near the electrolyte–anode interface via a combination of pulsed laser deposition and sputtering to assist the electrochemical reactions, and the anode support, which constitutes the main volume of the cell, is infiltrated with CeO2 to effectively facilitate thermochemical reforming reactions. A comprehensive study of catalyst-modified cells (Cu–Ce-cell, Ce-cell, and Cu-cell) and a Ni/YSZ reference cell (ref-cell) is performed over n-butane fuel in an operating temperature range of 500 to 600 °C. The cell incorporating Cu and CeO2 (Cu–Ce-cell) shows a record high performance for a hydrocarbon-fueled SOFC, with a peak power density of 1120 mW cm−2 at 600 °C. Cu and CeO2 improve the activity of the steam reforming reaction, and CeO2 expands the triple-phase boundary, increasing the electrochemical activity. Cu–Ce-cell also degrades at a much slower rate than ref-cell. Post-reaction analysis proves that the drastic improvement in longevity is achieved as a result of the enhanced carbon deposition resistance of Cu–Ce-cell.

In this work, the low-frequency noise (LFN) characteristics of hafnium-zirconium oxide (HZO) ferroelectric field-effect transistors (FeFETs) with and without high-pressure forming gas annealing (HPA) treatment are investigated. The origin of 1/f noise in the FeFET without HPA is changed from carrier number fluctuation to Hooge’s mobility fluctuation after wake-up due to the remote phonon scattering from the polarized HZO. Also, Hooge’s parameter is increased by the program/erase (P/E) cycling-induced stress. On the contrary, only the correlated mobility fluctuation is increased after the wake-up in the FeFET with HPA. Furthermore, the LFN of the FeFET with HPA shows robustness to P/E cycling-induced stress after the wake-up, showing superb endurance performance.

Porous and heteroatom-doped carbon nanostructures were investigated to address the low specific capacity and poor rate capability of the graphite anode. For successful application to commercial lithium-ion batteries, the electrochemical performances of the porous and heteroatom-doped carbon nanostructures should be evaluated in the full-cell operating voltage window. Herein, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-derived carbon nanospheres with various morphological and atomic structures were prepared by electrospraying and controlled thermal-treatment processes conducted under various thermal oxidation termination temperatures. The carbonaceous microstructures, chemical compositions, and pore structures of the PVP-derived carbon nanospheres were thoroughly examined, while their cycling and rate performances were investigated in the voltage range of 0.01–1.5 V (the normal anode operating range of the full-cell). We identified the ideal carbonaceous anode material conditions, i.e., high carbon and nitrogen content with low oxygen content for high and reversible capacity and rate performances, and small particle size with low surface area and porosity for long life. Our work demonstrates that optimizing porosity and heteroatom composition is crucial for developing commercially viable carbonaceous anode materials.

The development of highly stable and efficient oxide-based red phosphors is urgently required for next-generation lighting devices. Herein, we report the micro/crystal structures and luminescent properties of single-phase Eu2(WO4)3 and Eu3+-doped WO3-Eu2(WO4)3 composite phosphors prepared by a one-step conventional solid-state reaction method in air atmosphere. As increasing Eu contents in the mixtures of WO3 and Eu2O3, the intensities of the X-ray diffraction peaks of Eu2(WO4)3 increased while that of WO3 decreased. The photoluminescence intensity of the synthesized phosphors increased with increase in the Eu content when calcined at 900 °C, while it degraded at a higher temperature. Red-emitting single-phase Eu2(WO4)3 powders were successfully obtained when the WO3 and Eu2O3 powders were calcined in the ratio of 3:1. The intensity of the red emission spectra of the Eu2(WO4)3 phosphor was higher than those of the 6, 12, and 24 at.% Eu-added WO3 composites at excitation wavelengths of 394 and 465 nm. On the other hand, the intensity of emission from the single-phase phosphor was lower than that of the Eu-doped WO3-Eu2(WO4)3 composites under excitation of UV light at 254 nm. Thus, we propose two prospective phosphors for application as red phosphors at various wavelengths.

It is important to consider the synergy of heterostructures to improve the slow kinetics of water dissociation in the alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Herein, we report a simple method to design a heterohierarchical CoMo catalyst. The CoMo catalyst was prepared by simple one-pot electrodeposition on carbon paper (CP). The CoMo/CP catalyst was optimized for the alkaline HER by controlling the electrodeposition bath conditions, potential, and time. The optimized catalyst shows the heterohierarchical structure containing the electrically conductive metallic Co in the bulk and Mo-incorporated Co containing Mo4+ at the surface. It exhibited a lower HER overpotential of 0.11 V at −20 mA/cm2 compared to those of the others owing to the synergetic effect of the between the Co and Mo incorporated Co. The results highlight the advantages of the simple method developed herein for the design of heterohierarchical catalysts.

We propose a strategy to accelerate tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)-mediated thrombolysis using a microswarm under ultrasound imaging. The microswarm is formed in blood using an oscillating magnetic field and navigated with switchable locomotion modes. The aspect ratio of the microswarm can be reversibly tuned by modulating the input field, enabling the capability to adapt to different clot regions. Simulations show that three-dimensional flow is induced around the microswarm, which enhances the mass transfer and shear stress near the clot-fluid interface. Guided by ultrasound imaging, the microswarm can be navigated towards clot regions and deformed to adapt to blood clots with different widths. Affected by the enhanced fluid convection and shear stress, experimental results show that the microswarm-assisted lysis rate enhances up to 3.13-fold compared to that using tPA drug only. Moreover, the comparison between microswarm-assisted thrombolysis in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and blood environments validates our modeling and simulation results. Our method provides a strategy to increase the efficiency of tPA-mediated thrombolysis by applying an ultrasound-localized microrobotic swarm, indicating that swarming micro/nanorobots have the potential as effective tools towards imaging-guided therapy.

Effects of Al addition to a Mg–Bi binary alloy on its microstructural characteristics and tensile properties after extrusion are investigated via extrusion of Mg–3Bi–xAl (x = 0, 1, and 2 wt%) billets and analysis of the extruded materials. The Al addition negligibly affects the second-phase particles of the extruded alloy; however, an increase in the Al content causes significant decreases in the average grain size and maximum texture intensity of the extruded material owing to an increase in the area fraction of dynamically recrystallized (DRXed) grains. The Al addition improves the strength of the extruded alloy; this improvement is attributed to the enhanced grain-boundary hardening and solid-solution hardening effects induced by grain refinement and Al solute atoms, respectively. As the Al content increases from 0 wt% to 1 wt% and 2 wt%, the tensile elongation increases substantially from 2.8% to 9.4% and 16.9%, respectively. The reduction in the number and size of unDRXed grains with increasing Al content suppresses the formation and coalescence of cracks in the unDRXed grains during tension, which results in a significant improvement in the tensile ductility of the extruded material. During tensile deformation, large undesirable twins that act as crack initiation sites are locally formed in the unDRXed grains of the Mg–3Bi alloy, whereas relatively smaller twins are uniformly formed in both the DRXed and the unDRXed grains of the Mg–3Bi–2Al alloy. Consequently, the extruded Mg–3Bi–2Al alloy has a substantially higher tensile yield strength–elongation product (2924 MPa%) than the extruded Al-free B3 alloy (381 MPa%).

Recently, soft electronics have attracted significant attention for various applications such as flexible devices, artificial electronic skins, and wearable devices. For practical applications, the key requirements are an appropriate electrical conductivity and excellent elastic properties. Herein, using the cyano-silver complexes resulting from coordination bonds between the nitrile group of poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile) (SAN) and Ag ions, a self-healing elastomer demonstrating electrical conductivity is obtained. Because of these coordination complexes, the Ag-SAN elastomer possesses elasticity, compared with pristine SAN. The fracture strain of the Ag-SAN elastomers increased with the amount of added Ag ions, reaching up to 1000%. Additionally, owing to the presence of reversible coordination bonds, the elastomer exhibits self-healing properties at room temperature and electrical conductivity, thereby improving the possibility of its utilization in novel applications wherein elastic materials are generally exposed to external stimuli.

Patch-type drug delivery has garnered increased attention as an attractive alternative to the existing drug delivery techniques. Thus far, needle phobia and efficient drug delivery remain huge challenges. To address the issue of needle phobia and enhance drug delivery, we developed a needle-free and self-adhesive microcup patch that can be loaded with an ultrathin salmon DNA (SDNA) drug carrier film. This physically integrated system can facilitate efficient skin penetration of drugs loaded into the microcup patch. The system consists of three main components, namely, a cup that acts as a drug reservoir, an adhesive system that attaches the patch to the skin, and physical stimulants that can be used to increase the efficiency of drug delivery. In addition, an ultrathin SDNA/drug film allows the retention of the drug in the cup and its efficient release by dissolution in the presence of moisture. This latter feature has been validated using gelatin as a skin mimic. The cup design itself has been validated by comparing its deformation and displacement with those of a cylindrical structure. Integration of the self-adhesive microcup patch with both ultrasonic waves and an electric current allows the model drug to penetrate the stratum corneum of the skin barrier and the whole epidermis, thereby enhancing transdermal drug delivery and reducing skin irritation. This system can be used as a wearable biomedical device for efficient transdermal and needle-free drug delivery.

The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) plays a key role in determining the performance of overall water splitting, while a core technological consideration is the development of cost-effective, efficient, and durable catalysts. Here, we demonstrate a robust reduced Fe-oxide@NiCo2O4 bilayered non-precious-metal oxide composite as a highly efficient OER catalyst in an alkaline medium. A bilayered oxide composite film with an interconnected nanoflake morphology (Fe2O3@NiCo2O4) is reduced in an aqueous NaBH4 solution, which results in a mosslike Fe3O4@NiCo2O4 (reduced Fe-oxide@NiCo2O4; rFNCO) nanostructured film with an enhanced electrochemical surface area. The rFNCO film demonstrates an outstanding OER activity with an extraordinary low overpotential of 189 mV at 10 mA cm–2 (246 mV at 100 mA cm–2) and a remarkably small Tafel slope of 32 mV dec–1. The film also shows excellent durability for more than 50 h of continuous operation, even at 100 mA cm–2. Furthermore, density functional theory calculations suggest that the unintentionally in situ doped Ni during the reduction reaction possibly improves the OER performance of the rFNCO catalyst shifting d-band centers of both Fe and Ni active sites.

Fire–resistant properties of Mo-/Nb-added structural steels were evaluated using hot tension tests and constant-load tests. Hot tension tests showed that an increase in the Mo and Nb contents led to a slow decrease in the strength as the holding time increased at a high temperature (600 °C), enhancing the fire resistance. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atom probe tomography analyses revealed that this improved fire resistance stemmed from the annihilation of dislocations at high temperatures, which was suppressed by the solid solution of Mo atoms and fine precipitation of Ti/Nb-enriched MC carbides. Meanwhile, an increase in Ti content decreased fire resistance via precipitation of coarse TiC particles, i.e., in-situ TEM observations showed that dislocations moved easily along the surface of coarse particles by climb, indicating that coarse particles did not play a role in disturbing dislocation movement during deformation at high temperatures. Next, constant-load tests were carried out with a constant load of 50% of the yield strength, while the temperature was increased linearly until failure. The results were in good agreement with the results of the hot tension tests; i.e., the failure temperature increased with an increase in the Mo and Nb contents, indicating improvement in fire resistance.

Layered metal chalcogenides with highly promising thermoelectric properties have attracted attention owing to their intrinsically low thermal conductivity, which originates from their unique layered structure and van der Waals bonding. InSe, a post-transition metal chalcogenide, also has layered atomic structure and low thermal conductivity. We investigate the effects of S doping of Si-doped InSe, In0.9Si0.1Se. The S-doped In0.9Si0.1Se exhibits enhanced thermoelectric properties, with a higher power factor and lower thermal conductivity compared to Si-doped InSe. A significant increase in carrier mobility has an overall positive effect on the electronic transport properties, resulting in a systematic increase in power factor from 0.05 to 0.15 mW/mK2 with S doping. In addition, the thermal conductivity systematically decreases with S doping owing to additional point-defect scattering. Because of the higher power factor and lower thermal conductivity, the thermoelectric figure of merit of the In0.9Si0.1Se0.9S0.1 sample at 735 K was 0.18, which is 3.6 times that of In0.9Si0.1Se.

The substitutional solid solution Mn1-xVxP compounds are proposed as a high performance anode for lithium ion batteries (LIBs) through a novel alloying/insertion hybrid electrochemical reaction concept by combining alloying reaction-type MnP and insertion reaction-type VP. The solid solution series of Mn1-xVxP are successfully synthesized via a facile high energy mechanical milling. Their electrochemical properties as an anode for LIBs are systematically studied and compared with those of MnP/VP mixture, particularly focusing on the verification of simultaneous alloying/insertion hybrid electrochemical reaction in the solid solution compounds. The Mn0.75V0.25P solid solution electrode shows the excellent high rate cyclability delivering the reversible capacity of 321 mAh g−1 after 5000 cycles at a high current density of 1.0 A g−1, resulting from the synergistic effects of two reaction mechanisms. The homogeneously substituted vanadium ions enable the alloying/insertion hybrid electrochemical reaction in a Mn1-xVxP single phase, which can effectively reduce the rate of volume change, hinder the pulverization and agglomeration of alloying reaction-type Li-Mn-P crystallite during cycling, and ensure the fast electron and ion transport. This simple, yet innovative, solid solution design with the consideration of structural relationships and electrochemical properties inspires the development of advanced ternary or multi-component compound electrode materials for LIBs or other energy storage devices.

GaAs on Si grown via metalorganic chemical vapor deposition is demonstrated using various Si substrate thicknesses and three types of dislocation filter layers (DFLs). The bowing was used to measure wafer‐scale characteristics. The surface morphology and electron channeling contrast imaging (ECCI) were used to analyze the material quality of GaAs films. Only 3‐μm bowing was observed using the 725‐μm‐thick Si substrate. The bowing shows similar levels among the samples with DFLs, indicating that the Si substrate thickness mostly determines the bowing. According to the surface morphology and ECCI results, the compressive strained indium gallium arsenide/GaAs DFLs show an atomically flat surface with a root mean square value of 1.288 nm and minimum threading dislocation density (TDD) value of 2.4 × 107 cm−2. For lattice‐matched DFLs, the indium gallium phosphide/GaAs DFLs are more effective in reducing the TDD than aluminum gallium arsenide/GaAs DFLs. Finally, we found that the strained DFLs can block propagate TDD effectively. The strained DFLs on the 725‐μm‐thick Si substrate can be used for the large‐scale integration of GaAs on Si with less bowing and low TDD.