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Experimental samples of solid-state thin-film lithium-ion batteries (STLIBs) of the LiCoO2/LiPON/Si@O@Al electrochemical system are manufactured using traditional mask technology by radio frequency magnetron sputtering of both the electrodes and electrolyte. The obtained samples have a specific capacity corresponding to the modern published data on industrial STLIB samples. The developed STLIB samples are capable of long (about 1000 cycles) cycling with an acceptable loss of capacity, provided that the charging voltage is limited to 3.7 V. Exceeding the charging voltage leads to an increase in the charging capacity, but to a noticeable acceleration of degradation during cycling. At cycling currents over 20 μA/cm2, the inverse proportionality between the current and the discharge capacity is observed, which is determined by the delayed solid-phase diffusion of lithium. With a decrease in the cycling current, the discharge capacity approaches the theoretical capacity.

The essay considers historical aspects of the emergence and development of methods for catalytic hydrogenation of organic compounds, starting from the works by P. Sabatier and V.N. Ipatieff. Particular attention is paid to the results of synthesis and investigation of hydrogenation metal catalysts based on Ni, Pd and Pt since they are significant for practical application. Modern trends and promising lines of investigation in the field of hydrogenation processes and catalysts are revealed.

The effect of metallurgical inheritance on the structure and mechanical properties of semiproducts from alloy 01570 of the Al – Mg – Sc system is studied by x-ray phase analysis, electron microscopy, x-ray energy dispersive analysis, tensile tests and electron fractography. The structure of the ingot and the conditions of the deformation and of the heat treatment are shown to affect the structure and properties of the semiproducts.

The effect of porosity on the charge-discharge characteristics of thin films based on an Si–O–Al nanocomposite with two types of structure, homogeneous and columnar, is studied. An additional increase in the porosity of thin Si–O–Al films is achieved by removing the $${\text{Si}}{{{\text{O}}}_{x}}$$ phase, where $$1 < x \leqslant 2,$$ when etching in a solution of hydrofluoric acid. The charge-discharge characteristics of the films were investigated in half-cells in the galvanostatic mode. It is shown that processing films with a columnar structure leads to an increase in their specific capacity and stability under extreme charge-discharge modes.

The paper presents the results of thermodynamic modeling of a transformation of a kerogen-bearing sedimentary rock within the temperature range of 50–400°С at a gradually increasing pressure from 300 to 2200 bar. A gradual increase in temperature and pressure, starting from 50°С, leads to the formation of the lighter and more oxidized type of kerogen. The methane–carbon dioxide gas phase is present in the entire range of specified temperatures and pressures. The coexistence of kerogen and oil was obtained only in one calculation for 325°С and 1750 bar. In the presence of kerogen in the system, the oil consists of 92% alkane hydrocarbons. With a further increase in temperature, the kerogen disappears and a share of aromatic hydrocarbons in oil rises to 49–77%.

The concentration phase transition (CPT) in a two-dimensional ferromagnet was simulated by the Monte Carlo method. The description of the CPT was carried out using various order parameters (OP): magnetic, cluster, and percolation. For comparison with the problem of the geometric (percolation) phase transition, the thermal effect on the spin state was excluded, and thus, CPT was reduced to percolation transition. For each OP, the values ​​of the critical concentration and critical indices of the CPT are calculated.

Direct laser processing of various materials with nano- and femtosecond (fs) laser pulses is known to be a facile and inexpensive technology for fabrication of various surface morphologies. Since ultrafast deposition of the laser energy to target material typically creates unique experimental conditions with extremely high pressure and temperature, we hypothesized that carrying out this process in anhydrous non-oxidizing environment containing functionalizing agent (fluorophore with vinyl functional group) will allow one-step fabrication and subsequent functionalization of the surface of high-n material. In this paper, we demonstrate successful implementation of this idea by fabricating high-spatial-frequency laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) via direct fs-pulse ablation of bulk crystalline Si wafer immersed in solution of N-vinylcarbazole in toluene. Laser processing with linearly polarized fs-laser pulses was found to produce LIPSS with a characteristic period around 100 nm functionalized with N-vinylcarbazole molecules via photo-activated hydrosililation reaction. The unique LIPSS with hierarchical roughness and remarkable light trapping performance functionalized with sensory fluorophore show high sensitivity due to implementation of surface enhanced fluorescence effect. By using N-vinylcarbazole as functionalizing agent we demonstrate one-step fabrication of high-performance sensor for detecting nitrobenzene in water with a detection limit of 40 nM.

The results of studying the structure and phase composition of thin-film positive electrodes of a lithium-ion battery based on vanadium oxides are presented. It is shown that initially polycrystalline films contain higher V2O5 and V3O7 oxides, the proportion of which increases with the time of oxygen annealing. As a result of charge–discharge cycling, the higher vanadium oxides are amorphized, while the content of the VO2 and V2O3 phases decreases slightly, and the proportion of VO oxide remains unchanged. These data are in good agreement with the change in the capacity of the films during their cycling, which suggests that the main reason for the decrease in the capacity of the films is the amorphization of the higher vanadium oxides with the highest specific capacity.

Film structures composed of several identical modules [Co(x)/a-Si(100)/Cu(70)], where the x value varies from 2 to 10 nm, are investigated as an anode material for liquid lithium-ion batteries. It is shown that relatively thick cobalt layers are effective diffusion barriers for silicon and copper atoms, as well as for lithium ions. This leads to a decrease in the capacitance characteristics of the films under study. Thin cobalt layers (less than 3 nm) with a network structure, on the contrary, increase the capacitance characteristics of the anode films. This is caused by more uniform distribution of lithium ion drift channels that are formed at the initial stage of electrochemical cycling of electrodes over their volume.

The results of investigation of the polarization relaxation mechanism for the LiPON solid electrolyte by a discharge through an external load are presented. Test cells implemented in the form of encapsulated multilayer structures $${{{{{{\text{Si}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}}/{\text{Pt}}(100\,\,\text{nm})}/{\text{LiPON}\,(1000\,\,\text{nm})}}/{\text{Pt}~(100\,\,\text{nm})}}/{\text{Ti}~(10\,\,\text{nm})}}/{\text{Si}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}}}/{\text{Si}}\;$$ and previously studied by the standard techniques are tested on a special bench measuring discharge characteristics. The core of the method lies in charging the test cell from a stable voltage source up to saturation with the subsequent rapid switch to precision resistance and detection of the voltage drop. The measurements are taken in the load range from 0.1 MΩ to 10 Ω in the temperature range of –50 to 25°C. An equivalent electric circuit for the test cell is proposed, for which a mathematical model of the discharge process is constructed. In the context of the proposed model, the features of the experimental curves are explained by the processes of redox reactions of the lithium ions at the surface of the electrodes and generation of nonequilibrium charge carriers in the bulk upon the charging and discharging of the test cell.

Selective C–O activation of multifunctional molecules is essential for many important chemical processes. Although reducible metal oxides are active and selective towards reductive C–O bond scission via the reverse Mars–van Krevelen mechanism, the most active oxides undergo bulk reduction during reaction. Here, motivated by the enhanced oxide reducibility by metals, we report a strategy for C–O bond activation by doping the surface of moderately reducible oxides with an ultralow loading of noble metals. We demonstrate the principle using highly dispersed Pt anchored onto TiO2 for furfuryl alcohol conversion to 2-methylfuran. A combination of density functional theory calculations, catalyst characterization (scanning transmission electron microscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray absorption spectroscopy), kinetic experiments and microkinetic modelling expose substantial C–O activation rate enhancement, without bulk catalyst reduction or unselective ring hydrogenation. A methodology is introduced to quantify various types of sites, revealing that the cationic redox Pt on the TiO2 surface is more active than metallic sites for C–O bond activation. Reducible metal oxides selectively catalyse the hydrodeoxygenation of C–O bonds in bio-based aromatic molecules, although they show limited performance. Now, using TiO2 as an example, a method is reported to enhance the activity of the oxide by surface doping with an ultralow loading of Pt.

A two-temperature (2T) model is proposed for estimating the temperature of a spatially inhomogeneous hot zone using single-beam diode laser absorption spectrometry. The proposed algorithm is based on fitting experimental absorption spectra by a linear combination of two database-simulated single-temperature spectra with different temperatures. The model efficiency is experimentally demonstrated when determining the temperature in different flame zones of a Wolfgard – Parker slot burner. The proposed 2T algorithm is used to find the maximum and minimum temperatures in different flame sections, which are compared with local temperatures in the same flame zones measured by the method of coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS). It is shown that the maximum temperatures determined by the proposed 2T algorithm are in good agreement with CARS data in flame zones where high-temperature regions prevail. A good agreement between the minimum temperatures obtained by these two methods is also observed for predominantly cold zones.

A design of a fully solid-state thin-film lithium-ion battery prototype and results of its being tested are presented. It is shown that the specific features of its charge–discharge characteristics are associated with the change of the Fermi level in the electrodes and are due to changes in the concentration of lithium ions in the course of charge–discharge. The specific capacity characteristics of the prototype were determined and found to be comparable with the characteristics of commercial lithium-ion batteries.

Here, we applied direct laser-induced periodic surface structuring to drive the phase transition of amorphous silicon (a-Si) into nanocrystalline (nc) Si imprinted as regular arrangement of Si nanopillars passivated with a SiO2 layer. By varying the laser beam scanning speed at a fixed pulse energy, we successfully tailored the resulting unique surface morphology of the formed LIPSSs that change from ordered arrangement of conical protrusions to highly uniform surface gratings, where sub-wavelength scale ripples decorate the valleys between near-wavelength scale ridges. Along with the surface morphology, the nc-Si/SiO2 volume ratio can also be controlled via laser processing parameters allowing the tailoring of the optical properties of the produced textured surfaces to achieve anti-reflection performance or partial transmission in the visible spectral range. Diverse hierarchical LIPSSs can be fabricated and replicated over large-scale areas opening a pathway for various applications including optical sensors, nanoscale temperature management, and solar light harvesting. By taking advantage of good wettability, enlarged surface area and remarkable light-trapping characteristics of the produced hierarchical morphologies, we demonstrated the first LIPSS-based surface enhanced fluorescent sensor that allowed the identification of metal cations providing a sub-nM detection limit unachievable by conventional fluorescence measurements in solutions.

Annotation Purpose. Improving the efficiency of harvesting work based on the development of information tools for determining grain moisture. Methods. Method of regression analysis, method of planning and processing of experimental data using software packages – “Microsoft Office Excel 2010”, Microsoft Visual Studio Community 2015 in C ++, statistical method of processing research results. Results. Regression model of the dependence of the electric capacitance of the capacitor on the working area of the plates of the capacitor of the sensing element and the distance between the plates of the capacitor. Rational values of the parameters of the sensitive element of the grain moisture indicator. Conclusions 1. The NSC “IAEE” has developed a simple and reliable indicator of grain moisture, the principle of which is based on the change in dielectric constant between the plates of the capacitor. 2. A regression model of the dependence of the electric capacitance of the capacitor on the working area of the capacitor plates of the sensing element and the distance between the plates of the capacitor, which allowed to determine that at a capacitor plate area of 200 mm, the rational value of the distance between capacitor plates is 0.69 mm. 3. The values of the rational values of the distance between the plates of the capacitor of the sensitive element of the grain moisture indicator, which are obtained in theoretical calculations and experimental studies, differ by 15%. Keywords: grain, humidity, grain moisture indicator, primary converter, rational parameters.

In this work we presented novel strategy for increasing the performance of popular fluorescent probes on the basis of rhodamine-lactam platform. This strategy is based on the incorporation of probe molecules into the light-harvesting nanoparticles to pump modulated optical signal by Förster resonant energy transfer. Using the commercially available Cu2+ probe as a reference chemical, we have developed an efficient approach to significantly improve its sensing performance. Within obtained nanoparticles coumarin-30 nanoantenna absorbs excitation light and pumps incorporated sensing molecules providing bright fluorescence to a small number of emitters, while changing the probe-analyte equilibrium from liquid-liquid to solid-liquid significantly increased the apparent association constant, which together provided a ~100-fold decrease in the detection limit. The developed nanoprobe allows highly sensitive detection of Cu2+ ions in aqueous media without organic co-solvents usually required for dissolution of the probe, and demonstrate compatibility with inexpensive fluorometers and the ability to detect low concentrations with the naked eye.

Along with the soaring demands for all-solid-state thin-film lithium-ion batteries, the problem of their energy density rise becomes very acute. The solution to this problem can be found in development of 3D batteries. The present work deals with the development of a technology for a 3D solid-state lithium-ion battery (3D SSLIB) manufacturing by plasma-chemical etching and magnetron sputtering technique. The results on testing of experimental samples of 3D SSLIB are presented. It was found that submicron-scale steps appearing on the surface of a 3D structure formed on Si substrate by the Bosch process radically change the crystal structure of the upper functional layers. Such changes can lead to disruption of the layers’ continuity, especially that of the down conductors. It is shown that surface polishing by liquid etching of the SiO2 layer and silicon reoxidation leads to surface smoothing, the replacement of the dendrite structure of functional layers by a block structure, and a significant improvement in the capacitive characteristics of the battery.

Cobalt-containing catalysts are studied via BET, XRD, SEM, and TPR-H2. Their activity in the reaction of carbon dioxide methane conversion and the process of Fischer–Tropsch synthesis is studied. It was shown that unlike impregnation, preparing Co/γ-Al2O3 via solution combustion increases the dispersibility of the active phase of the catalyst and facilitates the reduction of cobalt oxide, which enhances the activity of the catalyst.

We studied the possibility of using composite films representing amorphous silicon reinforced with crystalline inclusions of copper silicide as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries with liquid electrolyte. The films were made by layer-by-layer magnetron sputtering of amorphous silicon and copper, followed by low-temperature (100–200°C) annealing of the structure. The tests of the anodes revealed the effect of prolonged intense growth of their reversible capacity. To describe the effect, a phenomenological model based on the multidirectional migration of silicon and copper atoms in an inhomogeneous field of elastic mechanical stresses arising during electrode cycling is proposed.

In this article on the basis of research results specific features of roughing and semifinish turning of heavy machinery parts by cutting tools with coated hard-alloy cutting plates are generalized. The factors that have a negative impact on the durability of cutting tools, processing performance and energy efficiency of processing at the roughing and semifinish turning of steel parts on heavy lathes are listed. The results of production tests of cutting tools with coated hard-alloy cutting plates of the world's leading manufacturers at the roughing and semifinish turning of steel mill rolls with large roll barrel diameters are analyzed. On the basis of production tests results of cutting tools with cutting plates SCMT 380932 in coated hard alloys manufactured by Pramet, Korloy, Taegu Tec, Canela, Harditalia and other manufacturers at the longitudinal roughing of mill roll barrels in diameter range from 1120 mm to 1590 mm the best performance characteristics were demonstrated by cutting tools with cutting plates of hard alloy 6635 with MT-CVD coating manufactured by Pramet. On the basis of production tests results of cutting tools with cutting plates CNMG 190616 in coated hard alloys of different grades manufactured by Sandvik Coromant, Pramet, Stellram, Iscar, Toshiba Tungaloy, Mitsubishi at the longitudinal semifinish turning of mill rolls of alloy steels in diameter range of barrel from 521 mm to 1300 mm the best performance characteristics were demonstrated by cutting tools with cutting plates of hard alloys GC4005, GC4015, GC4225 manufactured by Sandvik Coromant and hard alloy 6610 manufactured by Pramet. The choice of grades of hard alloys with coating which are most prospected for use in roughing and semifinish turning of steel parts on heavy lathes is ground. As recommended grades of hard alloys from researched area of turning of heavy machinery parts are offered hard alloys GC4005, GC4015, GC4025, GC4035, GC4225 manufactured by Sandvik Coromant and hard alloys 6610, 6635 manufactured by Pramet; the characteristics of these hard alloys, which determine the effectiveness of their use in the researched area of turning are presented., У статті на основі результатів досліджень узагальнені специфічні особливості чорнової та напівчистової токарної обробки деталей важкого машинобудування різцями з твердосплавними різальними пластинами з покриттям. Обґрунтовано вибір марок твердих сплавів з покриттям, найбільш перспективних для використання при чорновій та напівчистовій токарній обробці сталевих деталей на важких верстатах.

A review of the works that we have been carried in the last 5 years on the use of the method of absorption spectroscopy with diode lasers for the diagnosis of hot zone parameters is given. A spectrometer with two lasers operating in different spectral ranges with sufficiently strong absorption lines has been developed for the case of high pressures and gas temperature. The results of the search for optimal lines in different spectral ranges have been presented. The results of laboratory measurements and tests at the experimental power stand at TSAGI Named after Prof. N.E. Zhukovsky have been presented. Approaches to determining the maximum temperature for spatially inhomogeneous hot zones have been discussed. The method of difference spectra and method of fitting the experimental spectrum with the sum of one-temperature spectra have been proposed. The efficiency of the proposed processing algorithms for specific types of hot zones has been shown experimentally.

A kinetic approach to analytically considering the lateral heat transfer through a metal layer located between two massive dielectrics. The effective transverse thermal conductivity of such a layered system with an arbitrary thickness of the metal layer is calculated, and the thicknesses at which the size effect is manifested in thermal conductivity, are found. The transverse heat transfer is also analyzed using the phenomenological two-temperature (2TM) model, i.e. in terms of electron and phonon temperatures. Comparing the results of 2TM and the microscopic approach allows us to find out the conditions under which the frequently used two-temperature approach is not applicable.

The results of depth profiling a four layered Si–O−Al thin film with different concentrations of elements in the layers are presented. Secondary-ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and Rutherford backscattering (RBS) facilities are used to obtain the depth distributions of the element densities in the film. The data of analysis by the SIMS method are used as the initial concentration profiles in processing the Rutherford backscattering spectra using the SIMNRA program. As a result, a model film structure is constructed that describes the spectra of Rutherford backscattering obtained under various experimental measurement conditions, refines the results of analysis by the SIMS method and allows quantitative distributions with respect to the depth of the element concentration and the film density to be obtained.

Active light-emitting all-dielectric nanoantennas recently have demonstrated great potential as highly efficient nanoscale light sources owing to their strong luminescent and Raman responses. However, their large-scale fabrication faces a number of problems related to productivity limits of existing lithography techniques. Thus, high-throughput fabrication strategies allowing in a facile way to tailor of the nanoantenna emission and thermal properties in the process of their fabrication are highly desirable for various applications. Here, we propose a cost-effective approach to large-scale fabrication of Si1−xGex alloyed Mie nanoresonators possessing an enhanced inherent Raman response which can be simply tailored via tuning the Ge concentration. Moreover, by tailoring the relative Ge composition one can gradually change a complex refractive index of the produced Si1−xGex alloy, which affects the ratio between radiative and nonradiative losses in Si1−xGex nanoantennas, which is crucial for optimization of their optical heating efficiency. Composition-tunable Si1−xGex nanoantennas with an optimized size, light-to-heat conversion and Raman response are implemented for non-invasive sensing of 4-aminothiophenol molecules with a temperature feedback modality and high subwavelength spatial resolution. The results are important for advanced multichannel optical sensing, providing information on analyte's composition, analyte-nanoantenna temperature response and spatial position.

The program package GEOCHEQ_Isotope was developed for the simultaneous calculation of chemical and isotope equilibria in hydrothermal and hydrochemical systems by the method of Gibbs free energy minimization. It utilizes the formalism of the β-factor and is a modification of the GEOCHEQ software, which was designed to calculate chemical equilibria. An algorithm was proposed for the calculation of the Gibbs free energy of formation of a rare isotopologue, G*(P, T), from the Gibbs free energy of formation of the main isotopologue, the β-factor of this substance, and the mass ratio of the rare and main isotopes of the element. The ideal mixing of isotopes was assumed. The temperature dependence of the β-factor was unified as a polynomial in reciprocal absolute temperature. The implementation of the software and an appropriate database was illustrated by the example of carbon isotopes. The available information on carbon isotope equilibria involving geochemically important compounds was critically analyzed, and temperature dependences of their β-factors were correspondingly optimized. The thermodynamic database was updated by adding information on the temperature dependence of β-factors specified by eight polynomial coefficients for each substance. The use of the GEOCHEQ_Isotope was exemplified calculating the equilibrium compositions of phases and carbon isotope fractionations in carbonate hydrothermal systems with and without iron at pH ranging from 4 to 11.

XRD, TEM, EXAFS/XANES methods are first used to study the structure and morphology of Mocontaining phases of carbon residues of heavy oil refining during catalytic steam cracking, catalytic cracking without water, and hydrocracking. According to the results obtained from physical and chemical studies of Mo-based catalytic phases, the reaction medium affects structural features of Mo-containing phases, e.g. the amount of oxide and sulphide forms, the particle size, and particle morphology.

Results of an investigation into the development of the composition and fabrication technology of compact billets of the aluminum powder composite material based on the Al–Si–Ni system for space-rocket hardware are presented. The composite production was performed as follows: initially the powder of the matrix alloy is prepared by gas sputtering, and then a mixture of the matrix alloy powder and alloying dispersed additives is subjected to mechanical alloying in high-energy apparatuses. The method of degassing the mechanically alloyed composition in a thin layer (in order to exclude material ejection from a container when degassing a larger volume of powder) and process regimes of composition compaction are developed using the unique equipment available at OAO Kompozit (Korolev, Moscow oblast)—a vacuum press. Using this technology, cylindrical briquettes up to 100 mm in diameter and up to 120 mm in height are fabricated. Newly developed and patented Kompal-301 composite material has substantial advantages over SAS-1-50 power alloy applied for similar purposes. Its thermal linear expansion coefficient is lower by a factor of 1.5, while the precision limit of elasticity is higher by a factor of 2–3 upon similar strength characteristics. The final structure of a compact briquette is a matrix in which dispersed particles of excess silicon are distributed rather uniformly against the background of the aluminum solid solution. Coarser isolated silicon particles are met in separate regions of the structure. Unfortunately, they are the cause of low plasticity of briquettes, which prevents the formation of semifinished products by plastic deformation; however, such low plasticity does not immediately negatively affect the fabrication of the briquettes themselves.

A structural model of LiPON solid electrolyte, containing elements that simulate drift conductivity, diffusion conductivity, and leakage current was proposed. The dependence of the impedance of the structural model on frequency was calculated, and the parameters of the model at which the theoretical curve best approximates the experimental Nyquist diagrams were determined. Based on these data, the ion diffusion coefficient and conductivity of LiPON were calculated, which are D1 = 1.5 × 10−11 cm2/s and σ = 1.9 × 10−6 S/cm, respectively.

A kinetic approach to the heat transport by phonons and magnons through a ferromagnetic insulator (FI) layer located between two massive insulators $({I}_{1}$ and ${I}_{2})$ is analytically considered. The effective transverse heat conductivity of such a layered system with an arbitrary thickness of the FI layer is calculated, and the thickness at which the size effect is manifested in the thermal conductivity is found.

Here, we present the single-step laser-assisted fabrication of anti-reflective hierarchical surface textures on silicon locally functionalized with a photoluminescent (PL) molecular nanolayer. Using femtosecond-laser ablation of commercial crystalline Si wafers placed under a layer of a solution containing rhodamine 6G (R6G) a triethoxysilyl derivative, we fabricated ordered arrays of microconical protrusions with self-organized nanoscale surface morphology. At the same time, the laser-induced temperature increase facilitated surface activation and local binding of the R6G derivative to the as-fabricated nanotextured surface. The produced dual-scale surface textures showed remarkable broadband (visible to near-IR) light-absorbing properties with an averaged reflectivity of around 1%, and the capping molecular nanolayer demonstrated a strongly enhanced PL yield. By performing a pH sensing test using the produced nanotextured substrate, we confirmed the retention of sensory properties of the molecules attached to the surface and validated the potential applicability of the high-performing liquid-assisted laser processing as a key technology for the development of innovative multifunctional sensing devices in which the textured substrate (e.g., ultra-black semiconductor) plays a dual role as a support and PL signal amplifier.

A new scheme for a calibration-free diode laser absorption spectroscopy (DLAS) sensor for measuring the parameters of harsh zones is proposed. The key element of the scheme is a micro-prism retroreflector (MPRR). The MPRR facilitates an increase in the mechanical stability of the sensor and a decrease in the background thermal radiation in the hot areas of a tested zone. Reduction in the broadband thermal emission allowed the application of a differential logarithmic conversion (LC) technique for elimination of the residual amplitude modulation and other sources of non-selective attenuation of the probing laser beam. LC allows the use of a 1f-wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS) detection scheme. Combination of LC and a 1f-WMS algorithm provided a new modification of calibration-free DLAS, which could be particularly useful for probing harsh zones with pronounced strong turbulence and high levels of acoustic and electrical noise. The influence of the experimental parameters and characteristics of the main electronic components of the recording and processing system on the accuracy of the integral line intensity determination is investigated theoretically and experimentally. The proposed optical scheme of a DLAS sensor and algorithm for the data processing allowed the integral intensity of an absorption line to be obtained. The potential for the scheme was exemplified with a single water vapor absorption line at 7185.6 cm&ndash, 1. Simultaneous detection of several absorption lines and data processing using the developed algorithm provides the final goal of a DLAS sensor&mdash, determination of temperature and partial pressure of a test molecule in a probed gas volume. The developed scheme allows the spatial multiplexing of the radiation of different diode lasers (DLs), which can be used if various test molecules are to be detected, or absorption lines of a test molecule are detected over different wavelength intervals.

Sphenothallus specimens are reported for the first time from the Mississippian of Central Russia. All Sphenothallus specimens have a phosphatic composition and a characteristic laminar structure, which is best observable in the thickened lateral parts of a tube. Most of the lamellae in the tube wall are straight, but some have a wavy morphology and a few are so wrinkled that they form hollow “ribs”. The wrinkled lamellae presumably had an originally higher organic content than the straight lamellae. There are borings on the surfaces of some lamellae that are similar in morphology to the bioerosional traces in various hard, biomineral substrates. Lamellae in the inner parts of the tube wall are composed of fibres. The fibres are parallel to the surface of the tube wall and in successive laminae they differ in orientation by irregularly varying angles. It is possible that the plywood microstructure in Sphenothallus was originally organic and was later phosphatized during fossilization. An alternative, but less likely explanation is that the plywood structure was originally mineralized and therefore is comparable to the phosphatic lamello-fibrillar structures of vertebrates.

A model of the appearance of the contact of stressed bodies with raceways in a roller bearing with a polymer coating, method and computer computation program of contact parameters, and contact stresses and endurance of a metal–polymer roller bearing were considered. Results of theoretical and experimental investigations of the contact parameters, distribution of load between rolling elements, and contact stresses and endurance of the metal–polymer roller bearings were presented. An increase of the contact area and redistribution of the load between rolling elements in the metal–polymer roller bearing is shown. This leads to a decrease in the contact stresses and, as a result, to an increase of its endurance as compared with the standard bearing.

We report an easy-to-implement device for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-based detection of various analytes dissolved in water droplets at trace concentrations. The device combines an analyte-enrichment system and SERS-active sensor site, both produced via inexpensive and high-performance direct femtosecond (fs)-laser printing. Fabricated on a surface of water-repellent polytetrafluoroethylene substrate as an arrangement of micropillars, the analyte-enrichment system supports evaporating water droplet in the Cassie&ndash, Baxter superhydrophobic state, thus ensuring delivery of the dissolved analyte molecules towards the hydrophilic SERS-active site. The efficient pre-concentration of the analyte onto the sensor site based on densely arranged spiky plasmonic nanotextures results in its subsequent label-free identification by means of SERS spectroscopy. Using the proposed device, we demonstrate reliable SERS-based fingerprinting of various analytes, including common organic dyes and medical drugs at ppb concentrations. The proposed device is believed to find applications in various areas, including label-free environmental monitoring, medical diagnostics, and forensics.

The layout of an absorption spectrometer with diode lasers for contactless measurement of the temperature and water-vapor concentration in gas flows with mixture pressures of up to 3 atm and temperatures of 300–2000 K has been designed. The technique is based on the rapid tuning of the radiation wavelength of two lasers, the registration of the absorption lines of water molecules that are located in the tuning range, and the fitting of the experimental absorption spectra by theoretical ones that have been simulated using spectroscopic databases. The original components of the spectrometer and different algorithms of the processing of experimental spectra are described. The performance of the spectrometer and processing methods were tested in the laboratory with a cuvette at a pressure of 1 atm and temperatures of 300–1500 K. The different processing algorithms give a reasonable coincidence of data on hot zone parameters that were obtained by the method of diode laser absorption spectrometry, and the temperature that was measured using standard sensors. The designed layout of the spectrometer passed the first tests on the T-131 experimental stand at the TsAGI (Central Aerohydrodynamics Institute).

The results of developing the technology of magnetron sputtering deposition of a LiPON solid electrolyte and an experimental investigation of its characteristics are presented. The basic processing operations and parameters providing the formation of films of the proper morphology, structure, and elemental and phase composition are described. The data of the measurement of the physical parameters of the films by cyclic voltammetry and potentiometry are represented.

Adsorbate vibrational excitations are an important fingerprint of molecule/surface interactions, affecting temperature contributions to the free energy and impacting reaction rate and equilibrium constants. Furthermore, vibrational spectra aid in identifying species and adsorption sites present in experimental studies. Despite their importance, knowledge of how adsorbate frequencies scale across materials is lacking. Here, by combining previously reported experimental data and our own density-functional theory calculations, we reveal linear correlations between vibrational frequencies of adsorbates on transition metal surfaces. Through effective-medium theory, linear muffin-tin orbital theory, and the d-band model, we rationalize the squares of the frequencies to be fundamentally linear in their scaling across transition metal surfaces. We identify the adsorbate-binding energy as a descriptor for certain molecular vibrations and rigorously relate errors in frequencies to errors in adsorption energies. We also discuss the impact of scaling on surface thermochemistry and adsorbate coverage., Vibrational excitations are a fingerprint of molecule–surface interactions, but knowing how they scale across materials is tricky. Here, the authors discover correlations between the vibrational frequencies of adsorbates on transition metals, developing a predictive theory to allow interpretation of complex experimental spectra.

A facile direct deposition approach for the preparation of recyclable Pd/C catalysts simply by stirring a solution of Pd2dba3 with a suitable carbon material was evaluated. An extraordinary rapid catalyst preparation procedure (< 5 min) under mild conditions and its excellent performance in cross-coupling and hydrogenation reactions were demonstrated. The key point for catalyst design was to directly deposit Pd(0) centers onto highly accessible surface area and to avoid ill-defined Pd(II)/Pd(0) states.

The results of experimental studies of the developed polymer material based on AN-110 acrylic adhesive and F-40 elastomer are given. A calibration technique for polymer-coated holes is described. A repair technique for body parts of motor tractor vehicles using the developed polymer material is presented.

Composite coatings based on gold and silver nanoparticles reduced in situ in the film of chitosan polysaccharide are studied. In the presence of hydrogen sulfide, the maximum of plasmon resonance of the nanoparticles that is proportional to the analyte concentration decreases. The detection limits for hydrogen sulfide are 0.1 and 5 ppm for the chitosan/silver and chitosan/gold nanocomposites, respectively.