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The issue related to the possibility of applying the filtration process of young beer with the use of experimental microfiltration polymer semi-permeable membrane elements was considered. It was shown that under modern conditions, it is expedient to use membrane processes of young beer filtration in the brewing industry. The process of membrane treatment of beer can be carried out at the stage of pasteurization of young beer in a cold way. Such actions can be directed to preserve the organoleptic parameters of the final product ‒ filtered beer. An experimental setup for the study of the main technological parameters of membrane processing of young beer was presented. The results of experimental studies of the influence of baric and temperature modes on the performance of nuclear microfiltration polymer membranes were shown. Rational parameters of pressure (0.03–0.05MPa), duration (8–10s-1), and temperature (3...6°С) of the process of membrane filtration of young beer using nuclear microfiltration polymer membranes were determined. The qualitative characteristics of filtered beer obtained by membrane methods were explored. The comparative characteristic of the results of the studies of the qualitative component of resulting beer after microfiltration according to the known requirements and standards for organoleptic indicators was presented. It is found that in terms of filtration rate, selectivity, yeast residue, and other characteristics, nuclear microfiltration polymer membranes are promising for the implementation of the process of microfiltration of young beer. These studies proved the feasibility of further research into improving the process of membrane processing of beer and technical equipment of the beer production line with the development of new equipment.

The object of research: the process of membrane concentration of buttermilk using methods of removing the polarizing layer on the membrane surface. Investigated problem: determination of the effectiveness of methods for eliminating the polarization layer on the membrane surface during membrane concentration of buttermilk. Main scientific results: The results of experimental studies on methods of removing the polarization layer to increase the productivity of ultrafiltration equipment in the process of membrane concentration of buttermilk are presented. Mathematical models are proposed based on the regression equation of a factorial experiment using the elimination of the polarization layer on the membrane to determine the rational operating parameters of the membrane concentration of buttermilk. These parameters were determined: pressure – 0.4 … 0.5 MPa, buttermilk temperature – 40 … 50 °С, speed of pulsating flows – 1.5 … 1.7 m/s, frequency of bubbling of raw materials – 0 , 10 … 0.15 min-1, bubbling pressure – 0.56 … 0.58 MPa. A comparative analysis of the application of the method of vibrational mixing and bubbling of separated non-fat dairy raw materials to eliminate the formation of a polarization layer on the surface of membranes in the process of membrane concentration is presented. Based on the obtained quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the ultrafiltration products, it can be seen that vibrational mixing and bubbling of the processed buttermilk equally intensify the process of membrane concentration of buttermilk. The area of practical use of the research results: enterprises of the dairy industry of the food industry, engaged in waste-free processing of dairy raw materials and its by-products. An innovative technological product: devices for reducing the polarization layer, allowing to increase the performance of membranes in the process of membrane concentration of buttermilk. Scope of application of the innovative technological product: waste-free processing of dairy raw materials at dairies and dairy plants and other food industry enterprises.

A new technique for removing a gel layer from the membrane surface during the ultrafiltration concentration of pectin extract has been considered. An experimental setup has been designed and a procedure for processing the results of studying the process of the concentration of pectin extracts has been devised, using a technique of removing a gel layer from the membrane surface. The paper reports the results of studying the application of a vibration stirring technique to eliminate the gel layer and its effect on membrane performance. Mathematical models have been built and the modes to perform the process of the ultrafiltration of pectin extract by using vibration stirring have been determined. The graphical dependences of the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of pectin concentrate (the concentration of pectin substances and dry substances in the concentrate and permeate) have been given that depend on the input parameters of the temperature and pressure of the ultrafiltration concentration process. An analysis of the given characteristics has made it possible to establish the rational input parameters for the process of concentrating pectin extracts. The rational operating parameters of the process of concentrating pectin extracts when using a new technique for eliminating the gel layer are the filtration pressure of 0.4–0.5MPa, a temperature of 35...45°С, a duration of 1.5–2.0 hours, and a vibration stirring speed of 1.5‒1.7m/s. This study was performed with the aim of intensifying the membrane concentration of pectin extracts, improving the technical level of the concentration process, and implementing the developed technique under industrial conditions. Based on the research results, the expediency of using a new technique for removing the gel layer has been established. Further implementation of these results in the food and processing industry would make it possible to apply them in the production of a wide range of pectin products

The aim of the work is to study the process of membrane concentration of cottage cheese whey, using the bubbling method for decreasing polarization layer formation at the UF-membrane surface. A description of the experimental set and processing method for research results of using the method of fighting against a polarization layer in the process of membrane concentration of protein-carbohydrate milk raw materials are presented. Results of the experimental studies as to using the bubbling method for decreasing polarization layer formation in the process of membrane concentration of cottage cheese whey and its influence on concentration membranes productivity are given. Mathematical models, based on regression equations of factorial experiment with using the method of bubbling separated liquid above the membrane surface for choosing technological parameters of process of membrane concentration of cottage cheese whey, have been constructed. Graphic dependencies of the productivity of ultrafiltration polymer membranes of PAN type depending on initial pressure and temperature parameters of the process of membrane concentration are presented. Rational parameters of membrane concentration of cottage cheese whey using the method of bubbling initial raw materials by gas bubbles, directly close to the concentration membrane surface have been determined. Such parameters are: pressure – 0.4...0.5 МPа, temperature of skimmed milk – 40...50 ºС, skimmed milk bubbling frequency – 0.10...0.15 min-1, bubbling pressure must be 0.56...0.58 МPа. The expedience of using the new-method of gel-layer elimination has been established according to research results

This paper proposes an economical thermal cycle of the production of ceramic articles from submicronic powders of aluminum oxide, titanium oxide, and manganese oxide. The implementation of a given cycle involves the introduction of a special aluminophosphate bond into the charge in order to reduce the temperature of firing. The optimal composition of the material for a foam-ceramic filter with the highest physical and mechanical properties has been determined; the optimal method for preparing the original charge and the baking mode have been selected. According to the results of tests under industrial conditions, the manufactured alumina filters became a decent alternative to known analogs used in aluminum metallurgy for the purification of liquid metal. The application and rational dosage of titanium dioxides, manganese, and aluminum aluminophosphate in porous ceramic compositions on an alumina base have made it possible to significantly reduce the time and, consequently, improve the productivity, of firing. The results obtained were evaluated by the level of maximum temperature in the cycle of heat treatment according to known technologies. Compared to those technologies, the developed technology ensures the growth of firing productivity when implementing the proposed solution by about 220%. It was found that the high true density of ceramic powder requires large dispersion as the relatively large powder particles are significantly worse retained in foam films and settle. At medium (intermediate) temperatures, a large weight loss occurs at a heating rate of 10°C/h. In this case, the decomposition progress changes in proportion to the heating speed. Changing the heating speed with temperature is the most effective technique for deparaffinization in the air. The heating time from the ambient temperature to 200°C significantly decreases. At a certain temperature, prior to the thermal decomposition, the bond would transfer from a strongly viscous state to a liquid state

We determined factors that arise during an arc discharge and detected possibility of their use to accelerate protection against arc closure. This enables creation of a combined device for accurate determination of an arc discharge. In particular, we can expand the spectrum of sensitivity of an optical sensor by the use of ultraviolet radiation without its replacement. We considered possibility of acceleration of response of protection against arc closure operation due to refusal of its blocking with relay circuits for maximum current protection and reduction of an influence of solar radiation on operation of PAC (protection against arc closure). We substantiated possibility of development of a more advanced device for protection against arc circuits, which gives possibility to expand the spectrum of the optical sensor in the region of ultraviolet radiation. We proposed the solution of the problem of increasing of sensitivity of protection against arc closure. This is possible by converting the ultraviolet radiation into a visible part of the optical spectrum, which will expand the spectrum of sensitivity of the optical sensor to the region of ultraviolet radiation and, accordingly, increase its sensitivity. This is due to the fact that 70 % of an arc discharge radiation falls on the ultraviolet region and only 15 % on the visible and infrared spectra of the optical radiation. The obtained results give grounds to assert about possibility of realization of a device of combined protection for determination of arc circuits in industrial production, as well as expansion of spectral sensitivity of optical sensors. In addition, we developed a combined device for determination of an arc discharge through a use of an ultrasound system. Known developments devoted to determination of location of an arc discharge by comparing intensity of a signal from a flash at both ends of the ten-meter optical light conductor are characterized by the fact that the maximum difference between the arrival time of signals from a flash point to sensors at the ends of the optical fibers is 5ns. This is a very low temporal level compared to the light conductor length at the velocity of 300,000 km/s. The system proposed in this study uses the sound velocity, which reaches 342/s, to determine an arc discharge, which simplifies a time measurement device for determination of a short circuit greatly and increases accuracy of time measurement by three orders of magnitude (10 3 ).

The study has helped create a device by developing the design of a sensor to control the fire brightness of a coal burner as well as by using the electronic circuit of an information processing unit. The proposed optical fiber transformer design provides a comparison of the brightness of adjacent areas and the total area of a separate torch, and it increases the viewing angle of the sensor up to 20 degrees. A third channel has been introduced to correct measurements, taking into account the radiation of combustion products that hinder the accuracy of the measurement. The study has determined the radiation spectrum of combustion products in the furnace and their dependence on the temperature of the flame. It has been revealed that the developed optical fiber sensor increases the area of the controlled flame, which increases the accuracy of control. The presence of a “window” in the logic source block will help adapt the device to the temperature and location of burners in the furnace. The design of the optical fiber transformer and some nodes of the electronic unit can be used in the development of serial combustion control devices for coal burners. The use of CCD matrices will help achieve future two-coordinate control of the burner flame and increase the selectivity and performance of the device

Elaboration and improvement of the process of raw material cleaning is an urgent scientifically technical process. The one of most prospective directions of vegetables cleaning process intensification is the elaboration of combined methods of their cleaning. The improvement of tubers cleaning process is based on the combination of thermal processing of sunroot tubers by steam and the process of further mechanical additional cleaning. The experimental studies of the influence of parameters of the process of sunroot thermal processing by steam on a tuber surface layer transformation were carried out. The influence of the steam pressure and the duration of the process of tubers thermal processing on the depth of the thermal processing of tuber surface layer and also on the effectiveness of the peel separation were studied. At the same time there were realized the studies as to the influence of the duration of tubers mechanical additional cleaning process on cleaning quality parameters. The experimental apparatus and correspondent method that allow to carry out investigations of the combined process of sunroot tubers cleaning with a possibility to determine the influence of all its parameters on the percent of raw material losses and cleaning quality were elaborated. Rational regimes of the combined process of sunroot tubers cleaning were established.

The aim of research is studying a new method for intensifying extraction of pectin substances during acid extraction of pectin-containing raw materials. The description of the experimental setup and the procedure for processing the results of the investigation of the application of a new method for intensifying the beet pulp extraction are described. The results of experimental studies on the application of a new combined mixing element for intensifying the extraction of pectin-containing raw materials (beet pulp) and its effect on quantitative and qualitative output characteristics are presented. Mathematical models are constructed on the basis of regression equations of the full factorial experiment with the use of a new method of intensifying the extraction process to select input technological parameters for the extraction of pectin substances from pectin-containing raw materials. The rational operating parameters of the process of extraction of pectin substances with the use of a new combinable stirring element are determined. Such working parameters are: the process duration is 1 ... 1.1, the temperature of the working medium is 60 ... 70 ºС, and the hydromodule is 8 ... 10. The research results can be used to study other technological parameters of the extraction process of pectin substances, as well as to develop a technological line for the production of pectin products.

The structures, processes of shrinkage, and phase composition of the compact system ZrO2-WC, obtained by hot pressing with the transmission of high current, are considered in the article. We found that as a result of compaction, the ZrO2-WC-ceramics have uniform density distribution, with the following optimal mode consolidation values T = 1,350°C, P = 30 MPa and t = 2 min. These conditions allow us to achieve the best combination of ceramic properties by criteria density and strength.