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El módulo resiliente es una medida de la capacidad de un material de almacenar o absorber energía sin que este experimente deformación permanente. Este se determina mediante ensayos triaxiales de carga repetida y es un parámetro importante en el análisis y diseño de pavimentos flexibles. Con su valor es posible predecir la respuesta mecánica del pavimento como esfuerzos, deformaciones y deflexiones. Sin embargo, su obtención es onerosa por los equipos que involucra, razón por la que no todos los laboratorios de materiales cuentan con el ensayo. Debido a esto, los diseñadores de pavimentos recurren a correlaciones para aproximar un valor de módulo resiliente, que generalmente difiere de forma considerable del obtenido con el ensayo. La siguiente investigación tiene como objetivo la estimación de un modelo universal de módulo resiliente para materiales granulares que considere variables relacionadas con los estados de esfuerzo y las características básicas de los materiales. Para ello, se generó un modelo de regresión lineal mediante mínimos cuadrados ordinarios con datos de al menos 13 diferentes materiales granulares. El modelo se validó mediante indicadores estadísticos obteniendo una bondad de ajuste aceptable.

The generalized Langevin equation (GLE) is a universal model for particle velocity in a viscoelastic medium. In this paper, we consider the GLE family with fractional memory kernels. We show that, in the critical regime where the memory kernel decays like $1/t$ for large $t$, the mean squared displacement (MSD) of particle motion grows linearly in time up to a slowly varying (logarithm) term. Moreover, we establish the well-posedness of the GLE in this regime. This solves an open question from [Mckinley 2018 Anomalous] and completes the answer to the conjecture put forward in [Morgado 2002 Relation] on the relationship between memory kernel decay and anomalously diffusive behavior. Under slightly stronger assumptions on the memory kernel, we construct an Abelian-Tauberian framework that leads to robust bounds on the deviation of the MSD around its asymptotic trend. This bridges the gap between the GLE memory kernel and the spectral density of anomalously diffusive particle motion characterized in [Didier 2017 Asymptotic].

NNIL-formulas, introduced by Visser in 1983–1984 in a study of $\varSigma _1$-subsitutions in Heyting arithmetic, are intuitionistic propositional formulas that do not allow nesting of implication to the left. The first results about these formulas were obtained in a paper of 1995 by Visser et al. In particular, it was shown that NNIL-formulas are exactly the formulas preserved under taking submodels of Kripke models. Recently, Bezhanishvili and de Jongh observed that NNIL-formulas are also reflected by the colour-preserving monotonic maps of Kripke models. In the present paper, we first show how this observation leads to the conclusion that NNIL-formulas are preserved by arbitrary substructures not necessarily satisfying the topo-subframe condition. Then, we apply it to construct universal models for NNIL. It follows from the properties of these universal models that NNIL-formulas are also exactly the formulas that are reflected by colour-preserving monotonic maps. By using the method developed in constructing the universal models, we give a new direct proof that the logics axiomatized by NNIL-axioms have the finite model property.

Microbial populations often have complex spatial structures, with homogeneous competition holding only at a local scale. Population structure can strongly impact evolution, in particular by affecting the fixation probability of mutants. Here, we propose a model of structured microbial populations on graphs, where each node of the graph contains a well-mixed deme whose size can fluctuate, and where migrations are independent from birth and death events. We study analytically and numerically the mutant fixation probabilities in different structures, in the rare migration regime. In particular, we demonstrate that the star graph continuously transitions between amplifying and suppressing natural selection as migration rate asymmetry is varied. This elucidates the apparent paradox in existing constant-size models on graphs, where the star is an amplifier or a suppressor depending on the details of the dynamics or update rule chosen, e.g. whether each birth event precedes or follows a death event. The celebrated amplification property of the star graph for large populations is preserved in our model, for specific migration asymmetry. We further demonstrate a general mapping between our model and constant-size models on graphs, under a constraint on migration rates, which directly stems from assuming constant size. By lifting this constraint, our model reconciles and generalizes previous results, showing that migration rate asymmetry is key to determining whether a given population structure amplifies or suppresses natural selection.

In modern conditions, the financial condition and financial results of any industry specialization (including the sphere of education services, production of vehicles, the sphere of transport services, etc.) are influenced by both macroeconomic factors (socio-economic situation and conditions in the country, the state of current legislation, inflation and the instability of the ruble, economic sanctions), and microeconomic (lack of capital, lack of qualified personnel, unreliable suppliers, instability of demand for products sold, ineffective management, unstable sales), which exacerbates the problem of digital maturity of the region to adapt performance efficiency. Timely identification of factors affecting the financial results and efficiency of activities (educational, economic, trade, etc.), the subsequent development of management decisions contribute to the improvement of digital processes of the quality of activities, increase the profitability of the enterprise. Development of a universal algorithm for monitoring digital maturity of performance and development of management decisions. The final stage in the formation of digital maturity of the effectiveness of the OA Ural-Business-Education is to monitor performance indicators, which are profitability indicators. Expansion of the specialization of activities (training centers, educational centers, a dealer network, business trainings, training centers, retraining of personnel) and a range of services. According to the results of the study, the assessment of "digital readiness" of the effectiveness of the OA Ural-Business-Education showed the problem of reducing the indicators of profitability. The reason for this was ineffective pricing policy, underpricing for participation in government contracts, and a high share of variable costs in the cost. It is possible to solve these problems with the help of training service centers, dealerships that sell road equipment not only under government contracts, but also for business, representing the interests of OA Ural-Business-Education. Conclusion. As a result of the study, “smart” practical recommendations were developed aimed at increasing the digital maturity of the region to adapt the performance efficiency. The proposed "smart" recommendations for expanding the activities of training service centers, dealer services and changing the pricing policy of OA Ural-Business-Education for the planning period can be applied in activities., В современных условиях на финансовое состояние и финансовые результаты деятельности любой отраслевой специализации (включая сферу услуг образования, производства транспортных средств, сферы транспортных услуг и др.) оказывают влияние как макроэкономические факторы (социально-экономическая ситуация и условия в стране, состояние действующего законодательства, инфляция и неустойчивость рубля, экономические санкции), так и микроэкономические (недостаточность капитала, необеспеченность квалифицированными кадрами, ненадежные поставщики, нестабильность спроса на реализуемую продукцию, неэффективный менеджмент, нестабильный объем продаж), что обостряет проблему цифровой зрелости региона для адаптации эффективности деятельности. Своевременное выявление факторов, воздействующих на финансовые результаты и эффективность деятельности (образовательной, экономической, торговой и др.), последующая разработка управленческих решений способствуют улучшению цифровых процессов качества деятельности, повышению рентабельности предприятия. Разработка универсального алгоритма мониторинга цифровой зрелости эффективности деятельности и разработки управленческих решений. Завершающим этапом формирования цифровой зрелости эффективности деятельности ОА Урал-Бизнес-Образование является проведение мониторинга индикаторов эффективности, в качестве которых выступают показатели рентабельности. Расширение специализации деятельности (учебные центры, образовательные центры, дилерская сеть, бизнес-тренинги, центры повышения квалификации, переподготовка кадров) и спектра услуг. По результатам проведенного исследования оценка «цифровой готовности» эффективности деятельности ОА Урал-Бизнес-Образование показала проблему снижения показателей рентабельности деятельности. Причиной этого стала неэффективная ценовая политика, занижение цены для участия в государственных контрактах, и высокая доля переменных затрат в составе себестоимости. Решить эти проблемы возможно с помощью деятельности обучающих центров сервисного обслуживания, дилерских центров, которые продают дорожную технику не только по государственным контрактам, но и для бизнеса, представляя интересы ОА Урал-Бизнес-Образование. Заключение. В результате исследования разработаны «умные» практические рекомендации, направленные на повышение цифровой зрелости региона для адаптации эффективности деятельности. Предложенные «умные» рекомендации по расширению деятельности обучающих центров сервисного обслуживания, дилерских услуг и изменению ценовой политики ОА Урал-Бизнес-Образование на плановый период могут быть применены в деятельности.

The focusing NLS equation is the simplest universal model describing the modulation instability (MI) of quasi monochromatic waves in weakly nonlinear media, considered the main physical mechanism for the appearance of rogue (anomalous) waves (RWs) in Nature. In this paper we study, using the finite gap method, the NLS Cauchy problem for periodic initial perturbations of the unstable background solution of NLS exciting just one of the unstable modes. We distinguish two cases. In the case in which only the corresponding unstable gap is theoretically open, the solution describes an exact deterministic alternate recurrence of linear and nonlinear stages of MI, and the nonlinear RW stages are described by the 1-breather Akhmediev solution, whose parameters, different at each RW appearance, are always given in terms of the initial data through elementary functions. If the number of unstable modes is >1, this uniform in t dynamics is sensibly affected by perturbations due to numerics and/or real experiments, provoking O(1) corrections to the result. In the second case in which more than one unstable gap is open, a detailed investigation of all these gaps is necessary to get a uniform in $t$ dynamics, and this study is postponed to a subsequent paper. It is however possible to obtain the elementary description of the first nonlinear stage of MI, given again by the Akhmediev 1-breather solution, and how perturbations due to numerics and/or real experiments can affect this result.

The Visser rules form a basis of admissibility for the intuitionistic propositional calculus. We show how one can characterise the existence of covers in certain models, by means of formulae. Through this characterisation, we provide a new proof of the admissibility of a weak form of the Visser rules. Finally, we use this observation, coupled with a description of a generalisation of the disjunction property, to provide a basis of admissibility for the intermediate logics BD2 and GSc.

Even with simple “toy” models, one can explain some interesting observations. The most important point is to choose the proper assumptions and then, using these assumptions, construct the model and compare its behaviour with experimental observations. We will start with simple models and proceed with the more universal model of the growth developed by Ludwig von Bertalanffy.

У процесі розробки електронних систем на різних етапах розробки показники надійності оцінюються з різним ступенем точності. Уточнений розрахунок надійності на етапі робочого проектування проводиться з урахуванням умов експлуатації, факторів навколишнього середовища та фактичних коефіцієнтів електричного навантаження радіоелементів. «Керівні принципи для розрахунку надійності пристроїв і систем», що діють в даний час на підприємствах, вважають, що всі відмови радіоелементів вважаються катастрофічними (раптовими). Це не враховує процеси зносу елементів і погіршення параметрів, тобто процес поступового виходу з ладу радіоелементів. Отримані оцінки надійності є песимістичними (оцінки показників надійності значно занижені – помилки оцінки варіюються від 30% до 80%), що змушує розробників вводити додаткову непотрібну надмірність в структуру проектованої системи. Також значно збільшується необхідна кількість запасних частин для роботи системи. У роботі запропоновано нову універсальну модель відмов виробів електронного обладнання (далі - радіоелементи), яка враховує раптові і поступові відмови. Універсальна модель побудована з використанням композиції експоненціального і дифузійного немонотонного розподілу відмов радіоелементів. Розроблено метод визначення параметрів універсальної моделі відмов, який дозволяє апроксимувати узагальнену криву інтенсивності відмов радіоелементів (узагальнену криву інтенсивності відмов «ванна надійності»).Це дозволяє використовувати статистичні дані щодо надійності, які систематизовані в «Довіднику щодо надійності електронних виробів (радіоелементів)». Авторами визначені аналітичні вирази для імовірності безвідмовної роботи, функції розподілу, щільності розподілу і частоти відмов універсальної математичної моделі відмов радіоелементів. Для практичного застосування були розроблені три типи номограм. Запропонований метод визначення параметрів універсальної математичної моделі відмов радіоелементів дозволяє розробникам: розробити математичні моделі надійності електронних систем в процесі проектування з урахуванням раптових і поступових відмов елементів; проводити розрахунки показників надійності, довговічності приладів та кількості запасних частин з високою точністю і надійністю; прибрати зайву надмірність під час проектування радіоелектронних систем; знизити до 30-40 відсотків обсягу необхідної кількості запасних частин для технічної експлуатації систем.

This paper presents a universal model of weighted coordinate transformation, i.e. transformation considering the errors of coordinates in both coordinate systems. It is intrinsically one of the typical examples of 'error-in-variables' (EIV) models. The proposed method of LS theory application on weighted coordinate transformation does not impose any constraints on the form of functional relationship among stochastic variables. Since the basic idea is to generalise Gauss-Markov model (GMM) by introduction of so-called 'total residuals', the proposed procedure is named 'Generalised Gauss-Markov model'. Formulation of expressions for estimation of unknown transformation parameters is theoretically confirmed using the Gauss-Helmert model (GHM) and three different modifications of the GMM. The proposed procedure is in its essence a strict solution to total least-squares (unweighted) and weighted total least-squares problem in coordinate transformation. This thesis is experimentally confirmed by comparison of its results with those found in four characteristic examples from the literature.

Background Peritumoral inflammation—a response mainly involving polimorphonuclear neutrophils—has traditionally been thought protumoral in its effects. In recent years, however, a number of studies have indicated that it may play an important antitumoral role. This discrepancy has been difficult to explain. Methods and findings This work describes a tool for simulating tumor growth that obeys the universal model of tumor growth dynamics, and shows through its use that low intensity peritumoral inflammation exerts a protumoral effect, while high intensity inflammation exerts a potent antitumoral effect. Indeed, the simulation results obtained indicate that a sufficiently strong antitumoral effect can reverse tumor growth, as has been suggested several times in the clinical literature. Conclusions The present result indicate that an ‘immunological threshold’ must exist, marking the boundary between states in which peritumoral inflammation is either harmful or beneficial. These findings lend support to the idea that stimulating intense peritumoral inflammation could be used as a treatment against solid tumors.

The accuracy of quantitative models for near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is dependent upon calibration samples with concentration variations. Conventional sample-collection methods have shortcomings (especially time-consumption), which creates a "bottleneck" in the application of NIR models for Process Analytical Technology (PAT) control. We undertook a study to solve the problem of sample collection for construction of NIR quantitative models. Amoxicillin and potassium clavulanate oral dosage forms (ODFs) were used as examples. The aim of this study was to find an approach to construct NIR quantitative models rapidly using a NIR spectral library based on the idea of a universal model. The NIR spectral library of amoxicillin and potassium clavulanate ODFs was defined and comprised the spectra of 377 batches of samples produced by 26 domestic pharmaceutical companies, including tablets, dispersible tablets, chewable tablets, oral suspensions, and granules. The correlation coefficient (rT) was used to indicate the similarities of the spectra. The calibration sets of samples were selected from a spectral library according to the median rT of the samples to be analyzed. The rT of the samples selected was close to the median rT. The difference in rT of these samples was 1.0-1.5%. We concluded that sample selection was not a problem when constructing NIR quantitative models using a spectral library compared with conventional methods of determining universal models. Sample spectra with a suitable concentration range in NIR models were collected rapidly. In addition, the models constructed through this method were targeted readily.

Polynomial model adopted for the moisture content influence to the drying rate of non-hygroscopic products like the pozzolana presented some limits. This model was not universal and has diverged whether moisture content different to the appropriate experiment values has been used. Thus, a new exponential model based on the inverse of moisture content and respecting to the imposed boundary conditions has been proposed. Model parameters were determined using the least square approximation method of Newton-Marquart. The predicted temporal variations of moisture content were provided from the Runge-Kutta fourth order integration scheme computed on the new model of drying rate. Moreover, two-way ANOVA method was performed on data analysis, at the parameters statistical significance and in residual analysis for the model fit quality. Model validations were done by comparisons among theoretical and experimental values and between predicted and polynomial models. Comparisons showed a good agreement with highest R2 and lowest reduced chi-square, MBE, RMSE, and MAPE.

International audience; Measurement-based quantum computing (MBQC) is a universal model for quantum computation. The combinatorial characterisation of determinism in this model, powered by measurements, and hence, fundamentally probabilistic, is the cornerstone of most of the breakthrough results in this field. The most general known sufficient condition for a deterministic MBQC to be driven is that the underlying graph of the computation has a particular kind of flow called Pauli flow. The necessity of the Pauli flow was an open question. We show that the Pauli flow is necessary for real-MBQC, and not in general providing counterexamples for (complex) MBQC. We explore the consequences of this result for real MBQC and its applications. Real MBQC and more generally real quantum computing is known to be universal for quantum computing. Real MBQC has been used for interactive proofs by McKague. The two-prover case corresponds to real-MBQC on bipartite graphs. While (complex) MBQC on bipartite graphs are universal, the universality of real MBQC on bipartite graphs was an open question. We show that real bipartite MBQC is not universal proving that all measurements of real bipartite MBQC can be parallelised leading to constant depth computations. As a consequence, McKague techniques cannot lead to two-prover interactive proofs.

We consider the generic unfolding of a diffeomorphism on a compact C∞ manifold that is Morse–Smale except for one non-hyperbolic periodic orbit being a codimension n saddle-node (one eigenvalue is 1, the other eigenvalues have norm different from 1). Local and global bifurcations are described. We characterize structural stability of the unfolding, depending on the codimension. A universal model of the unfolding is given when there is stability. Dynamical behaviour is analysed in other cases.

For liquid foods, the concentration of alcohol diminishes throughout cooking as a power law function of the volume. The exponent, β, governing the steepness of the concentration decay is so far only determined for food of fixed composition. Results for a systematic study of the effect of common food components are provided. The results support the power law function as a universal model for loss of alcohol and indicate that food components slightly enhance volatility of alcohol as seen by higher values of β. The results provide insight for the professional chef as well as the industrial practitioner.

This paper proposes a simple model for image restoration with mixed or unknown noises. It can handle image restoration without assuming any prior knowledge of the noise distribution. It is particularly useful for solving real-life image restoration problems, since under various constraints, images are always degraded with mixed noise and it is impossible to determine what type of noise is involved. The proposed model can remove mixed-type noises as well as unknown noises and at the same time also works comparably well against the model whose data fitting term is designed for a specific given noise type. While most of the existing methods for image restoration are designed specifically for a given type of noise, ours appears to be the first universal model for handling image restoration with various mixed noises and unknown noises. Extensive simulations on synthetic data show that our method is effective and robust in restoring images contaminated by additive Gaussian noise, Poisson noise, random-valued im...

The universality of the shape of the species–area relationship (SAR) is subject to regular debate. Recently, Storch et al. (2012) argued that species–area relationships collapse into a single curve at continental scales after the axes are rescaled adjusting the area-axis being to the mean range size of species and the species-axis to the species richness of an area equal to mean range size. It has been claimed that this rescaling generates a universal model, invariant of taxon and continent, and that it is driven by differences in range sizes. Here, we test the universality of the rescaled SAR across scales smaller than the continental level, using presence data for plants, birds and butterflies. We also test an alternative rescaling approach, by using the total extent of the study area and total species richness. At the scales analysed here, we found that the proposed rescaling by Storch et al. adjusts for differences in the extent of the study area and for variation in gamma diversity. Consequently, while the rescaled curves were closely aligned, they did not converge into a single curve. The observed remaining variation is independent of scale and biogeographical region, and is correlated with beta diversity; thus, it reflects the differentiation of species composition in space.

When no single universal model for a set of structures exists at a given cardinal, then one may ask in which models of set theory does there exist a small family which embeds the rest. We show that for ?+-graphs (? regular) omitting cliques of some finite or uncountable cardinality, it is consistent that there are small universal families and 2? > ?+. In particular, we get such a result for triangle-free graphs.

We consider two-sided ideals of semirings. More precisely, we study the theory of two-sided ideals in the signature consisting of the predicate symbol ⊆ and three function symbols that denote the multiplication, right division, and left division of ideals. We prove that the set of those atomic formulas in this signature that are valid for all semirings and all valuations is decidable.

Full bloom dates of the ‘Someiyoshino’ flowering cherry (Prunus×yedoensis Matsum.) and hourly temperature data at 46 observatories across Japan were used to develop a universal model for predicting the phenology without site specific calibration. The prediction model consisted of three sub models for endodormancy and ecodormancy stages respectively, as well as their transient dormancy stage. The chill unit model of the endodormancy stage was expressed as a concave-low parabolic equation with a maximum chill unit value of 1.0 optimal temperature. In ecodormancy, the effective temperature curve for bud growth to accumulate the growing degree hours (GDH) was expressed as a sigmoid function at temperatures exceeding 0℃. Usually temperatures below 0℃ are excluded for GDH accumulation; however, in this model a positive constant was included assuming the promotive effects on bud growth under successively higher temperatures. Since the transition from endodormancy to ecodormancy should be a gradual response, the GDH was weighted by another sigmoid curve of growth competence which determined the growth ability of buds to forcing temperatures. The growth competence was zero during the initial stage of endodormacny and started gradually climbing before the end of endodormancy. The model parameters were evaluated by examining the deviation of accumulated GDH and RMSE between the observed and predicted dates. First, the model was fitted to different climate sites, Aomori and Fukuoka, and then tested at other sites nationwide. The selected model required an accumulated chill unit of 1450 for endodormancy completion with an effective temperature range from -6 to 14℃, and then the accumulated development of 6000 GDH to reach full bloom. The model, based on hourly temperature data only, succeeded in expressing the trends of full bloom dates for almost all sites except for southern Kyushu region, with the RMSE between observed and predicted dates of 2.33 days.

International audience; The efficiency of any application involving a liquid spray is known to be highly dependent on the spray characteristics, and mainly, on the drop-diameter distribution. There is therefore a crucial need of models allowing the prediction of this distribution. However, atomization processes are partially known and so far a universal model is not available. For almost thirty years, models based on the Maximum Entropy Formalism have been proposed to fulfill this task. This paper presents a review of these models emphasizing their similarities and differences, and discusses expectations of the use of this formalism to model spray drop-size distribution.

In this article, we study the canonical model for the closed fragment of GLP and establish its precise relationship with a universal model constructed by Ignatiev. In particular, we effectively characterize the canonical model in terms of a coordinate system based on sequences of ordinals up to e0.We then define a simple topological model of this logic by defining a natural polytopology on the ordinal e0 itself.

As a counterexample of the Euler condition for nonholonomic constraint problems [H. C. Shen, Acta Phys. Sin. 54, 2468 (2005)], we investigate the Apell–Hamel dynamical system on a horizontally moving plate. The inconsistency of the results with Newton mechanics suggests that the Euler condition is not a universal model for nonlinear nonholonomic systems. This is attributed to the fact that the virtual displacements so obtained are not normal to the constraint forces.

The multi-fractal properties of surface air temperature over China are studied through Multi-fractal detrended fluctuation analysis (MF-DFA). It is shown that there indeed exists the multi-fractal phenomenon in daily surface air temperature time series, reflecting a great deal of fluctuations at various time scales. The multi-fractal properties can be characterized very well by a universal generalized binomial multiplicative cascade model with only two parameters a and b . For different stations, the width of singularity spectrum f ( α ) is different, indicating different strengths of temperature multi-fractal behavior from station to station.

This paper describes a concept-based question analysis to analyze concept which is more important than keyword for the accurate answer extraction. Our idea is that we can extract correct answers from various paragraphs with different structures when we use well-defined concepts because concepts occurred in questions of same answer type are similar. That is, we will analyze the syntactic and semantic role of each word or phrase in a question in order to extract more relevant documents and more accurate answer in them. For each answer type, we define a concept frame which is composed of concepts commonly occurred in that type of questions and analyze user`s question by filling a concept frame with a word or phrase. Empirical results show that our concept-based question analysis can extract more accurate answer than any other conventional approach. Also, concept-based approach has additional merits that it is language universal model, and can be combined with arbitrary conventional approaches.

espanolCon base en la teoria de diagramas de bloques de un sistema de control por realimentacion, se establece la estructura de los sistemas auto organizados como modelo universal de sinergia. EnglishWith base in the theory of diagrams of blocks of a control system for feedback, it settles down the structure of the systems auto-organizing like universal model of synergy.

Human decomposition is a complex biological process driven by an array of variables which are not clearly understood. The medico-legal community have long been searching for a reliable method to establish the post-mortem interval (PMI) for those whose deaths have either been hidden, or gone un-noticed. To date, attempts to develop a PMI estimation method based on the state of the body either at the scene or at autopsy have been unsuccessful. One recent study has proposed that two simple formulae, based on the level of decomposition humidity and temperature, could be used to accurately calculate the PMI for bodies outside, on or under the surface worldwide. This study attempted to validate 'Formula I' [1] (for bodies on the surface) using 42 Canadian cases with known PMIs. The results indicated that bodies exposed to warm temperatures consistently overestimated the known PMI by a large and inconsistent margin for Formula I estimations. And for bodies exposed to cold and freezing temperatures (less than 4°C), then the PMI was dramatically under estimated. The ability of 'Formulae II' to estimate the PMI for buried bodies was also examined using a set of 22 known Canadian burial cases. As these cases used in this study are retrospective, some of the data needed for Formula II was not available. The 4.6 value used in Formula II to represent the standard ratio of time that burial decelerates the rate of decomposition was examined. The average time taken to achieve each stage of decomposition both on, and under the surface was compared for the 118 known cases. It was found that the rate of decomposition was not consistent throughout all stages of decomposition. The rates of autolysis above and below the ground were equivalent with the buried cases staying in a state of putrefaction for a prolonged period of time. It is suggested that differences in temperature extremes and humidity levels between geographic regions may make it impractical to apply formulas developed in one region to any other region. These results also suggest that there are other variables, apart from temperature and humidity that may impact the rate of human decomposition. These variables, or complex of variables, are considered regionally specific. Neither of the Universal Formulae performed well, and our results do not support the proposition of Universality for PMI estimation.

We consider dictionary-based signal decompositions with group sparsity, a variant of structured sparsity. We point out that the group sparsity-inducing constraint alone may not be sufficient in some cases when we know that some bigger groups or so-called supergroups cannot vanish completely. To deal with this problem we introduce the notion of relative group sparsity preventing the supergroups from vanishing. In this paper we formulate practical criteria and algorithms for relative group sparsity as applied to non-negative matrix factorization and investigate its potential benefit within the on-the-fly audio source separation framework we recently introduced. Experimental evaluation shows that the proposed relative group sparsity leads to performance improvement over group sparsity in both supervised and semi-supervised on-the-fly audio source separation settings.

By fixing all parameters in a phylogenetic likelihood model except for one branch length, one obtains a one-dimensional likelihood function. In this work, we introduce a mathematical framework to characterize the shapes of such one-dimensional phylogenetic likelihood functions. This framework is based on analyses of algebraic structures on the space of all frequency patterns with respect to a polynomial representation of the likelihood functions. Using this framework, we provide conditions under which the one-dimensional phylogenetic likelihood functions are guaranteed to have at most one stationary point, and this point is the maximum likelihood branch length. These conditions are satisfied by common simple models including all binary models, the Jukes-Cantor model and the Felsenstein 1981 model. We then prove that for the simplest model that does not satisfy our conditions, namely, the Kimura 2-parameter model, the one-dimensional likelihood functions may have multiple stationary points. As a proof of concept, we construct a non-degenerate example in which the phylogenetic likelihood function has two local maxima and a local minimum. To construct such examples, we derive a general method of constructing a tree and sequence data with a specified frequency pattern at the root. We then extend the result to prove that the space of all rescaled and translated one-dimensional phylogenetic likelihood functions under the Kimura 2-parameter model is dense in the space of all non-negative continuous functions on $[0, \infty)$ with finite limits. These results indicate that one-dimensional likelihood functions under advanced evolutionary models can be more complex than it is typically assumed by phylogenetic inference algorithms; however, these complexities can be effectively captured by the Kimura 2-parameter model., Comment: 31 pages, 5 figures

Kolmogorov complexity measures the amount of information in data, but does not distinguish structure from noise. Kolmogorov’s definition of the structure function was the first attempt to measure only the structural information in data, by measuring the complexity of the smallest model that allows for optimal compression of the data. Since then, many variations of this idea have been proposed, for which we use sophistication as an umbrella term. We describe two fundamental problems with existing proposals, showing many of them to be unsound. Consequently, we put forward the view that the problem is fundamental: it may be impossible to objectively quantify the sophistication.

The normal values for cardiac dimensions in dogs and cats have been the subject of many studies for the last two decades. Due to the considerable phenotypical differences characterizing the canine species, creating a universal model for normal values has remained a challenge for a long time. Recently, several publications have suggested new models that now meet this challenge. Moreover, attempts have finally been made to better evaluate the complex heart cavity anatomy by using not only linear dimensions, but also cross-sectional areas and volumes. Evaluation of ventricular volumes, as well as the systolic and diastolic functions indices, is discussed in Part 3.

We show that “all” cosymplectic manifolds can be obtained by reduction from a universal cosymplectic manifold R × T∗( R N × Tk). We also prove a corresponding equivariant version.

We propose a language which can express every computable query. The language is syntactically based on the first-order predicate calculus, but semantically is interpreted as post-conditions, unlike the customary calculus query languages. The language has a capability to restrict itself to reasonable queries, accepting criteria of reasonability as a parameter.

International audience; There is general consensus that the minimization of the secondary torque of the hand provides a universal model for explaining the force sharing patterns among the fingers. Since biomechanical secondary axes of the hand are unchanged in extension, it appears relevant to validate this model for finger extension forces. Fifteen subjects performed flexion and extension forces in a four-finger task. Each fingertip force was expressed in percentage of the force produced by an individual finger force over the resultant four-finger force (force sharing), and the point of force application of the resultant force was calculated (neutral line). The force-sharing pattern was different for flexion and extension. The index and ring fingers were equally involved, regardless of the task. The neutral line was located differently in flexion and extension, and for proximal and distal force application in extension. The mode of control of the finger redundancy was specific to the force production in flexion and extension. In flexion, the principle of minimization of secondary torque was confirmed. This was not observed in extension. We concluded that the minimization of the secondary torque is not a universal mode of control of the finger redundancy.

We test a recently proposed model of commuting networks on 80 case studies from different regions of the world (Europe and United-States) and with geographic units of different sizes (municipality, county, region). The model takes as input the number of commuters coming in and out of each geographic unit and generates the matrix of commuting flows betwen the geographic units. We show that the single parameter of the model, which rules the compromise between the influence of the distance and job opportunities, follows a universal law that depends only on the average surface of the geographic units. We verified that the law derived from a part of the case studies yields accurate results on other case studies. We also show that our model significantly outperforms the two other approaches proposing a universal commuting model (Balcan et al. (2009); Simini et al. (2012)), particularly when the geographic units are small (e.g. municipalities)., Comment: 11 pages, 5 figures

At present, the ruled surface's multi-axis manufacture is a hot research direction, but its universal mathematic model as key theory problem hasn't been established so far. To solve the problem of ruled surface's manufacture with four-axis linkage machine, we worked out the intersection line between the lateral surface and the horizontal plane of upper-lower guiding device through geometry method, and then established the universal mathematical model to manufacture the lateral surface of the work pieces under the condition that the lower guide is fixed. To verify the exactness of the model, we took the four-edge frustum and triangle-circle frustum as example. The model has universal use value in guiding practical manufacturing.

The Entropy Theory of Perception of Professor K.H. Norwich and various collaborators spans 1975 to 2010. Thirty-five years is a surprisingly long publication life for a mathematical model of perception. Its longevity is no doubt related to its unusual ability to provide derivations, from pure theory, of a large cadre of well-established empirical relations of psychophysics, referred to by Norwich et al. as „laws“. Norwich et al.’s work involves computational biology, because they always started their derivations using the same base equation, whose utility was justified through curve-fitting to various kinds of empirical data (see Norwich, 1993). Norwich et al. intended the scope of their theory to be vast, and so the present paper focuses on just one particular set of derivations. Few people offer firstprinciples derivations of natural relations, making such derivations all the more demanding of our attention. At „Fechner Day 96“, the 12th Annual Meeting of the International Society for Psychophysics, W. Wong and K.H. Norwich introduced „Weber fraction and reaction time from the neural entropy“. Therein they showcased what appeared to be two long-overdue breakthroughs: the first-principles derivation of Riesz’s equation for auditory just-noticeable intensity differences (Riesz, 1928), and the first-principles derivation of Pieron’s empirical relation for the minimum time required for a human subject to signal their perception of a newly presented auditory or visual stimulus (Pieron, 1952). The Wong and Norwich breakthroughs were allowed by a „universal model of single-unit sensory receptor action“ presented in a previous paper (Norwich & Wong, 1995). The present paper summarizes the latter work, as an introduction to Norwich et al.’s Entropy Theory, and then proceeds to scrutinize the Wong and Norwich (1996) derivations. In so doing, it reveals that, unfortunately, the algebra of Wong and Norwich (1996) conceals hidden assumptions, unjustified simplifications, and outright mistakes, which had not been brought to public attention. The problems prove to be uncorrectable. This is all the more important because several of the derivations produced in Wong and Norwich (1996) were presented again later, in Wong and Figueiredo (2002). The problems with the Wong and Norwich (1996) and Wong and Figueiredo (2002) derivations are instructional, as they illustrate just how easily

The article describes universal model for creating algorithms for calculating textural image features. The proposed models are used for images that are realizations of Markov Random Field. Experimental classification results are shown for different images sets.

It is shown that if T is stable unsuperstable, and aleph_1< lambda =cf(lambda)< 2^{aleph_0}, or 2^{aleph_0} < mu^+< lambda =cf(lambda)< mu^{aleph_0} then T has no universal model in cardinality lambda, and if e.g. aleph_omega < 2^{aleph_0} then T has no universal model in aleph_omega. These results are generalized to kappa =cf(kappa) < kappa (T) in the place of aleph_0. Also: if there is a universal model in lambda >|T|, T stable and kappa < kappa (T) then there is a universal tree of height kappa +1 in cardinality lambda .

We are considering typed hierarchies of total, continuous functionals using complete, separable metric spaces at the base types. We pay special attention to the so called Urysohn space constructed by P. Urysohn. One of the properties of the Urysohn space is that every other separable metric space can be isometrically embedded into it. We discuss why the Urysohn space may be considered as the universal model of possibly infinitary outputs of algorithms. The main result is that all our typed hierarchies may be topologically embedded, type by type, into the corresponding hierarchy over the Urysohn space. As a preparation for this, we prove an effective density theorem that is also of independent interest., Comment: 21 pages

We extend and generalize the work on unifiability of [8]. We give a semantic characterization for unifiability and non-unifiability in the extensions of K4. We apply this in particular to extensions of KD4, GL and K4.3 to obtain a syntactic characterization and give a concrete decision procedure for unifiability for those logics. For that purpose we use universal models.

This paper will report on an extension of the framework of Natural Phonology in the area of syl- lable phonology and phonotactics. In particular, it will present a universal model of phonotactics constructed within Beats-and-Binding Phonology (B&B Phonology, cf. Dziubalska-Kołaczyk 2002) – a syllable-less theory of phonology embedded in Natural Phonology. The thrust of the theory is the claim that intersegmental cohesion determines syllable structure, rather than being determined by it (if one insists on the notion of the “syllable” which is epiphenomenal here). The core of B&B phonotactics is the Net Auditory Distance Principle, according to which phonologi- cal naturalness of clusters can be evaluated.

Let w(λ) be an operator function, holomorphic in the domain Ω, with a reproducing kernel that is Hermitian positive with respect to the semiplane. Then w(λ) coincides with the characteristic function (c.f.) of a pencil λA+B of bounded operators, where the pencil is determined up to unitary equivalence. A connection between the invariants of the pencil and the divisors of its characteristic function is established. A universal model of an arbitrary pencil and a triangular model under the condition AB*+BA* ∈ σw are constructed.

This paper will examine universality spectra for relational theories which cannot be described in first-order logic. We will give a method using functors to show that two types of structures have the same universality spectrum. A combination of methods will be used to show universality results for certain ordered structures and graphs. In some cases, a universal spectrum under GCH will be obtained. Since the theories are not first-order, the classic model theory result under GCH does not hold.