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We propose and conceptualize an approach for literary network analysis that does not rely on co-appearance, but rather what can be called semantic context: characters are connected if they share a semantic neighborhood, or similar meaning-based contexts, even if they are distant in the text sequence.

The process of rapid development in modern cities has led to a significant number of playgrounds being located in confined areas, near roads with heavy vehicle traffic (including tram tracks), next to short-term parking spaces and refuse containers. Particular attention is paid to unauthorised parking which is caused by a lack of designated parking spaces. In addition, in residential areas of modern megacities there is a lot of infill development, which is an additional source of noise and dust. Thus, a significant number of playgrounds are located in areas with excessive anthropogenic load. The materials presented in the article describe the current condition of playgrounds in most big cities of Ukraine. Particular importance is attached to the factors which are connected with vehicle traffic, for example noise pollution, air dustiness and pollutant emissions. At the first stage, a list of factors affecting the environmental safety of children's playgrounds in urbanised areas was compiled and analysed. The next stage involves the development of a questionnaire and the direct assessment of the influencing factors by the experts involved. The article considers the factors that are rarely considered in the study of the impact of individual anthropogenic factors of the environment on public health, however, in modern conditions they cannot be neglected. The final stage consists of data processing and formation of conclusions. Using the method of rank correlation, the main factors of influence on the objects of research are identified. The results of the research stated in the article can be used in further study of the subject and in the development of methods to eliminate the influence of the most significant factors affecting the ecological safety of children's playgrounds., Процес швидкого розвитку сучасних міст призвів до того, що значна кількість дитячих майданчиків знаходиться на обмеженій території, поблизу автодоріг з інтенсивним рухом транспортних засобів (в тому числі з трамвайними коліями), поруч з місцями для короткочасних стоянок автомобілів та сміттєзбірниками. Окрема увага приділяється стихійним стоянкам, які утворюються через недостатню кількість спеціально призначених паркувальних місць. Крім того, у спальних районах мегаполісів спостерігається точкова забудова, яка є додатковим джерелом шуму та пилу. Таким чином, значна кількість дитячих майданчиків знаходиться на території з надмірним антропогенним навантаженням. Матеріали, що викладені у статті дають характеристику сучасному стану дитячих майданчиків більшості великих міст України. Особлива увага приділяється чинникам, які пов’язані з рухом транспортних засобів, тобто шумове забруднення, запиленість повітря та викиди забруднюючих речовин. На першому етапі було визначено перелік факторів, які впливають на екологічну безпеку дитячих майданчиків урбанізованих територій та проведено їх аналіз. Наступний етап включає розробку анкети та безпосередньо оцінка факторів впливу залученими експертами. У роботі розглядаються фактори, які досить рідко враховуються при дослідженні впливу окремих антропогенних чинників навколишнього середовища на здоров’я населення, тим не менш, у сучасних умовах ними не можна знехтувати. Завершальний етап складається з обробки даних та формування висновків. Використовуючи метод рангової кореляції, визначено основні фактори впливу на обєкти досліджень. Викладені у статті результати дослідження можуть бути використані при подальшому вивченні теми та при розробці методів усунення впливу найбільшзначущих факторів, які впливають на екологічну безпеку дитячих майданчиків.

We analyze the stability of a unique coexistence equilibrium point of a system of ordinary differential equations (ODE system) modelling the dynamics of a metapopulation, more specifically, a set of local populations inhabiting discrete habitat patches that are connected to one another through dispersal or migration. We assume that the inter-patch migrations are detailed balanced and that the patches are identical with intra-patch dynamics governed by a mean-field ODE system with a coexistence equilibrium. By making use of an appropriate Lyapunov function coupled with LaSalle’s invariance principle, we are able to show that the coexistence equilibrium point within each patch is locally asymptotically stable if the inter-patch dispersal network is heterogeneous, whereas it is neutrally stable in the case of a homogeneous network. These results provide a mathematical proof confirming the existing numerical simulations and broaden the range of networks for which they are valid.

Funder: John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation; doi: https://doi.org/10.13039/100005851, Funder: Einstein Visiting Fellow Program, The Rayleigh–Bénard system with stress-free boundary conditions is shown to have a global attractor in each affine space where velocity has fixed spatial average. The physical problem is shown to be equivalent to one with periodic boundary conditions and certain symmetries. This enables a Gronwall estimate on enstrophy. That estimate is then used to bound the L 2 norm of the temperature gradient on the global attractor, which, in turn, is used to find a bounding region for the attractor in the enstrophy–palinstrophy plane. All final bounds are algebraic in the viscosity and thermal diffusivity, a significant improvement over previously established estimates. The sharpness of the bounds are tested with numerical simulations.

The last few years have seen considerable mathematical progress concerning the asymptotic structure of gravitational radiation in dynamical, astrophysical spacetimes. In this paper, we distil some of the key ideas from recent works and assemble them in a new way in order to make them more accessible to the wider general relativity community. We also announce some new physical findings in this process. First, we introduce the conserved $f(r)$-modified Newman--Penrose charges on asymptotically flat spacetimes, and we show that these charges provide a dictionary that relates asymptotics of massless, general spin fields in different regions: Asymptotic behaviour near $i^+$ ("late-time tails") can be read off from asymptotic behaviour towards $\mathcal I^+$, and, similarly, asymptotic behaviour towards $\mathcal I^+$ can be read off from asymptotic behaviour near $i^-$ or $\mathcal I^-$. Using this dictionary, we then explain how: (I) the quadrupole approximation for a system of $N$ infalling masses from $i^-$ causes the "peeling property towards $\mathcal I^+$" to be violated, and (II) this failure of peeling results in deviations from the usual predictions for tails in the late-time behaviour of gravitational radiation: Instead of the Price's law rate $r\Psi^{[4]}|_{\mathcal I^+}\sim u^{-6}$ as~$u\to\infty$, we predict that $r\Psi^{[4]}|_{\mathcal I^+}\sim u^{-4}$, with the coefficient of this latter decay rate being a multiple of the monopole and quadrupole moments of the matter distribution in the infinite past., Comment: 24 pages, 8 figures. Comments welcome!

We study linear inverse problems under the premise that the forward operator is not at hand but given indirectly through some input-output training pairs. We demonstrate that regularization by projection and variational regularization can be formulated by using the training data only and without making use of the forward operator. We study convergence and stability of the regularized solutions in view of Seidman (1980 J. Optim. Theory Appl. 30 535), who showed that regularization by projection is not convergent in general, by giving some insight on the generality of Seidman’s nonconvergence example. Moreover, we show, analytically and numerically, that regularization by projection is indeed capable of learning linear operators, such as the Radon transform.

Background: The transition from traditional print medium to a digital medium may affect the accommodative response (AR) because of the differences in the characteristics of the targets viewed. Aim: This study investigated how the accommodation system responded to targets displayed on a tablet computer compared to that on paper. Setting: The study was conducted amongst students at a university in South Africa. Methods: Using a quantitative, cross-sectional study the AR, amplitude of accommodation (AA), and accommodative facility (AF) were assessed with a target on an iPad and a paper-based one on a non-probability sample of 30 university students. Data was analysed using descriptive statistics and Bland Altman plots. Results: The median AR with a tablet was +0.25 dioptre (D) compared to +0.21 D with the paper-based target. This difference was neither statistically nor clinically significant. The median AA with a tablet computer target was 10.59 D and 9.85 D with a paper-based target. While this difference was statistically significant ( p = 0.002), Bland Altman analysis revealed comparable measurements with both types of targets. Both Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test ( p = 0.462) and Bland Altman analysis found comparable medians for AF obtained with a target on paper (7.67 cycles per minute [cpm]) and a target on the tablet computer (7.17 cpm) to be comparable. Conclusion: The accuracy, strength and flexibility of accommodation were comparable for tablet computer and paper-based targets.

Significance Prostate cancer is the most common cancer among men. An accurate diagnosis of its severity at detection plays a major role in improving their survival. Recently, machine learning models using biomarkers identified from Raman micro-spectroscopy discriminated intraductal carcinoma of the prostate (IDC-P) from cancer tissue with a ≥85 % detection accuracy and differentiated high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) from IDC-P with a ≥97.8 % accuracy. Aim To improve the classification performance of machine learning models identifying different types of prostate cancer tissue using a new dimensional reduction technique. Approach A radial basis function (RBF) kernel support vector machine (SVM) model was trained on Raman spectra of prostate tissue from a 272-patient cohort (Centre hospitalier de l'Universite de Montreal, CHUM) and tested on two independent cohorts of 76 patients [University Health Network (UHN)] and 135 patients (Centre hospitalier universitaire de Quebec-Universite Laval, CHUQc-UL). Two types of engineered features were used. Individual intensity features, i.e., Raman signal intensity measured at particular wavelengths and novel Raman spectra fitted peak features consisting of peak heights and widths. Results Combining engineered features improved classification performance for the three aforementioned classification tasks. The improvements for IDC-P/cancer classification for the UHN and CHUQc-UL testing sets in accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve (AUC) are (numbers in parenthesis are associated with the CHUQc-UL testing set): +4 % (+8 % ), +7 % (+9 % ), +2 % (6%), +9 (+9) with respect to the current best models. Discrimination between HGPIN and IDC-P was also improved in both testing cohorts: +2.2 % (+1.7 % ), +4.5 % (+3.6 % ), +0 % (+0 % ), +2.3 (+0). While no global improvements were obtained for the normal versus cancer classification task [+0 % (-2 % ), +0 % (-3 % ), +2 % (-2 % ), +4 (+3)], the AUC was improved in both testing sets. Conclusions Combining individual intensity features and novel Raman fitted peak features, improved the classification performance on two independent and multicenter testing sets in comparison to using only individual intensity features.

A brief idea

Significance: The Mueller matrix decomposition method is widely used for the analysis of biological samples. However, its presumed sequential appearance of the basic optical effects (e.g., dichroism, retardance, and depolarization) limits its accuracy and application. Aim: An approach is proposed for detecting and classifying human melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer lesions based on the characteristics of the Mueller matrix elements and a random forest (RF) algorithm. Approach: In the proposal technique, 669 data points corresponding to the 16 elements of the Mueller matrices obtained from 32 tissue samples with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), basal cell carcinoma (BCC), melanoma, and normal features are input into an RF classifier as predictors. Results: The results show that the proposed model yields an average precision of 93%. Furthermore, the classification results show that for biological tissues, the circular polarization properties (i.e., elements m44, m34, m24, and m14 of the Mueller matrix) dominate the linear polarization properties (i.e., elements m13, m31, m22, and m41 of the Mueller matrix) in determining the classification outcome of the trained classifier. Conclusions: Overall, our study provides a simple, accurate, and cost-effective solution for developing a technique for classification and diagnosis of human skin cancer.

Most DNA evidence is a mixture of two or more people. Cybergenetics TrueAllele® system uses Bayesian computing to separate genotypes from mixture data and compare genotypes to calculate likelihood ratio (LR) match statistics. This validation study examined the reliability of TrueAllele computing on laboratory‐generated DNA mixtures containing up to ten unknown contributors. Using log(LR) match information, the study measured sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility. These reliability metrics were assessed under different conditions, including varying the number of assumed contributors, statistical sampling duration, and setting known genotypes. The main determiner of match information and variability was how much DNA a person contributed to a mixture. Observed contributor number based on data peaks gave better results than the number known from experimental design. The study found that TrueAllele is a reliable method for analyzing DNA mixtures containing up to ten unknown contributors.

The aim of this study was to assess postures and movements of the trunk and upper arm during paper mill work, and to determine the extent to which they differ depending on method of assessment. For each of 28 paper mill workers, postures and movements were assessed during three full shifts using inclinometer registration and observation from video. Summary metrics for each shift, e.g., 10th, 50th, and 90th posture percentile, were averaged across shifts and across workers. In addition, the standard deviation between workers, and the standard deviation between shifts within worker were computed. The results showed that trunk and arm postures during paper mill work were similar to other occupations involving manual materials handling, but the velocities of arm movements were lower. While postures determined by inclinometry and observation were similar on a group level, substantial differences were found between results obtained by the two methods for individual workers, particularly for extreme postures. Thus, measurements by either method on individuals or small groups should be interpreted with caution.

The article analyzes the separation of fats from paper waste packaging. The method is based on interaction with boiling water and greaseproof paper. The cooking process is considered the formation of emulsions according to different slots. The research data are presented and discussed obtained from the analysis of ready-made samples. 20 different fat-coated paper samples have been prapared for research. Ten of them have been selected for printing paper, and another dozen cartons. The half of the samples analyzed are covered with vegetable fat, the remaining samples are vegetable fat. It was found that the carton samples were less opposed to the separation of fat. During the experiment, it was determined that by cooking the cardboard samples coated with olive oil for 5 minutes, 30% of the total fat content was removed. The most effective samples of this type were heated for a long time. Santrauka Straipsnyje nagrinėjamas riebalų atskyrimas nuo popieriaus pakuočių atliekų. Metodas remiasi verdančio vandens ir riebalų sąveika su suterštu popieriumi. Nagrinėjamas virimo procesas, emulsijų susidarymas atsižvelgiant į skirtingus laiko tarpsnius. Pateikiami ir aptariami tyrimų duomenys, kurie gauti išnagrinėjus pasiruoštus mėginius. Iš viso pasiruošta 20 skirtingų riebalais padengto popieriauspavyzdžių. Dešimčiai iš jų pasirinktas spausdinimo popierius, kita dešimtis– kartonas. Pusė analizuojamų mėginių padengti augalinių riebalų sluoksniu, likę mėginiai– gyvulinių riebalų sluoksniu. Pastebėta, kad kartono mėginiai mažiau priešinosi riebalų atskyrimui. Nustatyta, kad, 5 min. virinant kartono mėginius, padengtus alyvuogių aliejumi, pasišalino 30% viso riebalų kiekio. Efektyviausia tokio tipo mėginius virti ilgą laiką, nes, panardinus mėginius 15 min. į verdantį vandenį, pasišalino daugiau nei pusė buvusių riebalų kiekio– 55%. Reikšminiai žodžiai:atliekos, emulsija, popierius, popieriaus pakuotės, riebalai, šiluma, vanduo, virimas.

A theorem of Weyl tells us that the Lorentz (and parity) invariant polynomials in the momenta of $n$ particles are generated by the dot products. We extend this result to include the action of an arbitrary permutation group $P \subset S_n$ on the particles, to take account of the quantum-field-theoretic fact that particles can be indistinguishable. Doing so provides a convenient set of variables for describing scattering processes involving identical particles, such as $pp \to jjj$, for which we provide an explicit set of Lorentz and permutation invariant generators., Comment: 18 pages, 3 Tables

SignificanceClinical use of fNIRS derived features has always suffered low sensitivity and specificity due to signal contamination from background systemic physiological fluctuations. This article provides an algorithm to extract cognition related features by eliminating the effect of background signal contamination; hence, improves the classification accuracy.AimThe aim in this study is to investigate the classification accuracy of an fNIRS derived biomarker based on global efficiency. To this end, fNIRS data were collected during a computerized Stroop Task from healthy controls, and patients with migraine, obsessive compulsive disorder, and schizophrenia.ApproachFunctional connectivity (FC) maps were computed from [HbO] time series data for Neutral, Congruent and Incongruent stimuli using the partial correlation approach. Reconstruction of FC matrices with optimal choice of principal components yielded two independent networks: Cognitive Mode Network (CM) and Default Mode Network(DM).ResultsGlobal Efficiency (GE) values computed for each FC matrix after applying principal component analysis yielded strong statistical significance leading to a higher specificity and accuracy. A new index, Neurocognitive Ratio (NCR), was computed by multiplying the Cognitive Quotients (CQ) and ratio of GE of CM to GE of DM. When mean values of NCR over all stimuli were computed, they showed high sensitivity (100%), specificity (95.5%), and accuracy (96.3%) for all subjects groups.Conclusions can reliable be used as a biomarker to improve the classification of healthy to neuropsychiatric patients.

In an attempt to understand the soliton resolution conjecture, we consider the Sine-Gordon equation on a spherically symmetric wormhole spacetime. We show that within each topological sector (indexed by a positive integer degree $n$) there exists a unique linearly stable soliton, which we call the $n$-kink. We give numerical evidence that the $n$-kink is a global attractor in the evolution of any smooth, finite energy solutions of degree $n$. When the radius of the wormhole throat $a$ is large enough, the convergence to the $n$-kink is shown to be governed by internal modes that slowly decay due to the resonant transfer of energy to radiation. We compute the exact asymptotics of this relaxation process for the $1$-kink using the Soffer-Weinstein weakly nonlinear perturbation theory., Comment: 19 pages, 10 figures, final version

Funder: Cantab Capital Institute for the Mathematics of Information, Funder: Alan Turing Institute; doi: https://doi.org/10.13039/100012338, In recent years the use of convolutional layers to encode an inductive bias (translational equivariance) in neural networks has proven to be a very fruitful idea. The successes of this approach have motivated a line of research into incorporating other symmetries into deep learning methods, in the form of group equivariant convolutional neural networks. Much of this work has been focused on roto-translational symmetry of R d , but other examples are the scaling symmetry of R d and rotational symmetry of the sphere. In this work, we demonstrate that group equivariant convolutional operations can naturally be incorporated into learned reconstruction methods for inverse problems that are motivated by the variational regularisation approach. Indeed, if the regularisation functional is invariant under a group symmetry, the corresponding proximal operator will satisfy an equivariance property with respect to the same group symmetry. As a result of this observation, we design learned iterative methods in which the proximal operators are modelled as group equivariant convolutional neural networks. We use roto-translationally equivariant operations in the proposed methodology and apply it to the problems of low-dose computerised tomography reconstruction and subsampled magnetic resonance imaging reconstruction. The proposed methodology is demonstrated to improve the reconstruction quality of a learned reconstruction method with a little extra computational cost at training time but without any extra cost at test time.

Using various techniques from dynamical systems theory, we rigorously study an experimentally validated model by [Barkley et al 2015 Nature 526 550–3], which describes the rise of turbulent pipe flow via a PDE system of reduced complexity. The fast evolution of turbulence is governed by reaction-diffusion dynamics coupled to the centerline velocity, which evolves with advection of Burgers’ type and a slow relaminarization term. Applying to this model a spatial dynamics ansatz and geometric singular perturbation theory, we prove the existence of a heteroclinic loop between a turbulent and a laminar steady state and establish a cascade of bifurcations of various traveling waves mediating the transition to turbulence. The most complicated behaviour can be found in an intermediate Reynolds number regime, where the traveling waves exhibit arbitrarily long periodic-like dynamics indicating the onset of chaos. Our analysis provides a systematic mathematical approach to identifying the transition to spatio–temporal turbulent structures that may also be applicable to other models arising in fluid dynamics.

Significance: Solutions for group-level analysis of connectivity from fNIRS observations exist, but groupwise explorative analysis with classical solutions is often cumbersome. Manifold-based solutions excel at data exploration, but there are infinite surfaces crossing the observations cloud of points. Aim: We aim to provide a systematic choice of surface for a manifold-based analysis of connectivity at group level with small surface interpolation error. Approach: This research introduces interpolated functional manifold (IFM). IFM builds a manifold from reconstructed changes in concentrations of oxygenated ΔcHbO2 and reduced ΔcHbR hemoglobin species by means of radial basis functions (RBF). We evaluate the root mean square error (RMSE) associated to four families of RBF. We validated our model against psychophysiological interactions (PPI) analysis using the Jaccard index (JI). We demonstrate the usability in an experimental dataset of surgical neuroergonomics. Results: Lowest interpolation RMSE was 1.26e − 4 ± 1.32e − 8 for ΔcHbO2 [A.U.] and 4.30e − 7 ± 2.50e − 13 [A.U.] for ΔcHbR. Agreement with classical group analysis was JI = 0.89 ± 0.01 for ΔcHbO2. Agreement with PPI analysis was JI = 0.83 ± 0.07 for ΔcHbO2 and JI = 0.77 ± 0.06 for ΔcHbR. IFM successfully decoded group differences [ANOVA: ΔcHbO2: F ( 2,117 ) = 3.07; p

Strain engineering is used to obtain desirable materials properties in a range of modern technologies. Direct nanoscale measurement of the three-dimensional strain tensor field within these materials has however been limited by a lack of suitable experimental techniques and data analysis tools. Scanning electron diffraction has emerged as a powerful tool for obtaining two-dimensional maps of strain components perpendicular to the incident electron beam direction. Extension of this method to recover the full three-dimensional strain tensor field has been restricted though by the absence of a formal framework for tensor tomography using such data. Here, we show that it is possible to reconstruct the full non-symmetric strain tensor field as the solution to an ill-posed tensor tomography inverse problem. We then demonstrate the properties of this tomography problem both analytically and computationally, highlighting why incorporating precession to perform scanning precession electron diffraction may be important. We establish a general framework for non-symmetric tensor tomography and demonstrate computationally its applicability for achieving strain tomography with scanning precession electron diffraction data.

In this study, a simple and fast procedure was developed and validated for the determination of bisphenol A (BPA) in paper products using synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy. The method was used for the determination of BPA in thirteen types of paper products, including thermal receipt papers, lottery tickets, bus tickets, business cards, mailing envelopes, flyers, napkins, printing paper, food contact paper, kitchen rolls, toilet paper, newspapers, and magazines. BPA was found in 98% of thermal receipt papers (n = 341) at concentrations ranging from below the limit of quantification (LOQ) to 27.7 mg g−1 with a geometric mean of 14.6 mg g−1 and a median of 17.7 mg g−1. The detection rate for other paper products was 96%, with BPA concentrations ranging from below the LOQ to 379 µg g−1 and a median of 17.3 µg g−1. The estimated daily intake for the adjusted bodyweight of BPA (calculated at median concentrations) through dermal absorption from handling papers was 14.5 and 1070 ng day−1 for the general population and occupationally-exposed individuals, respectively. The proposed analytical method is simple, fast, and cost-effective for the determination of BPA in paper samples. Moreover, an estimated daily exposure of Brazilians to BPA through dermal absorption from handling different types of papers is shown.

We demonstrate that universal scaling behavior is observed in the current coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) spread, the COVID-19 pandemic, in various countries. We analyze the numbers of infected people who tested positive (cases) in selected eleven countries (Japan, USA, Russia, Brazil, China, Italy, Indonesia, Spain, South Korea, UK, and Sweden). By using the double exponential function called the Gompertz function, fG(x) = exp(−e−x), the number of cases is well described as N(t) = N0fG(γ(t − t0)), where N0, 7 and t0 are the final number of cases, the damping rate of the infection probability and the peak time of the daily number of new cases, dN(t)/dt, respectively. The scaled data of cases in most of the analyzed countries are found to collapse onto a common scaling function fG(x) with x = γ(t − t0) being the scaling variable in the range of fG(x) ± 0.05. The recently proposed indicator so-called the K value, the increasing rate of cases in one week, is also found to show universal behavior. The mechanism for the Gompertz function to appear is discussed from the time dependence of the produced pion numbers in nucleus-nucleus collisions, which is also found to be described by the Gompertz function.

We introduce a framework for the reconstruction and representation of functions in a setting where these objects cannot be directly observed, but only indirect and noisy measurements are available, namely an inverse problem setting. The proposed methodology can be applied either to the analysis of indirectly observed functional images or to the associated covariance operators, representing second-order information, and thus lying on a non-Euclidean space. To deal with the ill-posedness of the inverse problem, we exploit the spatial structure of the sample data by introducing a flexible regularizing term embedded in the model. Thanks to its efficiency, the proposed model is applied to MEG data, leading to a novel approach to the investigation of functional connectivity., 40 pages

We use a combination of extreme value theory, survival analysis and computer-intensive methods to analyze the mortality of Italian and French semi-supercentenarians for whom there are validated records. After accounting for the effects of the sampling frame, there appears to be a constant rate of mortality beyond age 108 years and no difference between countries and cohorts. These findings are consistent with previous work based on the International Database on Longevity and suggest that any physical upper bound for humans is so large that it is unlikely to be approached. There is no evidence of differences in survival between women and men after age 108 in the Italian data and the International Database on Longevity; however survival is lower for men in the French data., Comment: 17 pages, 7 figures

Significance: Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) is an emerging optical technique that has a double function of spectroscopy and imaging. Aim: Near-infrared hyperspectral imaging (NIR-HSI) (900 to 1700 nm) with the help of chemometrics was investigated for gastric cancer diagnosis. Approach: Mean spectra and standard deviation of normal and cancerous pixels were extracted. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to compress the dimension of hypercube data and select the optimal wavelengths. Moreover, spectral angle mapper (SAM) was utilized as chemometrics to discriminate gastric cancer from normal. Results: Major spectral difference of cancerous and normal gastric tissue was observed around 975, 1215, and 1450 nm by comparison. A total of six wavelengths (i.e., 975, 1075, 1215, 1275, 1390, and 1450 nm) were then selected as optimal wavelengths by PCA. The accuracy using SAM is up to 90% according to hematoxylin–eosin results. Conclusions: These results suggest that NIR-HSI has the potential as a cutting-edge optical diagnostic technique for gastric cancer diagnosis with suitable chemometrics.

To detect differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in small-scale cell line experiments, usually with only two or three technical replicates for each state, the commonly used statistical methods such as significance analysis of microarrays (SAM), limma and RankProd (RP) lack statistical power, while the fold change method lacks any statistical control. In this study, we demonstrated that the within-sample relative expression orderings (REOs) of gene pairs were highly stable among technical replicates of a cell line but often widely disrupted after certain treatments such like gene knockdown, gene transfection and drug treatment. Based on this finding, we customized the RankComp algorithm, previously designed for individualized differential expression analysis through REO comparison, to identify DEGs with certain statistical control for small-scale cell line data. In both simulated and real data, the new algorithm, named CellComp, exhibited high precision with much higher sensitivity than the original RankComp, SAM, limma and RP methods. Therefore, CellComp provides an efficient tool for analyzing small-scale cell line data.

In this work we introduce the r-Hunter-Saxton equation, a generalisation of the Hunter-Saxton equation arising as extremals of an action principle posed in L_r. We characterise solutions to the Cauchy problem, quantifying the blow-up time and studying various symmetry reductions. We construct piecewise linear functions and show that they are weak solutions to the r-Hunter-Saxton equation., Revised after referee comments

A lack of quality control tools limits the enforcement of fortification policies. In alignment with the World Health Organization&rsquo, s ASSURED criteria (affordable, sensitive, specific, user-friendly, rapid and robust, equipment-free, and deliverable), a paper-based assay that interfaces with a smartphone application for the quantification of iron fortificants is presented. The assay is based on the Ferrozine colorimetric method. The reaction started after deposition of the 5 &micro, L aqueous sample and drying. After developing color, pixel intensity values were obtained using a smartphone camera and image processing software or a mobile application, Nu3px. From these values, the actual iron concentration from ferrous sulfate and ferrous fumarate was calculated. The limits of detection, quantification, linearity, range, and errors (systematic and random) were ascertained. The paper-based values from real samples (wheat flour, nixtamalized corn flour, and infant formula) were compared against atomic emission spectroscopy. The comparison of several concentrations of atomic iron between the spectrophotometric and paper-based assays showed a strong positive linear correlation (y = 47.01x + 126.18, R2 = 0.9932). The dynamic range (5.0&ndash, 100 &micro, g/mL) and limit of detection (3.691 &micro, g/mL) of the paper-based assay are relevant for fortified food matrices. Random and systematic errors were 15.9% and + 8.65 &micro, g/g food, respectively. The concept can be applied to limited-resource settings to measure iron in fortified foods.

Previous studies have demonstrated that skin vibration is an important factor affecting the roughness perception of fine textures. For coarse textures, the determining physical factor is much less clear and there are indications that this might be participant-dependent. In this paper, we focused on roughness perception of both coarse and fine textures of different materials (glass particle surfaces and sandpapers). We investigated the relationship between subjective roughness ratings and three physical parameters (skin vibration, friction coefficient, and particle size) within a group of 30 participants. Results of the glass particle surfaces showed both spatial information (particle size) and temporal information (skin vibration) had a high correlation with subjective roughness ratings. The former correlation was slightly but significantly higher than the latter. The results also indicated different weights of temporal information and spatial information for roughness ratings among participants. Roughness ratings of a different material (sandpaper versus glass particles) could be either larger, similar or smaller, indicating differences among individuals. The best way to describe our results is that in their perceptual evaluation of roughness, different individuals weight temporal information, spatial information, and other mechanical properties differently.

msufbd Baskı sonucunun görselkalitesi büyük ölçüde baskı altı malzemesi ve mürekkebin optimum birleşmesürecine bağlıdır. Kağıdın yapısal özellikleri, baskının kayıpsız ve istenenrenk değeri ile elde edilebilmesi bakımından son derece önemlidir. Kağıt vekarton heterojen ve değiştirilebilir malzemeler olduğundan, yapısal özellikleriölçmek ve bu özelliklerin basılabilirlik parametreleri üzerindeki etkilerinibelirlemek gereklidir. Bu çalışmada, belli bir ürün grubunda yaygın olarakkullanılan ve farklı özelliklere sahip 90 g/m2 alternatif kağıtlarseçilmiştir. 5 alternatif kağıt, uzama, kuvvet, temas açısı ve yüzey enerjileritest cihazlarıyla ölçümlenmiştir. Ofset baskı ile, mürekkep miktarları sabittutmak suretiyle cyan, magenta, sarı ve siyah mürekkep kağıda aktarılmıştır.Yoğunluk ve renk değerleri için mürekkepler ölçümlenip, ardından ışık haslığıtesti gerçekleştirilerek renk ölçümleri tekrarlanmıştır. Renk ve kâğıtözelliklerinde farklılıklar çok kriterli karar verme yöntemleri ilekarşılaştırılarak grafik olarak verilmiştir. Baskıda en uygun kağıdı belirlemekiçin çok kriterli bir karar verme yöntemi olan TOPSİS (Alternatifler Arasındanİdeal Seçimin Belirlenmesi) yöntemi kullanılarak baskıya en uygun kağıtbelirlenmiştir. The visual quality ofthe print result is largely dependent on the optimum level of coalescenceprocess of the underprint material and the ink. The structural characteristicsof the paper are extremely important in that the print can be obtained withoutloss and with the desired colour value. Since paper and cardboard areheterogeneous and interchangeable materials, it is necessary to measure thestructural properties and determine their effect on the printability parametersof these properties. In this study, 90 g/m2 alternative papers, which are widely used in a certain product group and have differentcharacteristics, are selected. 5 alternative papers were selected, elongation, strength, contact angle and surface energies were determined with thecalibrated test devices. With offset printing, the ink is transferred to thepaper by keeping the ink quantities constant with the cyan, magenta, yellow andblack lines. Inks were measured for density and colour measurements followed bylight fastness test and colour measurements were repeated. Differences incolour and paper properties are compared with multi-criteria decision makingmethods and given graphically. The optimal paper was selected using the TOPSIS (Techniquefor Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solutions) method, which is amulti-criteria decision-making method for choosing the most appropriate paperfor production. 633805