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In this paper, we determine the maximum $h_{max}$ and the minimum $h_{min}$ of the Hilbert vectors of Perazzo algebras $A_F$, where $F$ is a Perazzo polynomial of degree $d$ in $n+m+1$ variables. These algebras always fail the Strong Lefschetz Property. We determine the integers $n,m,d$ such that $h_{max}$ (resp. $h_{min}$) is unimodal, and we prove that $A_F$ always fails the Weak Lefschetz Property if its Hilbert vector is maximum, while it satisfies the Weak Lefschetz Property if it is minimum, unimodal, and satisfies an additional mild condition. We determine the minimal free resolution of Perazzo algebras associated to Perazzo threefolds in $\mathbb P^4$ with minimum Hilbert vectors. Finally we pose some open problems in this context. Dedicated to Enrique Arrondo on the occasion of his $60^{th}$ birthday., Comment: 24 pages, to be published in Rendiconti del Circolo Matematico di Palermo Series 2

We study Hilbert functions, Lefschetz properties, and Jordan type of Artinian Gorenstein algebras associated to Perazzo hypersurfaces in projective space. The main focus lies on Perazzo threefolds, for which we prove that the Hilbert functions are always unimodal. Further we prove that the Hilbert function determines whether the algebra is weak Lefschetz, and we characterize those Hilbert functions for which the weak Lefschetz property holds. By example, we verify that the Hilbert functions of Perazzo fourfolds are not always unimodal. In the particular case of Perazzo threefolds with the smallest possible Hilbert function, we give a description of the possible Jordan types for multiplication by any linear form., Comment: 23 pages

We deal with Perazzo 3-folds in $\mathbb P^4$, i.e. hypersurfaces $X=V(f)\subset \mathbb P^4$ of degree $d$ defined by a homogeneous polynomial $f(x_0,x_1,x_2,u,v)=p_0(u,v)x_0+p_1(u,v)x_1+p_2(u,v)x_2+g(u,v)$, where $p_0,p_1,p_2$ are algebraically dependent but linearly independent forms of degree $d-1$ in $u,v$, and $g$ is a form in $u,v$ of degree $d$. Perazzo 3-folds have vanishing hessian and, hence, the associated graded artinian Gorenstein algebra $A_f$ fails the strong Lefschetz property. In this paper, we determine the maximum and minimum Hilbert function of $A_f$ and we prove that if $A_f$ has maximal Hilbert function it fails the weak Lefschetz property, while it satisfies the weak Lefschetz property when it has minimum Hilbert function. In addition, we classify all Perazzo 3-folds in $\mathbb P^4$ such that $A_f$ has minimum Hilbert function., Comment: 21 pages; final version to be published in Journal of Algebra

We give a geometric description of singular pencils of quadrics of constant rank, relating them to the splitting type of some naturally associated vector bundles on $\mathbb{P}^1$. Then we study their orbits in the Grassmannian of lines, under the natural action of the general linear group., Comment: Dedicated to Giorgio Ottaviani on the occasion of his 60th birthday. 17 pages, 2 figures

In this note, we study Togliatti systems generated by invariants of the dihedral group $D_{2d}$ acting on $k[x_{0},x_{1},x_{2}]$. This leads to the first family of non monomial Togliatti systems, which we call $GT-$systems with group $D_{2d}$. We study their associated varieties $S_{D_{2d}}$, called $GT-$surfaces with group $D_{2d}$. We prove that they are arithmetically Cohen-Macaulay surfaces whose homogeneous ideal, $I(S_{D_{2d}})$, is minimally generated by quadrics and we find a minimal free resolution of $I(S_{D_{2d}})$., Comment: To appear in Israel Journal of Mathematics

Given any diagonal cyclic subgroup $\Lambda \subset GL(n+1,k)$ of order $d$, let $I_d\subset k[x_0,\ldots, x_n]$ be the ideal generated by all monomials $\{m_{1},\ldots, m_{r}\}$ of degree $d$ which are invariants of $\Lambda$. $I_d$ is a monomial Togliatti system, provided $r \leq \binom{d+n-1}{n-1}$, and in this case the projective toric variety $X_d$ parameterized by $(m_{1},\ldots, m_{r})$ is called a $GT$-variety with group $\Lambda$. We prove that all these $GT$-varieties are arithmetically Cohen-Macaulay and we give a combinatorial expression of their Hilbert functions. In the case $n=2$, we compute explicitly the Hilbert function, polynomial and series of $X_d$. We determine a minimal free resolution of its homogeneous ideal and we show that it is a binomial prime ideal generated by quadrics and cubics. We also provide the exact number of both types of generators. Finally, we pose the problem of determining whether a surface parameterized by a Togliatti system is aCM. We construct examples that are aCM and examples that are not., Comment: To appear in Annali di Matematica Pura ed Applicata. Minor correction in the Introduction

We study smooth quadric surfaces in the Pfaffian hypersurface in $\mathbb{P}^{14}$ parameterising $6 \times 6$ skew-symmetric matrices of rank at most 4, not intersecting the Grassmannian $\mathbb{G}(1,5)$. Such surfaces correspond to quadratic systems of skew-symmetric matrices of size 6 and constant rank 4, and give rise to a globally generated vector bundle $E$ on the quadric. We analyse these bundles and their geometry, relating them to linear congruences of lines in $\mathbb{P}^5$., Comment: 18 pages

The goal of this article is to compare the coefficients in the expansion of the permanent with those in the expansion of the determinant of a three-lines circulant matrix. As an application we prove a conjecture concerning the minimality of Galois-Togliatti systems.

Let $d(N )$ (resp. $p(N )$) be the number of summands in the determinant (resp. permanent) of an $N\times N$ circulant matrix $A = (a_{ij} )$ given by $a_{ij} = X_{i+j}$ where $i + j$ should be considered $\mod N$ . This short note is devoted to prove that $d(N ) = p(N )$ if and only if $N$ is a prime power. We then give an application to homogeneous monomial ideals failing the Weak Lefschetz property., Comment: Proc. AMS, to appear

In an article of 1967 W. Edge gave a description of some beautiful geometric properties of the Kummer surface complete intersection of three quadrics in $\mathbb P^5$. Working on it, R. Dye proved that all its osculating spaces have dimension less than the expected 5. Here we discuss these results, also at the light of some recent result about varieties with hypo-osculating behaviour., Comment: 9 pages, accepted for publication in European Journal of Mathematics

We study the homogeneous artinian ideals of the polynomial ring $K[x,y,z]$, generated by the homogenous polynomials of degree $d$ which are invariant under an action of the cyclic group $\mathbb Z/d\mathbb Z$, for any $d\geq 3$. We prove that they are all monomial Togliatti systems, and that they are minimal if the action is defined by a diagonal matrix having on the diagonal $(1, e, e^a)$, where $e$ is a primitive $d$-th root of the unity. We get a complete description when $d$ is prime or a power of a prime. We also establish the relation of these systems with linear Ceva configurations., Comment: 28 pages, 1 figure; final version published in Journal of Algebra

We study congruences of lines $X_\omega$ defined by a sufficiently general choice of an alternating 3-form $\omega$ in $n+1$ dimensions, as Fano manifolds of index $3$ and dimension $n-1$. These congruences include the $\mathrm{G}_2$-variety for $n=6$ and the variety of reductions of projected $\mathbb{P}^2 \times \mathbb{P}^2$ for $n=7$. We compute the degree of $X_\omega$ as the $n$-th Fine number and study the Hilbert scheme of these congruences proving that the choice of $\omega$ bijectively corresponds to $X_\omega$ except when $n=5$. The fundamental locus of the congruence is also studied together with its singular locus: these varieties include the Coble cubic for $n=8$ and the Peskine variety for $n=9$. The residual congruence $Y$ of $X_\omega$ with respect to a general linear congruence containing $X_\omega$ is analysed in terms of the quadrics containing the linear span of $X_\omega$. We prove that $Y$ is Cohen-Macaulay but non-Gorenstein in codimension $4$. We also examine the fundamental locus $G$ of $Y$ of which we determine the singularities and the irreducible components., Comment: 46 pages, 2 tables. AMS-LaTeX. Minor changes. To appear in the Annales de l'Institut Fourier

We compute the minimal and the maximal bound on the number of generators of a minimal smooth monomial Togliatti system of forms of degree $d$ in $n+1$ variables, for any $d\ge 2$ and $n\geq 2$. We classify the Togliatti systems with number of generators reaching the lower bound or close to the lower bound. We then prove that if $n=2$ (resp $n=2,3$) all range between the lower and upper bound is covered, while if $n\geq 3$ (resp. $n\ge 4$) there are gaps if we only consider smooth minimal Togliatti systems (resp. if we avoid the smoothness hypothesis). We finally analyze for $n=2$ the Mumford-Takemoto stability of the syzygy bundle associated to smooth monomial Togliatti systems., Comment: 27 pages, 3 figures. Final version accepted for publication in Ann. Mat. Pura Appl

Corrado Segre played a leading role in the foundation of line geometry. We survey some recent results on degeneracy loci of morphisms of vector bundles where he still is of profound inspiration., Comment: 10 pages. To appear in the proceedings of the conference "Homage to Corrado Segre"

We consider the problem of determining all pairs (c_1, c_2) of Chern classes of rank 2 bundles that are cokernel of a skew-symmetric matrix of linear forms in 3 variables, having constant rank 2c_1 and size 2c_1+2. We completely solve the problem in the "stable" range, i.e. for pairs with c_1^2-4c_2<0, proving that the additional condition c_2\le {{c_1+1}\choose 2} is necessary and sufficient. For c_1^2-4c_2\ge 0, we prove that there exist globally generated bundles, some even defining an embedding of P^2 in a Grassmannian, that cannot correspond to a matrix of the above type. This extends previous work on c_1\le 3., Comment: revised version, some proofs expanded, typos corrected

We present a new method to study 4-dimensional linear spaces of skew-symmetric matrices of constant co-rank 2, based on rank 2 vector bundles on P^3 and derived category tools. The method allows one to prove the existence of new examples of size 10x10 and 14x14 via instanton bundles of charge 2 and 4 respectively, and provides an explanation for what used to be the only known example (Westwick 1996). We also give an algorithm to construct explicitly a matrix of size 14 of this type., Comment: Revised version, 22 pages. Brief intro to derived category tools and details to proof of Lemma 3.5 added, some typos corrected

We prove that r independent homogeneous polynomials of the same degree d become dependent when restricted to any hyperplane if and only if their inverse system parameterizes a variety whose (d-1)-osculating spaces have dimension smaller than expected. This gives an equivalence between an algebraic notion (called Weak Lefschetz Property) and a differential geometric notion, concerning varieties which satisfy certain Laplace equations. In the toric case, some relevant examples are classified and as byproduct we provide counterexamples to Ilardi's conjecture., Comment: 21 pages, 4 figures

We study the orbits of vector spaces of skew-symmetric matrices of constant rank 2r and type (N+1)x(N+1) under the natural action of SL(N+1), over an algebraically closed field of characteristic zero. We give a complete description of the orbits for vector spaces of dimension 2, relating them to some 1-generic matrices of linear forms. We also show that, for each rank two vector bundle on P^2 defining a triple Veronese embedding of P^2 in G(1,7), there exists a vector space of 8 x 8 skew-symmetric matrices of constant rank 6 whose kernel bundle is the dual of the given rank two vector bundle., Comment: 20 pages

A well-known conjecture asserts that smooth threefolds $X\subset\{\mathbb P}^5$ are quadratically normal with the only exception of the Palatini scroll. As a corollary of a more general statement we obtain the following result, which is related to the previous conjecture: If $X\subset\{\mathbb P}^5$ is not quadratically normal, then its triple curve is reducible. Similar results are also given for higher dimensional varieties., Comment: To appear in Advances in Geometry

The existence is proved of two new families of locally Cohen-Macaulay sextic threefolds in $\mathbb{P}^5$, which are not quadratically normal. These threefolds arise naturally in the realm of first order congruences of lines as focal loci and in the study of the completely exceptional Monge-Amp\`ere equations. One of these families comes from a smooth congruence of multidegree $(1,3,3)$ which is a smooth Fano fourfold of index two and genus 9., Comment: 16 pages

S. I. Agafonov and E. V. Ferapontov have introduced a construction that allows naturally associating to a system of partial differential equations of conservation laws a congruence of lines in an appropriate projective space. In particular hyperbolic systems of Temple class correspond to congruences of lines that place in planar pencils of lines. The language of Algebraic Geometry turns out to be very natural in the study of these systems. In this article, after recalling the definition and the basic facts on congruences of lines, Agafonov-Ferapontov's construction is illustrated and some results of classification for Temple systems are presented. In particular, we obtain the classification of linear congruences in $\mathbb{P}^5$, which correspond to some classes of $T$-systems in 4 variables., Comment: AMS-LaTeX, 17 pages. To appear in the preceedings of ``Projective Varieties with unexpected Properties: a Conference in Honour of the 150th birthday of G. Veronese''

We describe the space of projective planes of complex skew-symmetric matrices of order six and constant rank four. We prove that it has four connected components, all of dimension 26 and homogeneous under the action of PGL_6., Comment: 12 pages

We consider projective varieties with degenerate Gauss image whose focal hypersurfaces are non-reduced schemes. Examples of this situation are provided by the secant varieties of Severi and Scorza varieties. The Severi varieties are moreover characterized by a uniqueness property., Comment: 9 pages, to be published in Pacific Journal of Mathematics

We study the Hilbert scheme of Palatini threefolds X in P^5. We prove that such a scheme has an irreducible component containing X which is birational to the Grassmannian G(3,14) and we determine the exceptional locus of the birational map., Comment: To be published in Advances in Geometry

We study smooth threefolds of the projective space of dimension 5 whose quadrisecant lines don't fill up the space. We give a complete classification of those threefolds X whose only quadrisecant lines are the lines contained in X. Then we prove that, if X admits "true" quadrisecant lines, but they don't fill up the space, then either X is contained in a cubic hypersurface, or it contains a family of dimension at least two of plane curves of degree at least four., Comment: Plain Tex, 12 pages

We study families of linear spaces in projective space whose union is a proper subvariety X of the expected dimension. We establish relations between configurations of focal points and existence or non-existence of a fixed tangent space to X along a general element of the family. We apply our results to the classification of ruled 3-dimensional varieties., Comment: To be published in Illinois Journal of Mathematics

We study the degeneracy loci of general bundle morphisms from the direct sum of m copies of the structural sheaf on $P^n$ to $\Omega(2)$, also from the point of view of the classical geometrical interpretation of the sections of $\Omega(2)$ as linear line complexes. We consider in particular the case of $P^5$ with m=2, 3. For n=5 and m=3 we give an explicit description of the Hilbert scheme H of elliptic normal scrolls in $P^5$, by defining a natural rational map from the Grassmannian G(2,14) to H, which results to be dominant with general fibre of degree four., Comment: 17 pages, 1 figure, to be published in Geometriae Dedicata

A classification theorem is given of projective threefolds that are covered by a two-dimensional family of lines, but not by a higher dimensional family., Comment: LaTeX 2.09, 25 pages

Let X be a scroll over a rational surface. We construct a linear system of surfaces in P^3 yielding a birational map from P^3 to X. We apply this construction to the scrolls of Bordiga and Palatini., Comment: 14 pages, Plain-TeX, to be published in Collectanea Mathematica

It is known that the smooth rational threefolds of P^5 having a rational non-special surface of P^4 as general hyperplane section have degree d=3,... ,7. We study such threefolds X from the point of view of linear systems of surfaces in P^3, looking in each case fosr an explicit description of a birational map from P^3 to X. For d=3,..., 6 we prove that there exists a line L on X such that the projection map of X centered at L is birational; we completely describe the base loci B of the linear systems found in this way and give a description of any such threefold X as a suitable blowing-down of the blowing-up of P^3 along B. If d=7, i.e. if X is a Palatini scroll, we prove that, conversely, a similar projection never exists., Comment: 26 pages, to appear on Mathematische Nachrichten

A classification theorem is given of smooth threefolds of $\Bbb P^5$ covered by a family of dimension at least three of plane integral curves of degree $d\geq 2.$ It is shown that for such a threefold $X$ there are two possibilities: \item{(1)} $X$ is any threefold contained in a hyperquadric; \item{(2)} $d\leq 3$ and $X$ is either the Bordiga or the Palatini scroll., Comment: 17 pages, to appear in Manuscripta Mathematica Plain TeX

Let $X$ be an integral projective variety of codimension two, degree $d$ and dimension $r$ and $Y$ be its general hyperplane section. The problem of lifting generators of minimal degree $\sigma$ from the homogeneous ideal of $Y$ to the homogeneous ideal of $X$ is studied. A conjecture is given in terms of $d$, $r$ and $\sigma$; it is proved in the cases $r=1,2,3$. A description is given of linear systems on smooth plane curves whose dimension is almost maximal., Comment: 19 pages, AmS-TeX 2.1, report 2

We study the problem of classifying the irreducible projective varieties $X$ of dimension $n\ge 2$ in $\Bbb P^N$ which contain an algebraic family $\Cal F$ of dimension $h+1$ ($h