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We extend the work on optimal investment and consumption of a population considered in [2] to a general stochastic setting over a finite time horizon. We incorporate the Cobb-Douglas production function in the capital dynamics while the consumption utility function and the drift rate in the population dynamics can be general, in contrast with [2, 30, 31]. The dynamic programming formulation yields an unconventional nonlinear Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) equation, in which the Cobb-Douglas production function as the coefficient of the gradient of the value function induces the mismatching of power rates between capital and population. Moreover, the equation has a very singular term, essentially a very negative power of the partial derivative of the value function with respect to the capital, coming from the optimization of control, and their resolution turns out to be a complex problem not amenable to classical analysis. To show that this singular term, which has not been studied in any physical systems yet, does not actually blow up, we establish new pointwise generalized power laws for the partial derivative of the value function. Our contribution lies in providing a theoretical treatment that combines both the probabilistic approach and theory of partial differential equations to derive the pointwise upper and lower bounds as well as energy estimates in weighted Sobolev spaces. By then, we accomplish showing the well-posedness of classical solutions to a non-canonical parabolic equation arising from a long-lasting problem in macroeconomics., Comment: 60 pages

This article presents the variant of the approach introduced in the recent work of Bensoussan, Wong, Yam and Yuan [13] to the generic first-order mean field game problem. A major contribution here is the provision of new crucial a priori estimates, whose establishment is fundamentally different from the mentioned work since the associated forward-backward ordinary differential equation (FBODE) system is notably different. In addition, we require monotonicity conditions intimately on the coefficient functions but not on the Hamiltonians to handle their non-separable nature and nonlinear dynamics; as tackling Hamiltonians directly, it potentially dissolves much useful information. Compared with the assumptions used in [13], we introduce an additional requirement that the first-order derivative of the drift function in the measure variable cannot be too large relative to the convexity of the running cost function; this requirement only arises when the Hamiltonian is non-separable, and this phenomenon can also be seen in the existing literature. On the other hand, we require less here for the second-order differentiability of the coefficient functions in comparison to that in [13]. Our approach involves first demonstrating the local existence of a solution over small time interval, followed by the provision of new crucial a priori estimates for the sensitivity of the backward equation with respect to the initial condition of forward dynamics; and finally, smoothly gluing the local solutions together to form a global solution. In addition, we establish the local and global existence and uniqueness of classical solutions for the mean field game and its master equation., Comment: Both this work and arXiv:2305.11848 apply a similar approach to investigate the global-in-time well-posedness of two significant problems in mean field theory, namely mean field games in this work, and the mean field type control problems in arXiv:2305.11848

In this article, by using several new crucial {\it a priori} estimates which are still absent in the literature, we provide a comprehensive resolution of the first order generic mean field type control problems and also establish the global-in-time classical solutions of their Bellman and master equations. Rather than developing the analytical approach via tackling the Bellman and master equation directly, we apply the maximum principle approach by considering the induced forward-backward ordinary differential equation (FBODE) system; indeed, we first show the local-in-time unique existence of the solution of the FBODE system for a variety of terminal data by Banach fixed point argument, and then provide crucial a priori estimates of bounding the sensitivity of the terminal data for the backward equation by utilizing a monotonicity condition that can be deduced from the positive definiteness of the Schur complement of the Hessian matrix of the Lagrangian in the lifted version and manipulating first order condition appropriately; this uniform bound over the whole planning horizon $[0,T]$ allows us to partition $[0,T]$ into a number of sub-intervals with a common small length and then glue the consecutive local-in-time solutions together to form the unique global-in-time solution of the FBODE system. The regularity of the global-in-time solution follows from that of the local ones due to the regularity assumptions on the coefficient functions. Moreover, the regularity of the value function will also be shown with the aid of the regularity of the solution couple of the FBODE system and the regularity assumptions on the coefficient functions, with which we can further deduce that this value function and its linear functional derivative satisfy the Bellman and master equations, respectively., Comment: This new version corrected some typos with further clarifications after comments received

Incompressible Euler flows in narrow domains, in which the horizontal length scale is much larger than other scales, play an important role in applications, and their leading-order behavior can be described by the hydrostatic Euler equations. In this paper, we show that steady solutions of the hydrostatic Euler equations in an infinite strip strictly away from stagnation must be shear flows. Furthermore, we prove the existence, uniqueness, and asymptotic behavior of global steady solutions to the hydrostatic Euler equations in general nozzles. In terms of stream function formulation, the hydrostatic Euler equations can be written as a degenerate elliptic equation, for which the Liouville type theorem in a strip is a consequence of the analysis for the second order ordinary differential equation (ODE). The analysis on the associated ODE also helps determine the far field behavior of solutions in general nozzles, which plays an important role in guaranteeing the equivalence of stream function formulation. One of the key ingredients for the analysis on flows in a general nozzle is a new transformation, which combines a change of variable and an Euler-Lagrange transformation. With the aid of this new transformation, the solutions in the new coordinates enjoy explicit representations so that the regularity with respect to the horizontal variable can be gained in a clear way.

In this paper we study the large time asymptotic behavior of (energy) conservative solutions to the Hunter-Saxton equation in a generalized framework that consists of the evolutions of solution and its energy measure. We describe the large time asymptotic expansions of the conservative solutions, and rigorously verify the validity of the leading order term in $L^{\infty}(\mathbb{R})$ and ${\dot{H}}^1(\mathbb{R})$ spaces respectively. The leading order term is given by a kink-wave that is determined by the total energy of the system only. As a corollary, we also show that the singular part of the energy measure converges to zero, as the time goes to either positive or negative infinity. Under some natural decay rate assumptions on the tails of the initial energy measure, we rigorously provide the optimal error estimates in $L^{\infty}(\mathbb{R})$ and ${\dot{H}}^1(\mathbb{R})$. As the time goes to infinity, the pointwise convergence and pointwise growth rate for the solution are also obtained under the same assumptions on the initial data. The proofs of our results rely heavily on the elaborate analysis of the generalized characteristics designed for the measure-valued initial data, and explicit formulae for conservative solutions., Comment: 37pages, 1 figure

Using a generalized framework that consists of evolution of the solution to the Camassa- Holm equation and its energy measure, we establish the global-in-time orbital stability of peakons with respect to the perturbed (energy) conservative solutions to the Camassa-Holm equation. Especially, we extend the H1-stability result obtained by Constantin and Strauss (Comm. Pure Appl. Math., 53(5), 603-610, 2000) globally-in-time, even after the perturbed solutions experience wave breaking. In addition, our result also shows that the singular part of the energy measure of the perturbed solutions will remain stable for all times., Comment: 12 pages

Although the nuclear fusion process has received a great deal of attention in recent years, the amount of mathematical analysis that supports the stability of the system seems to be relatively insufficient. This paper deals with the mathematical analysis of the magnetic confinement of the plasma via kinetic equations. We prove the global wellposedness of the Vlasov-Maxwell system in a two-dimensional annulus when a huge (but finite-in-time) external magnetic potential is imposed near the boundary. We assume that the solution is axisymmetric. The authors hope that this work is a step towards a more generalized work on the three-dimensional Tokamak structure. The highlight of this work is the physical assumptions on the external magnetic potential well which remains finite within a finite time interval and from that, we prove that the plasma never touches the boundary. In addition, we provide a sufficient condition on the magnitude of the external magnetic potential to guarantee that the plasma is confined in an annulus of the desired thickness which is slightly larger than the initial support. Our method uses the cylindrical coordinate forms of the Vlasov-Maxwell system., Comment: Accepted in a KRM special volume in the memory of Bob Glassey; 38 pages

In this paper we characterize the regularity structure, as well as show the global-in-time existence and uniqueness, of (energy) conservative solutions to the Hunter-Saxton equation by using the method of characteristics. The major difference between the current work and previous results is that we are able to characterize the singularities of energy measure and their nature in a very precise manner. In particular, we show that singularities, whose temporal and spatial locations are also explicitly given in this work, may only appear at at most countably many times, and are completely determined by the absolutely continuous part of initial energy measure. Our mathematical analysis is based on using the method of characteristics in a generalized framework that consists of the evolutions of solution to the Hunter-Saxton equation and the energy measure. This method also provides a clear description of the semi-group property for the solution and energy measure for all times., Comment: 26pages, a typo in abstract is corrected

The classical inverse first passage time problem asks whether, for a Brownian motion $(B_t)_{t\geq 0}$ and a positive random variable $\xi$, there exists a barrier $b:\mathbb{R}_+\to\mathbb{R}$ such that $\mathbb{P}\{B_s>b(s), 0\leq s \leq t\}=\mathbb{P}\{\xi>t\}$, for all $t\geq 0$. We study a variant of the inverse first passage time problem for killed Brownian motion. We show that if $\lambda>0$ is a killing rate parameter and $\mathbb{1}_{(-\infty,0]}$ is the indicator of the set $(-\infty,0]$ then, under certain compatibility assumptions, there exists a unique continuous function $b:\mathbb{R}_+\to\mathbb{R}$ such that $\mathbb{E}\left[-\lambda \int_0^t \mathbb{1}_{(-\infty,0]}(B_s-b(s))\,ds\right] = \mathbb{P}\{\zeta>t\}$ holds for all $t\geq 0$. This is a significant improvement of a result of the first two authors (Annals of Applied Probability 24(1):1--33, 2014). The main difficulty arises because $\mathbb{1}_{(-\infty,0]}$ is discontinuous. We associate a semi-linear parabolic partial differential equation (PDE) coupled with an integral constraint to this version of the inverse first passage time problem. We prove the existence and uniqueness of weak solutions to this constrained PDE system. In addition, we use the recent Feynman-Kac representation results of Glau (Finance and Stochastics 20(4):1021--1059, 2016) to prove that the weak solutions give the correct probabilistic interpretation., Comment: 27 pages, to appear in Annals of Applied Probability

In this paper, we study optimal liquidation problems in a randomly-terminated horizon. We consider the liquidation of a large single-asset portfolio with the aim of minimizing a combination of volatility risk and transaction costs arising from permanent and temporary market impact. Three different scenarios are analyzed under Almgren-Chriss's market impact model to explore the relation between optimal liquidation strategies and potential inventory risk arising from the uncertainty of the liquidation horizon. For cases where no closed-form solutions can be obtained, we verify comparison principles for viscosity solutions and characterize the value function as the unique viscosity solution of the associated Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) equation.

In this article we will introduce a new model to describe the leading order behavior of an ideal and axisymmetric fluid moving in a very narrow domain. After providing a formal derivation of the model, we will prove the well-posedness and provide a rigorous mathematical justification for the formal derivation under a new sign condition. Finally, a blowup result regarding this model will be discussed as well., Comment: 33 pages

We find a new class of data for which the Prandtl boundary layer equations and the hydrostatic Euler equations are locally in time well-posed. In the case of the Prandtl equations, we assume that the initial datum $u_0$ is monotone on a number of intervals (on some strictly increasing on some strictly decreasing) and analytic on the complement and show that the local existence and uniqueness hold. The same is true for the hydrostatic Euler equations except that we assume this for the vorticity $\omega_0=\partial_y u_0$.

We consider an initial value problem for a quadratically nonlinear inviscid Burgers-Hilbert equation that models the motion of vorticity discontinuities. We use a modified energy method to prove the existence of small, smooth solutions over cubically nonlinear time-scales.

In this paper we prove that for a certain class of initial data, smooth solutions of the hydrostatic Euler equations blow up in finite time., Comment: 7 pages; added 1 reference in section 1, paraphrased lemma 2.2, but all mathematical details remain unchanged

We prove local existence and uniqueness for the two-dimensional Prandtl system in weighted Sobolev spaces under the Oleinik's monotonicity assumption. In particular we do not use the Crocco transform. Our proof is based on a new nonlinear energy estimate for the Prandtl system. This new energy estimate is based on a cancellation property which is valid under the monotonicity assumption. To construct the solution, we use a regularization of the system that preserves this nonlinear structure. This new nonlinear structure may give some insight on the convergence properties from Navier-Stokes system to Euler system when the viscosity goes to zero., Comment: 53 pages