Search

This study intended to develop an android-based application for English vocabulary learning for primary school students. By implementing Design and Development design model, the researcher underwent three main stages namely; 1) Design, 2) Development, and 3) Evaluation. Through the use of questionnaires and interview guide, the needs were assessed. The results showed that the primary school students need more time to learn English and emphasize more on vocabulary learning. The primary school students need a smartphone application which provides vocabulary practice, test and entertainment about the topics learnt in the class. The smartphone application was developed in Android Package Kit (APK) format designed by using Microsoft Power Point. Contrasted to others, this smartphone application provides vocabulary practices, quizzes, and games for all topics that 4, 5, and 6 graders need to learn. The smartphone application was tested and evaluated by 5 English teachers and 2 technology experts to find out the quality. The results showed that the application has a very good quality and ready to be installed and used in Android smartphone. An effective use of the application with meaningful learning activities for vocabulary learning for young learners are strongly suggested.

The idea of integrating Islamic values in non-religion subjects is still in the process of shaping its format. Many possibilities and flexibilities of the integration are existing and practiced by English teachers at Islamic Junior High School—knowingly as Madrasah Tsanawiyah (MTs). Also, in the middle of endless idea of integration, teachers have been trying to apply the integration based on their beliefs and situation. This study outlines the teachers’ best practices on integrating Islamic values in English lesson at MTs in Jawa Timur. By using descriptive qualitative method, this study portraits 6 English as Foreign Language (EFL) teachers’ best practices. Data were taken from classroom observation, interview, and documentation which then were analysed as best practices. Best practices refer to the practice of integration which is considered as working practice from each teacher’s situation. The situation was mostly influenced by teachers’ lack of confidence to contextualize and operationalize the values into the teaching materials and activities, and the lack of model for integration. Further study on how to operationalize the integration, and on developing the model of integration will be worth exploring.

This study reflects the best practice of the English immersion program designed for EFL learners. Through observation in the research site and interview with eight participants (two language managers and six language learners), the modified model is discovered as the guidelines in ruling the project in which curriculum, English proficiency, and language management are the main points. Besides, Informal learning becomes the hot issue of this study since the English zone facilitates English informal interaction between language partners and learners which enhances English learning experiences effectively and motivates them to use English. The finding also reported that English immersion program emerges learning community, personal qualities development, English language acquisition, and self-efficacy, language awareness and language exposure The study may contribute to the body of knowledge in second language acquisition and recommend schools or universities and other related institutions to implement English immersion program as the alternative solution for English language learning in non-native speaking countries.

This study aims to investigate the concept of a large class, challenges and issues faced by the teachers while teaching writing skills courses in large classes along with the strategies they use in order to cater to the problems. Therefore, in-depth interviews with nine private and public sector university teachers were conducted. The thematic analysis of the data revealed that a large class, in the Pakistani context, consists of 30 to 35 students and teachers particularly face the problems in assessment, giving feedback, ensuring individual attention, maintaining discipline, and controlling noise factor, etc. The assessment and feedback issues can be catered to by using peer assessment and peer feedback as they are viable strategies to deal with the large writing classes. In order to reduce the noise factor, some related activities can be practised to ensure maximum involvement of learners and ultimately, it reduces the disruptive noise. Identification of students in terms of their behaviour and seriousness towards learning paves the way for choosing appropriate teaching techniques which in turn helps to manage large writing classes having mixed ability students to achieve objectives of the course.

The current study is intended to explore the typology of other-initiated self-repair in term of its frequency of occurrence and to investigate the mechanism of self-repair in an academic setting. To obtain the required data, a classroom conversational analysis was conducted in which the researchers observed a group of graduate students (19 active EFL speakers) in a state university in East Java, Indonesia. Based on the qualitative data analysis, the results of the study revealed that all typologies of other-initiated selfrepair were used depending on the aims the interlocutors try to gain since all typologies have diverse aims and ways. Of all typologies, confirming checks were dominantly used by the participants. Regarding the mechanisms, three types of mechanisms were found; full two-cycle repair, background check, and short-cut repair sequence.

This research is aimed at questing adult EFL learners’ self-directed learning performance in an Indonesian University. A case study is purposely employed to probing the learning behavior performed by adult learners when English language learning is taken as the context of this research carried out. Three student teachers are determined to be interviewed to obtain data. The acquired data is analyzed using thematic analysis by Braun and Clarke (2006). The study discovers that the EFL learners performed various activities presenting their self-directed learning in terms of learning motivation, learning strategy, selfmonitoring, and social competence. This research contributes to body knowledge of English language learning at higher education in which a teacher will be able to choose or select appropriate teaching strategies dealing with learners’ learning behaviour promoting autonomous learning. The findings also suggest the learners to conduct learning process properly since selfdirected learning enables the learners to maximize their both internal and external potentials in order to achieve better English achievement.

Reading and comprehending a text or selection in a language that is different from one’s native tongue can be a daunting task to many English as a Second Language (ESL) learners due to several reasons. Hence, teachers’ instructional strategies play a pivotal role in developing students’ reading skills. This study used a quasi-experimental design to discover the effects of using explicit or direct teaching of metacognitive strategies on the reading skills of students—comprehension skills and vocabulary. Forty grade 11 ESL students from a Chinese–Filipino school in Manila were selected through convenience sampling to be participants of the study. The performance of the two groups in comprehension and vocabulary was compared through pre-test and post-test. Using two-tailed t-test of dependent means, the significant difference between students’ performance in the reading comprehension test and the vocabulary test after the intervention was determined. Based on the results, there is no question that one’s comprehension and vocabulary size could be improved using explicit teaching of metacognitive strategies. The study has practical implications to the teaching of reading among ESL learners. Recommendations for future research are also provided in this paper.

The purpose of this study is to investigate instagram use among English pre-service teachers (EPST) to support their language learning in a particular course. This study sought to explore the following research questions: (1) How do EPST explore instagram to accomplish Online Task-Based Language Learning (OTBLL)? (2) What contents are created and shared by EPST to accomplish OTBLL? To collect the data, this study applied observation and content analysis. In addition several tasks were designed to be accomplished by EPST. The findings shows that EPST were able to integrate both the ability to use instagram and the ability to integrate it for OTBLL. The contents that EPST created and shared met the requirement of OTBLL. The contents included several types: creating video to explain topic assigned, writing phonetic transcription, and other tasks. The results of this study are expected to contribute in improving EPST language skills and their ability to explore social media use for language learning. Being able to seize social media to support language learning is a necessary skill to be nurtured for future language teacher in the 21st century.

The recommended model of teaching English for students of non-English department is collaborative teaching which provides subject lecturer‘s involvement in the curriculum design. This paper reported the process of designing a syllabus of collaborative teaching for ESP teaching in Indonesian context. As a part of curriculum design, this ESP syllabus focuses on content area reading in the area of physics. Several text types commonly used in physics department and vocabulary building of academic word lists and the ones related to physics area study were elaborated as well. The paper concludes that the implementation of this program needs high commitment from the stakeholders in order to make the program successfully implemented. Keywords: collaborative English teaching, Physics Study Program, curriculum design, syllabus design

Although the flipped classroom has attracted much attention, the flipped classroom research in the English teaching context has not been widely explored. This research is intended (1) to explore the general responses of English teachers toward the flipped classroom methodology and (2) to investigate the perceived benefits and challenges of its implementation in English teaching. The total of 10 English teachers from different institutions that applied flipped classroom participated in this research. The data were collected byusing questionnaire and interviews. The data were analyzed by using quantitative descriptive and qualitative data analysis. The results reveal that English teachers have positive responses to the flipped classroom methodology. Some perceived benefits of its implementation are facilitating active learning, developing collaborative teamwork, stimulating autonomous learning, and increasing classroom interaction. Meanwhile, the perceived challenges of its implementation deal with supporting facilities, technical and technological problems, and the challenge of creating flipped learning material.

This study is conducted to determine the effectiveness of teaching grammar-in-context to minimize students‘ grammatical errors in writing. The design of the study was a quasi-experimental with a non-randomized pretest-posttest control group. The samples of the study were taken from the population of the tenth-grade students. The control group was taught by conventional grammar which was separately given with writing skills. Likewise, the experimental one was treated by teaching grammar-in-context. The results of the study showed that the mean score in the post-test was higher than that in the pretest; and the mean score of experimental group increased 16.20 point after the treatment. This result indicated that teaching grammarin- context is considered to be effective in minimizing students‘ grammatical errors in writing. Keywords: grammar-in-context, grammatical errors

This study aims to examine EFL learners’ perception toward the application of Orai App in CLL method in teaching speaking. The study employed likert-scale questionnaires to enable researchers to collect massive data. The total of 24 first year students of a private university in East Java – Indonesia, comprising of 5 male and 19 female students participated in this study. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistic by finding out the total score per item. The results of this study illustrated that Orai application helps students alleviate the fear of speaking. It can also help students in increasing their speaking ability on the aspects of pronunciation, intonation as well as the speaking speed. Based on the data analysis, CLL method assisted by Orai application is strongly recommended to be used to assist the students to be better speaker.

This research investigates the vocational school students’ needs on the implementation of English teaching and learning that is focused on the target needs and learning needs. By adapting Hutchinson and Waters’ model (1987), questionnaire consisting of parts A and B was administered to 32 students. Part A deals with the target needs centred on the learner’s necessities, lacks and wants that are effectively functioned in the target situation. In contrast, part B concerns about learning needs that encompass learning inputs, procedures, teacher’s and learners’ role, and setting. Additionally, interviews were also conducted with the students and an English teacher to gather data in order to examine in-depth results of the practices of English teaching and to uncover possible areas of students’ language difficulties in learning English. The results suggested that the students have different perceptions of their necessities, wants, and lacks. The findings also demonstrated the students’ learning needs including the learning inputs, teaching-learning procedures, the teacher’s and learners’ role, as well as the teachinglearning settings.

Recently, developing students’ thinking, especially critical thinking (CT), has become a hot issue. Critical thinking has been claimed to have an important impact on learners’ reading comprehension because it can help them analyze, evaluate, construct their thinking, solving problems and reasoning (Ennis, 1989). However, the extent that teachers’ classroom activities contribute to developing students’ critical thinking has rarely been researched. The current case study was conducted with six EFL high school teachers and 10 reading lessons in Vietnam to explore the teachers’ use of questions and to analyze if these questions could facilitate the students’ critical thinking. Classroom observations and the cognitive domain of Bloom’s taxonomy were adapted as the research instruments. The study results reveal common types of questions are often used by high school teachers in their reading lessons. Suggestions are made on types of questions that teachers should function more in their class in order to enhance students’ critical thinking.

This study aims 1) to compare the speaking performance of university students who graduated from Islamic boarding school and public school-based senior high schools and 2) to investigate the potential factors affecting the difference of their speaking performance. First year students of a State Islamic University in Lampung - Indonesia participated as the subjects of research. The data of students’ speaking performance was obtained from the documentation of students’ speaking entrance test score. Then, a semi-closed-ended questionnaire investigating the curricular, co-curricular, and extra-curricular programs in their previous high schools covering the sorts, the frequency, and the duration of the activities was distributed to disclose the underlying reasons of the speaking performance differences. The results revealed that generally the Islamic boarding school-based senior high school graduates’ speaking performance is slightly better than the public-based one with a minor difference on the five aspects of speaking assessment. The former showed better achievement in fluency, vocabulary and comprehension, whereas the latter got better result in grammar and pronunciation. Dissimilar variations of the co-curricular and extra-curricular activities at both types of school and the frequency of the activities might be the potential factors affecting the differences.

The purpose of this research was to develop an EFL course book for the first semester learners at the Islamic junior high school in Indonesia. The material development includes some procedures of need analysis, material development, expert validation, material revision, try-out and final revision. Based on the results of questionnaires distributed to 106-second graders, the interviews done to the teachers and field notes taken from a document of the syllabus, this research revealed that most of the students and English teachers require English instructional materials embracing religious and general knowledge. After validated by the experts and tried-out to the students, this research finally produced English materials that were supplemented by a teacher‟s guide, student‟s worksheets and a CD containing listening materials.

To have good acquisition and awareness in reading, the learners need a long and continuous process, and therefore, they are required to have autonomy in learning reading. This study aims to promote learner autonomy in reading class by combining learner-centered reading teaching and extensive reading teaching. Learner-centered reading teaching was carried out through group discussion, presentation, and language awareness activities. Meanwhile, extensive reading teaching was done to review the learners‘ materials in presentation and reinforce their acquisition. Those two different approaches were applied due to differences on learner's characteristics and needs. The result showed some success in the practice of autonomy, indicated by changes on learners' attitude. However, many learners showed that they focused more on obtaining score than on developing their language acquisition. By implementing the approach, the teacher can assist learners to be aware of their ability to learn independently and equip them with the skill needed for long-life learning. Keywords: autonomous learning, learner-centered in teaching reading, Extensive reading teaching

This study aims to explore the difference between the field independent (FI) and field dependent (FD) learners in the area of EFL critical reading skills. To this end, 60 undergraduate EFL students who had taken and passed the Critical Reading course involved as the subjects. The Group Embedded Figure Test (GEFT) was administered to classify the students’ cognitive styles into FI and FD groups. Furthermore, to measure the students’ critical reading skills, the critical reading comprehension test (CRCT) in the form of multiple choice questions was developed and administered. The test items were focused on assessing students’ analytical and inferential skills of reading texts, specifically on determining the main idea, the purpose, the tone, making an inference and taking conclusion. The findings indicate that there is a statistically significant difference in the critical reading skills between FI and FD students. More specifically, the differences are in determining the main idea, determining the purpose, making an inference, and taking the conclusion of the texts in the CRCT. Pedagogically, selecting appropriate reading texts to be used in Critical Reading course practice for developing the students’ critical reading skills will be beneficial for both of FI and FD students.

Writing is a long process; therefore, students need to do some steps to write, beginning from the considerations of choosing a good topic till writing a final copy, includedto review and to revise again and again, from time to time. Peer and self editing strategies are social and metacognitive strategies used in the steps of sharing, revising, and editing in writing. The aim of writing this article is to see how peer and self editing strategies are able to improve students’ writing skill. Classroom action research design was used and 64 students were taken as subjects of the research. The instruments used were peer editing worksheet, self editing worksheet, and test sheet. Data analysis method used was based on the procedures of planning, acting, observing, and reflecting phases. The research results showed that there were improvementsin all elements of writing: the quality of format, punctuation and mechanics, content, organization, and grammar and sentence structure.Based on the research results shown and the criteria of success determined, it can be concluded that peer and self editing strategies are able to improve students’ writing skill.

The role of grammar instruction is inevitably important for second and/or foreign language mastery. Unfortunately, in practice, many English teachers in foreign language contexts such as in Indonesia still teach grammar deductively; that is, learners are provided the grammar rules and examples, are told to memorize them, and then are asked to apply the rules to other examples. This particular method of teaching is believed to produce learners who cannot use the language communicatively although they have considerable knowledge of grammar rules. It has also been seen as contributing to learners’ passive participation and negative feelings towards grammar learning. The aims of this paper are to give an alternative solution to that problem by offering some ideas of game-based activities and to investigate students’ perception of the implementation of communicative game-based grammar learning. Using pre- and post-study questionnaire, the research study was conducted with 30 adult EFL learners taking an after-class English course. The findings indicated that these activities were effective in creating a non-threatening and more relaxing grammar classes, changing students’ negative perception of grammar learning and improving their perceived communicative skills.

This research aims at developing language games to teach speaking for the students joining English Study club as extra-curricular program at one of the State Islamic Senior High Schools in Gresik, Indonesia. It tries to develop the suitable speaking games and to investigate the students‘ responses toward the developed games. This research and development (R&D) is conducted by adapting Thiagarajan‘s (1974) model called 4D which consists of Defining, Designing, Developing, and Disseminating. The data were gained through interview and questionnaire, and observation checklist. The interview is conducted to study the frontend, specifying instructional objectives, and learner analysis. The questionnaire is employed to do task-concept analysis, to get the students‘ responses, and to submit the experts‘ appraisal. Meanwhile, the checklist is used to conduct development testing. Finally, the product of the study is in the form of a handbook entitled ―A Library of Games‖ which comprises 3 units and 50 kinds of games for teaching speaking skill. Keywords: language games, speaking skill, English study club

The purpose of this study was to investigate possible sources of reading anxiety experienced by Turkish EFL learners. The participants of the study were 50 first year university students studying at the English Language Teaching program of a public university in Turkey. The study employed the explanatory sequential mixed methods design. First, the quantitative data were collected through Foreign Language Reading Anxiety Scale (FLRAS), and then the qualitative data were collected through semi-structured interviews for the purpose of better understanding quantitative data findings. For analyzing the quantitative data, each participant’s mean score from FLRAS was computed. As for the qualitative data, the transcribed interviews were analyzed using the constant comparison method, for which the researcher identified the recurring themes through coding, prioritizing and connecting the pieces of data. Results indicated that the participants of the study, in general, experience a moderate level of FL reading anxiety. The following three main categories of FL reading anxiety sources were identified with their ten sub-categories: (1) personal factors (inappropriate reading strategy use, lack of self-confidence, high expectations), (2) features of the reading text (topic familiarity, unknown vocabulary, complex reading structure, text length, figurative language), and (3) reading course (compulsory reading, exam). Key Words: foreign language anxiety, foreign language reading anxiety, the sources of foreign language reading anxiety

The study is aimed at developing the Idea Listing Technique (ILT) to enhance the students‟ writing ability. The Classroom Action Research was applied in this study. The subjects of the study were 31 students, the students taking the course of Writing II, of the third semester of English Department of one State Islamic College at Palangka Raya, Indonesia, in the 2012/2013 academic year. The findings show that the implementation of ILT can enhance the students‟ ability in writing expository paragraph. It is indicated by the enhancements of the percentage of the students achieving the score greater than or equal to C (60-69), and of the percentage of their involvement in the writing activities during the implementation of ILT in Cycle I and II. Thus, the enhancement of the students‟ ability in writing expository paragraph can be reached but it should follow the appropriate procedures of the implementation of ILT having been developed. Keywords: Idea Listing Technique, Writing Ability, Paragraph Writing, Expository Paragraph

The importance of blended learning has been emphasised during the current restriction caused by the coronavirus diseases 2019 (COVID-19). But there is a scarcity of studies on students’ learning experience in blended learning, particularly using WhatsApp as one of the learning tools. A combination of classroom meetings and online learning is implemented in a vocational university in Indonesia. The research reported in this article aims to examine students’ perceptions of their learning experience in a blended method of learning incorporating social media WhatsApp and Google Classroom application as learning instruments. The dataset includes a questionnaire consisting of a four-point Likert scale and open-ended questions, a recording of WhatsApp chat history, and students' work in Google Classroom. Data analysis uses a multi-methods approach. Descriptive analysis is used for the closed-ended questions using the Excel program and content analysis for the open-ended questions. Results show that students positively perceive their learning experience in blended learning. Students also articulate their concerns of the internet connection and instruction clarity on the online learning materials. This paper highlights some implications of the research findings including the lecturer's need for professional development that may enable them to help students succeed in blended learning.

This study aims to explore how English as a Second Language ESL Pre-Service Teachers (PSTs) employ adaptation strategies in response to the surrounding constraining context to develop their professional identities. The research question is “How do pre-service teachers (PSTs) employ adaptation strategies to develop their professional identity (PI) during their simulated teaching class and practicum?”. Qualitative data were collected using semi-structured interviews and classroom observation from PSTs in a Malaysian university and public secondary schools in Kuala Lumpur. Findings showed that the positive notions of belonging to a Community of Practice (CoP) proved to be applicable in the simulated teaching class context, so PSTs used their adaptation process of observation-experimentation and evaluation to attempt different teaching practices. Nonetheless, the positive notions of the CoP were inapplicable in the teaching practicum context. Hence, PSTs struggled to construct their Professional Identity (PI) and had to alter their adaptation strategies to negotiate PI construction. The study concludes with some recommendations for further use. Program designers need to consider social interaction and integration within the professional context. That could enable adaptation processes to enhance PSTs’ PI development.

This paper aims at demonstrating the effectiveness of modern methods of formation of English language communicative competence of those students who study at non-language specialties. The experimental work was carried out at the Faculty of Pedagogy and Psychology, the Faculty of Physical Education and the Faculty of History of Ternopil National Pedagogical University named after Volodymyr Hnatyuk, Ukraine. The authors present their experience of conducting a three-year-long training using game technology, project-based technology, interactive technologies, tasks in the electronic system Moodle, etc. and discuss the benefits of using those means at university. The core question of the given study is whether these means are effective in the formation of students’ foreign language communicative competence. The authors demonstrate the benefits of studying with the help of modern lingua-didactic and technical means. The results of the survey indicate that these tools are effective in their integrated application for the formation of English language skills. To conclude, the findings of the study can be applied while teaching English to the students of non-language specialties.

The use of drama activities is a method that allows learners to improve their communication skills, think critically, learn new vocabulary, and increase their motivation for learning. This study investigates the attitudes of English language teachers, as well as the advantages, problems faced in, and teaching techniques of the English language learning process in Palestinian schools using drama activities. Using both qualitative and quantitative research methods, the researchers investigated the extent to which drama activities are used while teaching English as a second language in Palestinian schools using a questionnaire and interviews. In the questionnaire, the participating English language teachers were 39 females and 12 males. Two teachers were interviewed. The findings confirm the need to implement changes and improvements regarding the use of drama activities in the language classroom. Moreover, the findings suggest following specific drama usage recommendations to ensure satisfactory results for both teachers and students to improve the four language skills. The implication of this study calls for providing clear and sufficient materials for drama classes, as well as offering teachers training programs to enhance their abilities to use drama activities in an effective way.

Indonesian EFL learners face challenges in comprehending English phonemes as it becomes one of the significant predictors of English literacy. Hence, the English Phonetics subject is considered one of the most difficult ones, making the teaching and learning process less effective. Addressing Indonesian EFL learners’ attitudes toward English phonetics teaching is significant to improve phonetics teaching, yet, research on this has not received much attention. This present study was conducted to explore EFL learners’ attitudes toward English phonetic learning. A quantitative approach with survey design was employed involving 112 Indonesian EFL students. The researchers identified students’ attitudes using an adapted questionnaire from Lintunen and Mäkilähde (2015). Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25 was utilized to analyze the data. The results indicate that Indonesian EFL students perform positive attitudes toward English phonetic learning, although they confess that phonetics is challenging. It implies that phonetics learning is potential and promising to support their English fluency; hence, lecturers need to make phonetics Learning more enjoyable, easier and participating in drawing the students' full engagement by considering their preferences and attitude toward phonetics learning.

Research of conference feedback on EFL students' writing accuracy is a vital issue; however, it has never been conducted in Cambodia. This study was carried out to fill this void by investigating conference feedback to improve students' writing accuracy in four categories: semantic, grammatical, mechanic, and lexical features. It also explored the students' perceptions of the feedback in the context of EFL writing class. One class, with twelve students, from 18 to 25 years of age, with a ratio of 8:4 women: men, was purposively chosen for the study which was designed in two cycles, each with eight steps. Data were collected from the writing tests, writing assignments, students' self-evaluation survey, and focus-group discussions. Findings revealed that conference feedback had improved students' writing skills by allowing them to use correct grammar and expressions. The feedback has also developed students' engagement in the writing process. It also proposed a pedagogical implication that effective feedback through a conference approach depends to a great extent on the knowledge and experience of the teacher, classroom resources, and interactions between the teacher and the student.

Teacher feedback is useful information for EFL students’ improvement. It assists students to know their weaknesses and strengths in English learning. However, students might perceive teacher feedback differently from the teacher's intentions. This study examined students’ perceptions of their teacher feedback in English class and investigated their self-regulated learning after receiving feedback. It is a descriptive-qualitative study involving ten EFL students of the senior high school using semi-structured interview questions through online communication. Subsequently, the data were transcribed and analyzed qualitatively using thematic analysis of students’ perceptions of teacher feedback and their self-regulated learning. The finding showed that the students perceived teacher feedback as positive and negative. Upon receiving teacher feedback, the students developed their self-regulated learning, such as setting goals, monitoring, self-motivating, seeking-help, adopting, and self-evaluating in English learning. This study offers implications for English teachers and educators to improve their feedback quality in English classroom assessment.

Studies regarding the use of flipped instruction in language learning have been identified plentifully, little work has examined its use in teaching listening, particularly for specific language testing. In order to address this gap, the impact of the flipped classroom to enhance EFL students’ listening skills, especially language testing, was examined. Furthermore, this study also explored the students’ perspective toward their experience in having a flipped classroom. Accordingly, a mixed-method was employed by using pre-test and post-test after treatment, along with the online open-ended questionnaire. This study revealed that the average score of the post-test (M=72.27) was significantly higher than the average score of the pre-test (64.06), indicating flipped instruction enhances the students' listening comprehension skills. Further, most of the students provoked positive feedbacks on their experience of having flipped classroom. This study might contribute as a guideline for EFL teachers to implement flipped instruction to increase the students' listening comprehension.

Personal competence is one of the four main competencies that teachers in Indonesia must possess. However, the literature has been still limited on the teacher's personal competence in the EFL context. Therefore, the present study aims to discover the application of vocational English teachers’ personal competence and its implication on the teaching and learning process. To achieve the purpose of this study, a qualitative approach in a form of case study was employed. Two teachers of English consisting of one male and one female teacher participated in this study and shared their stories about the application of their personal competence at the school. A semi-structured interview became the instrument to obtain the data. The findings of this investigation indicated that the personal competence of EFL teachers was revealed from teachers’ obedience towards regulation, the application of their religious values, the way they treat their students, the honesty and model they demonstrated, the teachers’ maturity, wiseness, and assertiveness, the teachers’ work ethic, the teachers’ confidence in carrying out their duties and the pride towards their profession. The study also discussed how the teachers’ personal competence might affect the teaching and learning process .

Microteaching lesson study, that is a variation of lesson study applied by student teachers in microteaching course, provides the environment for EFL student teachers to collaborate, engage, and reflect on their ideas, beliefs, and teaching experiences. Such condition is a fertile ground that enables the student teachers' beliefs of language learning to change. Recent studies show that some education programs have changed the beliefs of student teachers. However, no studies have discussed the changes of beliefs of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) student teachers experienced in microteaching lesson study. This present study aims to investigate the effect of microteaching lesson study on EFL student teachers� beliefs. The data were collected using a questionnaire on Beliefs About Language Learning Inventory (BALLI) adapted from Horwitz administered before and after microteaching lesson study. The participants were the EFL student teachers enrolling in a microteaching lesson study class at Universitas Muria Kudus. The study reveals that the beliefs of EFL student teachers did not change significantly after they experienced microteaching lesson study. Time seems to be one of the most influential factors in hindering the changes of beliefs of the EFL student teachers. Therefore, this study suggests that EFL student teachers be given more time to practise teaching in the microteaching course.

Teaching EFL writing at the secondary level of education is one of the challenging tasks for every teacher. However, few studies on how EFL writing is taught at up-secondary schools (U-SS) have been reported. This study attempts to explore how Vietnamese teachers at this educational level perceived the importance of EFL writing, how they taught this skill, and what difficulties and expectations/suggestions they had in making the teaching of this skill at their own schools more effectively. Employing the 5-point Likert-scale survey with 20 teachers from five U-SS, classroom observations, and semi-structured interviews, the study found these teachers' understanding of the importance of teaching this skill, their confidence, and appropriate pedagogical use and content knowledge (PCK) in teaching it. However, their lack of time, the heavy contents in the textbooks, the multiple-choice test formats, large classes, students' dislike of this skill, and their insufficient knowledge of grammar and vocabulary challenged their teaching of this skill. With the suggestions/recommendations made by these teachers, this study is expected to provide some insights for relevant and timely support to teachers for the effectiveness of teaching this skill in the educational settings in Vietnam and in similar EFL contexts.

Recent debates about the bachelor in Morocco show that teaching learners to maintain positive attitudes and take over responsibilities for social and political processes is an essential educational asset of soft skills, mainly for schools that adopt project-based instructions. To engage students in this newest reform, significant preconditions of democratic school culture are set as effective outcomes to generate ethical behaviors. Today, social and political issues tend to provide meaningful opportunities to engage students in proper activities, specifically by using project-based learning. This paper aims at examining important venues that Moroccan school leaders, along with the bachelor outcomes, wish to implement to foster democratic participation within and outside school life by adopting project-based learning. It questions the challenges and perspectives of this implementation along with the progress of Moroccan educational institutions. Hence, the paper adheres to a meta-analysis technique, whereby a unique examination of the various already conducted studies came out with conclusions: perspectives and challenges. The typical meta-analysis method disengages readings of various scholarly academic sources related to school effectiveness concerning the implementation of project-based instruction, specifically after a long journey of debates about the bachelor. Because of its descriptive nature, this method allows the researcher to explore the wide-range of pitfalls that provide potential opportunities for alternative conclusions which are adopted in restructured and well-run approaches. The significant results and conclusions drawn from this paper are profoundly and qualitatively discussed and analyzed.

Problem Based Learning (PBL) is used in various fields of study. However, there is a dearth of use of PBL and its relevance in English Language Teaching (ELT). Thus, this exploratory study focusses on the use, relevance and implementation of PBL in ELT. It describes how PBL empowers English for Academic Purposes (EAP) learners by engaging them in real-world issues. The insights gained from self- classroom observations of the teacher-researcher were integrated with insights obtained through extensive literature review. This study was done over eight semesters with around 300 students in each semester. The study showed that in English for Business 1(an EAP course), PBL fosters self-directed learning as the students make choices and take decisions about current economic problems in accomplishing the various milestones of the process throughout the semester. It also showed that EAP learners can take charge of their learning and make their connections with authentic business material. The study further showed that the use of PBL approach in English for Business 1 course helped learners reflect on the way they had learnt, improved their research skills, gave the confidence to do teamwork, helped them identify relevant research tools and inculcated self-management and time management skills in them. The study, thus, showed that the use of PBL encourages active learning and makes EAP learners become responsible for their learning as they indulge in reflective critical thinking about what is being learned, which in turn makes them life-long learners. The study makes several recommendations for an effective PBL class, including allowing students to choose their groups, providing feedback at the right time, encouraging the use of reflective journals, etc.

Learning Management System (LMS) has become an integral part of education technology in every institution. Almost all the Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) are using LMS to facilitate their teaching and learning processes. The study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of LMS and the basic perception of students on the usage of LMS and various plugins to support their learning process not only to ensure its quality but also to evaluate different strategies for its future enhancement. Hence, this study adopts a developmental evaluation framework to assess students’ satisfaction and perception of using the (LMS) in their experiential Flipped Learning (FL) of English language modules. The methodology follows the pragmatic paradigm based on Dewey’s theory to allow for mixed-method instruments to be employed for a better understanding of the LMS, exploring its challenges and opportunities. This small-scale evaluative study involved a survey of 70 respondents and a focus group of ten students in a private HEI in Oman to explore their FL experience in English modules. The depiction of this experience represented positive responses emphasizing how FL technology-enhanced individualized/experiential learning reinforced in life-long learning skills suitable for career practice. Recommendations are offered for LMS to facilitate enhanced flipped teaching implementation, promoting a student-centered environment ideal for a broader approach of active learning in HEI contexts.

To prepare students to face the world of work, universities should ensure that engineers graduating from their campuses demonstrate entrepreneurial skills and the ability to understand market forces alongside domain knowledge. This exploratory study focused on the design, application, and evaluation of a research-based coursework assignment in a business communication course offered to undergraduate level engineering students at a university college in Oman. The assignment aimed at developing students’ entrepreneurship skills, basic business concepts, creativity, critical thinking, communication skills, and research skills. Student perceptions on the role of assignment in developing the above-mentioned skills and in influencing their affective domain were gathered using a survey questionnaire carrying closed and open-ended questions. The data were analyzed using SPSS and frequency tables were generated. The results of the survey revealed that the students enjoyed working on the assignment and showed strong agreement for most of the items on the role of assignment in developing their skills and knowledge. The assignment model used in this study can support teachers in designing assessments that target the development of entrepreneurial skills alongside other meta-skills and can help solve the problem of unemployment in due course.

The purpose of the research was to discover students’ perceptions of critical thinking pedagogical techniques. The type of research was designed by using a survey that shared the link of online questionnaires to the participants. Based on the result of research, students agree if critical thinking skills should be taught during class and understood the pedagogical methods to develop a higher order of thinking skills. However, it needs more development in some techniques, and to see the implementation of this technique in their teaching practice.

Self-talk strategy is making positive statements like “I can do this” to help oneself get through challenging tasks. This study used a quasi-experimental method. The population was the eleventh-grade students of Muhammadiyah Senior High School of Palembang, with the total sample of this research was 60 students. The data were collected through an oral test and analyzed by using a t-test to know significant difference between the students’ achievement in the experimental group and control group. Based on this study, it was found that Self Talk strategy was effective in teaching students speaking skills.

The purpose of the present research is to uncover relationship between English as a Foreign Language (EFL) students' speaking score achievement and their epistemic beliefs. To this end, 63 Indonesian EFL students completed two different instruments, namely EFL epistemic beliefs questionnaire and final test of Intensive Speaking course. The results of Pearson Product Moment Correlation demonstrated that speaking achievement is significantly correlated with epistemic beliefs adapted from Emaliana (2017), consisting seven sub dimensions, namely, fix ability, certain knowledge, simple knowledge, omniscient authority, learning and communication strategies, foreign language aptitude, and motivation and expectation. Likewise, the findings manifested that sophisticated students who are indicated by high level of epistemic beliefs outperform simple students, who are otherwise having low level of epistemic beliefs. This research holds significant implications for curriculum, teaching and learning materials and instructional media developers, as well as teachers to afford students with personal beliefs about knowledge and knowing EFL to enhance the students' speaking skill.

The study aims to investigate if role play and discussion methods can improve students’ speaking skills significantly. The researcher also attempts to investigate whether role play or discussion method that better enhancing the students’ speaking performance after the teaching-learning process conducted. To achieve these aims, the quasi-experimental research design is employed. The data were gathered from 60 students of twelfth grade in one of the vocational high schools in Pandeglang, Banten. Students from two classes were taken randomly and divided into experimental and control groups. Some instruments like pre-test - post-test were employed to collect the data. At the end of the study, many advantages were found to improve the students’ speaking skill including vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation aspect. Both groups indicated to experience improvement, but the experimental group showed more advanced enhancement indicated by their achieving to reach the ‘good’ category in speaking. While none of the students from the control group could get that. Conclusively, students taught by the discussion method show more improvement with 19.93 as their mean score. While students by role-play method have 13.73 as their mean score. It is significantly different from both methods indicated by the significance value score of 0.14 which is less than 0.05. Hence, the discussion method is more effective than the role-play method in improving students’ speaking ability. For that reason, it is recommended for teachers to use discussion method to improve students’ speaking comprehension.

This research was based on the teaching and learning process now in the education and training field which most of it still tends to be done conventionally. Learning through E-learning can overcome the constraints of space and time. Widyaiswara (Instructor) and training participants can make the learning process both synchronous (direct), and asynchronous (indirectly) through the virtual world. This study is intended to describe the influence of LMS Schoology in improving the learning outcomes of English Training participants in Religious Education and Training Center (BDK) Surabaya. Formulation of the problem “Is there a significant and positive influence on the use of LMS Schoology on Improving Learning Outcomes of English Teacher Training Participants?” The research method used is pre-experimental one group pretest-postets with regression analysis. Regression analysis is used to find out how much influence the independent variable has on the increase in the dependent variable. The results showed that after teaching and learning process was carried out with the LMS Schoology application media there is a significant and positive influence on the use of LMS Schoology to increase the learning outcomes of English Teacher Training participants and the amount of the influence of the LMS Schoology usage variable on the increase participant learning outcomes is 77.4%. That is, the effect of LMS Schoology on the learning outcomes of training participants is 77.4%. Keywords: E-learning, LMS Schoology, learning outcomes

Technology has many applications in the field of media for teaching and learning. In private education, teachers have to be creative in creating interactive teaching media. Moreover, teaching media are needed to support the success of teaching and learning processes. Comics is favorable to read because it is fun. Online comics become popular in remote learning because students work a lot with online applications today. Toonytools is one of the favorable online comic creators. This study aims to investigate the use of Toonytools as a teaching medium in teaching Narrative Text. This study uses mix-method. A survey as a quantitative and qualitative interview was done to the students and the English Teacher. Some possible benefits and challenges within the implementation are suggested. The finding of this research is the effectiveness of using the online comic platform Toonytools, a learning media to teach the narrative text. This platform is easy to use and applied to make Toonytools feasible as a favorite online comic platform for teachers to create learning media.

Having a clear vocabulary profile of Moroccan master students might reveal where these participants stand compared to other countries. Therefore, the study aims to investigate the effect of languages of instruction in Morocco (e.g., Arabic vs. French) on the receptive vocabulary size of EFL Moroccan master students (e.g., departments of letters, science, and law). To this end, Meara’s (2010) Yes/No test was used as an instrument to measure the overall vocabulary size of these participants. A total of 325 EFL master students took the aforementioned test. The main research question is: Does the medium of instruction have any effects on the receptive vocabulary size of these students? Descriptive statistics were employed to calculate the overall receptive vocabulary size of test-takers. It was found that Moroccan EFL master students have a total of (M= 2293) lemmas. An independent samples t-test was run to check for any statistical significance. The t-test statistic reveals that the significance level is less than the p-value (t=-4.068, p< .05, df= 323). Thus, it was concluded that there was a statistically significant difference between the French group and the Arabic group. The results of this study confirm that students who were instructed in French (M= 2417, sd= 903, N=185) outperformed the other students who were taught in Arabic (M= 2058, sd= 903, N= 140). In the current study, among various suggestions, it is proposed that the volume of 30 hours in the English module is not sufficient and should be complemented with vocabulary-based activities.

The Algerian English foreign language (EFL) baccalaureate is a high stake exam that assesses both students’ learning and their critical thinking skills. Thus, devising appropriate and effective exam questions may be a problematic issue for tests designers. Under the requirements of the current Algerian English curriculum, the exam questions must cover the lower and higher-order thinking skills of Bloom’s taxonomy. On this basis, this research paper seeks to investigate the effectiveness of the EFL baccalaureate exam papers, and aims to answer the research question: ‘To what extent does the Algerian EFL Baccalaureate exam paper cover the lower and higher-order thinking skills of Bloom’s taxonomy?’ This research is a descriptive content analysis; the researcher analyzed the exam questions of the Algerian EFL Baccalaureate under the cognitive domains of Bloom’s taxonomy. This study is significant as it helps tests’ designers to design practical EFL exams that develop students’ thinking skills and language competencies. The findings of this study revealed that the EFL baccalaureate exam does not establish the students’ higher-order thinking skills and does not assess their communicative abilities. Accordingly, some recommendations are suggested to hopefully help test designers to improve the quality of the EFL Baccalaureate questions.

In language, meaning is conveyed and received through words and grammar. A phrase or a sentence is not a random collection of words. In the absence of grammar, words hang together without any real meaning. Thus, grammar plays an essential role in language teaching. With adequate grammar explanations in meaningful contexts and practice, some serious errors in learners' language can be avoided. This study aimed at examining the relationship between teachers’ perceptions of grammar teaching and their actual practices in a Saudi EFL context. Questionnaires and classroom observation checklists were used to gather information about teachers' perceptions of grammar teaching and to compare that with their practices. The paper sought to find answers to these questions: 1) What are teachers’ perceptions of grammar teaching? 2) Do teachers’ perceptions of grammar correlate with their actual teaching in EFL classes? 3) What are teachers’ perceptions of problems, if any, hindering their practice of grammar teaching? The sample consisted of 23 teachers who completed a questionnaire discussing their perceptions of grammar teaching and practice. Six of these teachers were observed teaching grammar in classes. The findings revealed that there was a negative correlation between teachers' perceptions of grammar teaching and their perceptions of their grammar classes. Also, there was a negative correlation between teachers' perceptions of grammar teaching and the observed classes. However, teachers' perceptions of their classes were mostly reflected in observation cards, and they were positively correlated. Further, the study revealed teachers' tendency towards traditional methods of teaching where the meaningful practice was overlooked.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the gender representation in the English as a Foreign Language textbook, Family and Friends 6 KSA second edition, that is designed internationally and widely used in private Saudi elementary schools. To achieve the study goals, a mixed method was used, content analysis and a compiling quantitative data in which the corpus of the English textbook was analyzed; frequencies and percentages of gender appearances and activities were also calculated. The major findings of the study were as follows: First, women were underrepresented in terms of appearance. Second, males were dominant of the reading passages and dialogues topics. Third, there is an overall higher tendency for females to be referenced in sentences before males. forth, males were presented in a wider range and overall a higher level of employment and enjoyed a wider range of spare time and leisure activities than females. Fifth, however, the distribution of household responsibilities was equal between females and males and female activities were not restricted to passive indoor activities. Recommendations and suggestions for further studies are presented at the end of the results section of this paper.

This paper aims to demonstrate the effectiveness of the Conversation Analysis Tool in the context of teaching world literature to senior students majoring in English philology. The authors present their experience of undertaking a three-month online course “Constructive Classroom Conversations: Mastering Language for College and Career Readiness,” hosted by Stanford University, and discuss the benefits of applying this tool at universities. The study describes the basic mechanisms of the Conversation Analysis Tool aimed at developing specific communication skills in students of English for Speakers of Other Languages. The central research question is whether this method is as feasible for teaching literature as it is for language classrooms. The authors demonstrate their takeaways from applying this technique in teaching world literature, namely, analyzing literary dialogues in different classroom activities. The research findings indicate that the Conversation Analysis Tool is an efficient method for the formative assessment of senior students in the world literature classroom. This technique helps students reveal the pragmatic features of fiction dialogues, the writer’s narrative intentions, and the reader’s expected reception. The suggested method also demonstrates students’ progress in the studied topics and identifies possible gaps in mastering the educational content. The significance of the study extends beyond the specified context, as the search for novel instruction techniques targeted at improving communication skills in the 21st-century globalized world is relevant for any educational sphere. Consequently, the research findings of this paper can be applied in different teaching settings.

This paper aims to analysis an English language textbook used in “middle school” (high school) in Saudi Arabia in-depth, to ascertain the type of pedagogy pushed by the teacher’s book. The criteria of analysis are adapted from Communicative Language Teaching (CLT). These criteria are used to analyses the textbook in terms of how communicative it is and personalised, how authentic, how meaningful; its degree of linguistic complexity; whether it is scaffolded, accuracy or fluency oriented; and how much of all each of these categories is in the textbook activities. The methodology of this paper is qualitative and presents only one aspect, textbook analysis, of a broader case study which forms part of a Ph.D. project that explores the factors behind the failure of implementation of CLT in Saudi Arabia. The results of this analysis show that in the textbook there is a careful balance between accuracy and fluency. There are some person, alised and meaningful activities, however most of the activities lack of authenticity which limits freedom for the students in using use the target language.