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The reuse of organic wastes in agriculture is an appropriate method for environment management and providing nutrients to the plants. The objective of this study is to utilize possibility of agricu...

Stock (Matthiola incana) is a cool-season annual in Utah with the highest quality stems being produced in spring and fall. Plants produce a single stem with either single or double florets that are known for their sweet and strong clove-like scent. Stock can be transplanted in the high tunnel and field in early spring and is tolerant of light frosts. Stems require a trellis to promote straight growth and can reach 36 inches tall. In North Logan, UT, stock grown in a high tunnel began blooming 5-10 weeks earlier, had 55% greater marketability, and stems averaged 4-8 inches longer than field-grown stock.

Introducción y objetivos: El género Matthiola W. T Aiton posee entre 50 y 60 especies originarias del Mediterráneo, Asia central y Sudáfrica. M. incana (L.) W. T. Aiton, nativa del sur de Europa, se encuentra naturalizada en otras regiones del mundo. En Argentina es cultivada como ornamental. A partir de observaciones florísticas se halló una población naturalizada, que se autoperpetúa sin intervención del hombre, en las costas de la Patagonia Argentina. El objetivo de este trabajo es reportar por primera vez la naturalización de M. incana en Argentina. M&M: Para la identificación de la especie se siguieron los métodos clásicos de taxonomía, se consultó bibliografía específica y se contrastó el material recolectado con imágenes digitales del lectotipo. Se recolectaron semillas de la población naturalizada y se evaluó el poder germinativo a través de un ensayo de germinación. El material recolectado que documenta el presente trabajo fue depositado en el herbario ARC de la Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Resultados: Se describe a Matthiola incana. Se incluyen nombres vulgares y datos sobre distribución, hábitat, ecología y usos. Se presenta una serie de fotografías de campo y bajo microscopio estereoscópico para complementar la descripción. El ensayo de germinación demostró que el 95% de las semillas germina a las 24 hs a 25 °C. Conclusiones: Se reporta por primera vez para Argentina la naturalización de Matthiola incana, única especie del género en el país hasta el momento. Background and aims: The genus Matthiola W. T. Aiton comprises between 50 and 60 species native to the Mediterranean, Central Asia and South Africa. M. incana (L.) W. T. Aiton, indigenous to southern Europe, is naturalized in other regions of the world. In Argentina it is cultivated as ornamental. From floristic observations, a naturalized population was found, which self-perpetuates without human intervention, on the coasts of the Patagonia Argentina. The objective of this work is to report for the first time the naturalization of M. incana in Argentina. M&M: For the identification of the species, the classic methods of taxonomy were followed, specific bibliography was consulted and the collected material was contrasted with digital images of the lectotype. Seeds were collected from the naturalized population and the germinative power was evaluated through a germination test. The collected material that documents the present work was deposited in the ARC herbarium of the Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Results: Matthiola incana is described. The common names and data on distribution, habitat, ecology and uses are included. Photographs are presented to complement the description. The germination test showed that 95% of the seeds germinated after 24 hours at 25°C. Conclusions: The naturalization of Matthiola incana is reported for the first time in Argentina, the only species of the genus in the country until now.

The allocation of new water resources to grow ornamental plants, especially in arid and semi-arid areas has usually faced numerous problems. Therefore, it is essential to study and select tolerant ornamental plants for use in these areas. This study was carried out in a completely randomized block design with five irrigation levels; 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100% of field capacity, using a surface irrigation system for two cultivars of stock flower (Matthiola incana L.), i.e., PanAmerican and Cinderella. The results showed that, although the number of flowers in Cinderella cultivar and relative water content in PanAmerican did not change significantly with increasing drought stress, plant height, shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root fresh weight, and root dry weight significantly decreased in both cultivars (P

Garden stock (Matthiola incana R. Br.) is a commercially important horticultural crop owing to its ornamental effect. There are different stock cultivars varied in color and shape, especially flowered phenotype is an essential index evaluating its commercial value, because double flowered cultivars have more brilliant flowers compared to single flowered one. The present work aimed: (1) to make superior cultivars with different colors, high fertility, being capable of early selecting only double flowered seedlings by leaf color and to investigate morphological characteristics and (2) to select RAPD and ISSR primers for the cultivar certification and identification to culture and produce good commercial stock cultivars. Here we obtained new double flowered stock cultivars with different colors including pink, pale pink and white, through outcrossing between “white” cultivar (high fertile but unable to select double flower phenotype) and “pink” cultivar (vice. versa). Among newly obtained stock cultivars, single and double flower seedlings are distinguishable from each other by leaf color, having about 70% of fertility. Moreover RAPD and ISSR markers selected in this study can be applied to identify different stock cultivars in seed production, culture and to establish cultivar certification system.

As part of a project aimed at investigating the Matthiola taxa endemic to Sicily (Italy), this study focused on Matthiola incana, an edible species used in the traditional medicine of various countries. Herein, the characterization of phenolic and volatile compounds, the antioxidant capacity in vitro (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazil (DPPH), reducing power and Fe2+ chelating activity assays) and the toxicity test (Artemia salina lethality bioassay) of the hydroalcoholic extracts from the aerial parts of M. incana subsp. rupestris from Mt. Pellegrino (Palermo) and Mt. Erice (Trapani), and of M. incana subsp. pulchella are reported. The results are compared with those previously shown for M. incana subsp. incana, to achieve a comprehensive overview of the three subspecies. The HPLC-PDA/ESI-MS and SPME-GC/MS analyses led to the identification of 13 phenolics and 54 volatile compounds. Differences in the qualitative-quantitative profile of these phytochemicals have been highlighted between the M. incana subspecies. The antioxidant tests showed different activity for the extracts, which were found to possess better chelating properties. At last, none of the tested extracts displayed toxicity against brine shrimp larvae. These findings enrich the knowledge on the Matthiola taxa growing wild in Sicily, both from the strictly systematic point of view and for the possible applications as sources bioactive compounds that can be used in the nutraceutical field.

Fusarium sp causes the most important disease in the greenhouse cultivation of stock because it originates the mortality of the transplanted plants, mainly in their fírst phenological stages; these losses are more critical during the first four weeks of the cycle; therefore, in mortality records, they exceed 10% of the affected population. In the phytosanitary management of the crop, control techniques have been established, the fírst one through Chemical producís application whose active ingredients are: Fosetyl aluminum, Iprodione, Captan, and Hymexasol; the second one through products of a biological nature application: Trichoderma sp and Bacillus subtilis; the third one with the use of antibiotics: Pyrocontrol of weeds, Kasugamycin, Polioxyn B, Azoxystrobin, and Kresoxym methyl; and the plantation program that is an association of products of the techniques mentioned above: Fosetyl aluminum, Bacillus subtilis. Polioxyn B, Hymexasol, and Azoxystrobin. The control efficacy was measured by the severity Índex of the fungus in the crop, regarding the mortality, the loss índex. The statistical model was a completely randomized block design, with three repetitions and five treatments; the data were collected with a frequency of 8 days and the phytosanitary applications with a frequency of 15 days during 10 weeks of the cycle; for the evaluation follow-up, a universe of 100 random plants was established where 10 plants were evaluated by the plantation method on a scale of two levels of infection with four degrees of affection each one; and, the mortality that Fusarium sp. The scientifíc verification of Fusarium sp was made through the biological laboratory results of "Agrocalidad," using the PCR technique in soil isolation and plant tissue. At the end of the experimentation, the lowest average was the plantation treatment with 13.77% mortality, while the absolute control had 63.00% mortality. This study seeks to provide guidance on the most effective control technique to be used as an alternative to reduce fusarium populations in crops of the Brassicaceae family, especially in Matthiola incana, stock. Una de las enfermedades más importantes en el cultivo de Alelí bajo invernadero, es la que causa Fusarium sp, provocando la mortalidad de las plantas trasplantadas, principalmente en sus primeras etapas fenológicas, siendo más críticas estas pérdidas durante las cuatro primeras semanas de ciclo; pues, en registros de mortalidad superan el 10% de la población afectada. En el manejo fitosanitario del cultivo, se han establecido técnicas de control, la primera mediante aplicaciones con productos químicos cuyos ingredientes activos son: Fosetyl aluminio, Iprodione, Captan e Hymexasol; la segunda mediante aplicaciones con productos de naturaleza biológica: Trichoderma sp y Bacillus subtilis, la tercera con el uso de antibióticos: Pirocontrol de malezas, Kasugamicina, Polioxyn B, Azoxystrobin y Kresoxym methyl; y, el programa propuesto por la finca que es una asociación de productos de las técnicas antes mencionadas: Fosetyl aluminio, Bacillus subtilis. Polioxyn B, Hymexasol y Azoxystrobin. La eficacia de control fue medida mediante el índice de severidad del hongo en cultivo, mientras que con la mortalidad el índice de pérdidas; el modelo estadístico fue un diseño de bloques completamente al azar, con tres repeticiones y cinco tratamientos; los datos se recolectaron con una frecuencia de 8 días y las aplicaciones fitosanitarias con una frecuencia de quince días durante 10 semanas de ciclo; para el seguimiento de evaluación, se estableció un universo de 100 plantas al azar, de las cuales se hizo seguimiento de 10 plantas que fueron evaluadas mediante el método de finca en una escala de dos niveles de infección con cuatro grados de afección cada uno; y, la mortalidad que presenta Fusarium sp. La verificación científica de Fusarium sp, fue a través de los resultados de laboratorio de biológicos de Agrocalidad, utilizando la técnica PCR convencional en aislamiento de suelo y en tejido vegetal. Al finalizar la experimentación el menor promedio lo tuvo el tratamiento de finca con el 13.77 % de mortalidad, mientras que el testigo absoluto tuvo el 63.00 % de mortalidad. El presente estudio, busca orientar sobre la técnica de control más efectiva a utilizar como alternativa para reducir las poblaciones de fusarium en cultivos de la familia Brassicaceae, especialmente en Matthiola incana, alelí o stock.

ÖZET Bu tez çalışmasında Türkiye’de sınırlı bölgede dağılım gösteren Brassicaceae familyasından Matthiola incana (L.) R. Br.’da mikrosporogenez, mikrogametogenez ve polen canlılığı sitolojik ve embriyolojik olarak incelenmiştir. Bu çalışmada ezme preparasyon ve parafin gömme metodu kullanılarak yapılan preparatlar ışık mikroskobunda incelenmiştir. Çeşitli evrelerdeki anterlerin polisakkarit ve RNA içeriği histolojik olarak PAS yöntemi ve toluidin mavisi ile boyama yöntemi kullanılarak incelenmiştir. M. incana’da anterler tetrasporangiattır. Anter çeperi; epidermis, endotesyum, yassılaşmış ara tabaka ve genellikle iki nukleuslu hücrelerden meydana gelen salgı tapetumundan oluşmaktadır. Mikrosporogenez ve polen mitozu genellikle düzenlidir fakat bazı evrelerde kromozom köprüsü ve mikronukleus gibi anormalliklere de rastlanmıştır. Ayrıca mikrosporogenezde asinkroni gözlenmiştir. Polen sterilite oranı %0,2 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Anterdeki polisakkarit içeriği genellikle hücre çeperlerinde ve mikrosporlarda yoğunlaşmıştır. Polisakkaritler özellikle tapetum hücrelerinde, tek çekirdekli mikrospor evresinde endotesyum tabakası ve epidermiste, olgun polen evresinde ise endotesyum tabakasında daha yoğundur. RNA içeriğinin mikrogametogenezin erken evresinde anter çeperinde, polen mitozuna hazırlanan mikrosporlarda ve tek çekirdekli mikrospor evresinde ara tabakada zengin olduğu görülmüştür. Bu çalışma ile elde edilen bulguların, M. incana ile ilgili yapılan sitoembriyolojik, histolojik ve taksonomik araştırmalara katkı sağlaması amaçlanmaktadır. In this thesis, microsporogenesis, microgametogenesis and pollen viability were investigated cytologically and embryologically in Matthiola incana (L.) R. Br. from Brassicaceae family which shows limited distribution in Turkey. In this study, the preparations made by using the crushing method and paraffin embedding method were examined under a light microscope. The polysaccharide and RNA contents of the anthers at various stages were examined histologically using the PAS method and the toluidine blue staining method. Anthers in M. incana are tetrasporangiate. Anther wall consists of epidermis, endothecium, flattened intermediate layer and secretory tapetum, usually with two-nucleted cells. Microsporogenesis and pollen mitosis are generally regular, but abnormalities such as chromosome bridge and micronucleus have also been encountered at some stages. In addition, asynchrony has been observed in microsporogenesis. Pollen sterility rate was determined as 0.2%. The polysaccharide content in the anther is often concentrated in cell walls and microspores. Polysaccharides are denser especially in tapetum cells, in the endothecium layer and epidermis in the mononuclear microspore stage, and in the endothecium layer in the mature pollen stage. It was observed that the RNA content was rich in the anther wall in the early stage of microgametogenesis, in microspores prepared for pollen mitosis, and in the middle layer in the mononuclear microspore stage. It is aimed that the data obtained from this study will contribute to the cytoembryological, histological and taxonomic studies on M. incana.

As part of a project aimed at investigating the Matthiola taxa endemic to Sicily (Italy), this study focused on Matthiola incana, an edible species used in the traditional medicine of various countries. Herein, the characterization of phenolic and volatile compounds, the antioxidant capacity in vitro (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazil (DPPH), reducing power and Fe2+ chelating activity assays) and the toxicity test (Artemia salina lethality bioassay) of the hydroalcoholic extracts from the aerial parts of M. incana subsp. rupestris from Mt. Pellegrino (Palermo) and Mt. Erice (Trapani), and of M. incana subsp. pulchella are reported. The results are compared with those previously shown for M. incana subsp. incana, to achieve a comprehensive overview of the three subspecies. The HPLC-PDA/ESI-MS and SPME-GC/MS analyses led to the identification of 13 phenolics and 54 volatile compounds. Differences in the qualitative-quantitative profile of these phytochemicals have been highlighted between the M. incana subspecies. The antioxidant tests showed different activity for the extracts, which were found to possess better chelating properties. At last, none of the tested extracts displayed toxicity against brine shrimp larvae. These findings enrich the knowledge on the Matthiola taxa growing wild in Sicily, both from the strictly systematic point of view and for the possible applications as sources bioactive compounds that can be used in the nutraceutical field.

Snakebite is one of the most neglected diseases of developing countries. Deaths due to snakebite envenoming are quite high in Pakistan, and many deaths are caused by Echis carinatus envenomation. Traditional use of medicinal plants against snakebites is a common practice in Pakistan due to countless benefits. The current study was performed with the objective to evaluate eighteen Pakistani medicinal plants inhibitory potential against hyaluronidase and alkaline phosphatase enzymes of Pakistani Echis carinatus venom. Hyaluronidase activity (0.2-1.6 mg/0.1 mL) and alkaline phosphatase activity (0.1-0.8 mg/0.1 mL) were measured in dose-dependent manner. Crude methanolic extracts of medicinal plants were used for in vitro investigation of their inhibitory activity against toxic enzymes. All active plants were fractioned using different solvents and were again analyzed for inhibitory activity of same enzymes. Results indicated all plants were able to neutralize hyaluronidase that Swertia chirayita (Roxb. ex Flem.) Karst., Terminalia arjuna Wight and Arn, Rubia cordifolia Thumb., and Matthiola incana (L.) R.Br. inhibited maximum hyaluronidase activity equivalent to standard reference ( p > 0.5 ). Pakistani medicinal plants are dense with natural neutralizing metabolites and other active phytochemicals which could inhibit hyaluronidase activity of Pakistani Echis carinatus venom. Further advanced studies at molecular level could lead us to an alternative for envenoming of Pakistani Echis carinatus venom.

Cut flower Matthiola incana were raised by local commercial cultivators in a polytunnel. The field soil beds were either left uncovered as normal or covered with polythene sheets (except a hole for plant plug space). Average temperatures in the top 5 cm soil under cover dropped from 28 oC to 18 oC compared to its spiking up to 37 oC in uncovered counterparts. Microbiological analyses indicated that soil covering induced two log10 folds reduction of the wilt causal fungi Fusarium oxysporum and concomitantly increased one log10 fold wilt antagonistic natural soil inhabiting fungi populations. Standard dip/drench mixtures of commercial and local isolates microbiocides (bacteria) applied to M. incana plug roots improved plant health assessed by visible scores of the level of damage or wilt symptoms under soil covered treatments. Scanning electron microscopy, cultural and 16S rRNA PCR analyses revealed potent antifungal bacteria attached to the hyphal surfaces of F. oxysporum as ectosymbionts that may have implications for virulence regulation and host plants’ wilt disease control. Our microbiological data support the prospects of combining physiological and microbiological interventions upon covering the soil surface that offers the local horticulturists an evidence based sustainable means of Fusarium wilt control suppression in polytunnel crops.

Objetivo: Describir los atributos morfologicos y etapas de imbibición en semillas de tres accesiones de Matthiola incana. Diseño/metodología/aproximación: Fueron analizadas semillas de los genotipos Nieve, Rosita y Uva correspondientes genero Matthiola especie incana. En una primera evaluación se calculó el peso de mil semillas y, determino el color de las mismas. A través del procesamiento de imágenes digitales se determinó el área, perímetro, longitud (eje mayor), ancho, ángulo, elongación (longitud/ancho) y el grado de redondez; datos que fueron analizados en una prueba de comparación de medias por Tukey. En la imbibición se colocaron en remojo muestras de cincuenta semillas de cada genotipo y fueron evaluadas cada 24, 48, 72 y 164 h para conocer su dinámica de absorción y poder determinar el tiempo en que transcurren las sub y fases de imbibición. Resultados: La descripción física en semillas de Nieve muestra que son de color naranja moderado y el peso de mil semillas es de 0.218 g; en Rosita la semilla es de color amarillo anaranjado moderado y mil semillas pesan 0.1902; el color en semillas de Uva es grisáceo a café obscuro con un peso de 0.1272 g a mil semillas. En las dimensiones morfológicas Nieve muestra mayores dimensiones respecto a Rosita y Uva; pero entre los tres genotipos muestran semejanzas en el tipo de forma. Durante la prueba de imbibición cada genotipo sigue su ritmo hasta la fase tres, donde el comportamiento se sincroniza en la visión de la protuberancia radicular a las 164 h de iniciada la prueba. Limitaciones del estudio/implicaciones: Las semillas muestran diferente tamaño, por lo cual manipular muestras grandes se complica al momento de la imbibición. Hallazgos/conclusiones: De las tres accesiones se determina que semillas correspondientes a la especie incana, son de mayores atributos morfológicos que otras especies del mismo género. En la fase dos, se identificaron dos subfases, la primera reconocida como el momento de expulsión de solutos y la segunda como recuperación a los solutos perdidos.

The paper industry generates significant quantities of waste. The recycling of paper waste (PW) for peat replacement in growing media for ornamental plants cultivation was studied. Five ratios of PW–peat (0%, 10%, 30%, 50% or 100% v/v) were evaluated for marigold (Calendula officinalis L.), petunia (Petunia × hybrita L.) and matthiola (Matthiola incana L.) plants. Addition of PW increased the substrate pH and mineral content but decreased the air-filled porosity. In marigold, the use of 100% PW reduced plant height, plant diameter, fresh weight for both leaves and flowers and the total number of flowers produced compared to the control (100% peat). In matthiola, 100% PW reduced plant height, whereas the addition of PW even at 10% decreased plant diameter and fresh weight (biomass) but increased dry matter content. Petunia plants grown in 100% PW exhibited lower growth (plant height and diameter), whereas adding ≥ 50% of PW decreased plant fresh weight. The total number of flower buds and open flowers increased (more than twofold) on plants grown in 30% PW compared to the control substrate, indicating flower earliness. Plant leaf chlorophyll content (Chl a, Chl b, total Chl) decreased as the PW ratio increased. Total phenolics and antioxidant capacity as well as plant damage index and enzymes scavenging activities varied among species. Mineral content fluctuated among species with decreases of N and P in plants grown in PW mixtures while matthiola showed phytotoxicity symptoms. The present study suggests that peat can be substituted by up to 30% of PW for marigold and petunia for potting culture, but not for matthiola, as the physicochemical properties of the substrate need further improvement.

Tagetes erecta L., Gaillardia grandiflora Hort. e×Van Houtte. and Dahlia pinnata Cav. belong to the family Asteraceae, Matthiola incana (L.) R.Br. and Erysimum cheiri (L.) Crantz. are in the family...

Petal is not only the target for selection by horticulturist to enhance the ornamental value but also a perfect model system for plant metabolome studies. Petals produce a large number of secondary metabolites that provide petals a variety of colors and fragrance to attract pollinators. Here, we studied petal transcriptome and metabolome of two garden species having various color flowers in Brassicaceae, Erysimum cheiri and Matthiola incana. De novo transcriptome assembly and protein homology analysis between two species and those sequenced species in Brassicaceae generally confirmed their known phylogenetic relationships. Identification of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) indicated that homologs of PAP1 in Arabidopsis might be one of the key gene leaded to the red color formation in bronzing petals of E. cheiri compared to the yellow petals. Metabolome analysis revealed significant difference of metabolites existed in petals of two species or with different color and specific anthocyanin accumulated in E. cheiri. Present data sets will be a great enrichment of the genetic information for two species and provide genetic and metabolomic clue for further mechanism analysis of flower color variation.

Morpho-phenological and meiotic studies were performed in twelve cultivars of Matthiola incana. All of the cultivars were diploid (2n = 2x = 14) with basic chromosome number x = 7. A number of aneuploid PMCs (n + 1) were observed in plants of two cultivars, named ‘Nobel’ (NB) and ‘Goddess’ (GD), at the diakinesis stage. Trisomic individuals with the frequency of 20% and 5% and (2n + 1 = 15) somatic chromosomes were observed in seeds obtained from single-flowered plants of the cultivars NB and GD, respectively. An additional chromosome was mostly observed in the form of a chain trivalent or a rod univalent. Various meiotic abnormalities were found in all the cultivars to different degrees. In these cultivars, the percentage of cells with meiotic abnormalities was higher in anaphase I. Cytomixis was observed for the first time in Matthiola incana. ANOVA tests revealed significant differences in morpho-phenological characteristics. ‘Nobel’ differs from the others in all of the vegetative features investigated in this study. All the cultivars studied except ‘Nobel’ and ‘Pacific Crimson’ possessed high pollen fertility (> 90%). Five groups of the cultivars based on morpho-phenological features disagree with the clustering of cultivars based on meiotic traits. It is thought that the various morpho-phenological features observed among the cultivars could be due to their different genetic background and not only to meiotic anomalies.

The glucosinolates (GSLs) of Matthiola incana were characterized and quantified as desulfoGSLs in different plant tissues (seeds, siliquae, stems, leaves, and flowers) using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-DAD-MS/MS). The major GSL detected in all plant parts was 4-(methylsulfinyl)but-3-enyl GSL (glucoraphenin, 1), followed by 4-(methylsulfanyl)but-3-enyl GSL (glucoraphasatin, 2), while indol-3-ylmethyl GSL (glucobrassicin, 3) was also found in the flowers. GSL 2 was found to be the dominant in the plants analysed after only 2 days of drying, contrary to all analyses performed after longer storage of plant material, thus suggesting an oxidation of 2 into 1. The stability of GSLs was monitored over a one-month period. The desulfo-counterpart of 1 was unstable in water, showing a dramatic decrease (ca 80%) during the observation time, with spontaneous conversion into cyclic thioimidate N-oxides. Bioaccessibility of GSLs through the simulated ex vivo gastrointestinal digestion was determined using human gastrointestinal juices. Glucoraphenin 1 showed high bioaccessibility in the gastric phase (>90%), while both GSLs 1 and 2 were transformed in the intestinal phase.

Matthiola incana (L.) R. Br. (Brassicaceae) is widely cultivated for ornamental purposes and utilized as a medicinal plant. In the present work, the hydroalcoholic extract from the aerial parts of this species has been evaluated in different bioassays in order to detect potential pharmacological applications. The cytotoxic capacity against the human colorectal adenocarcinoma (CaCo-2) and breast cancer (MCF-7) cell lines was tested using the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. The extract was investigated as a neuroprotective inhibitor of central nervous system (CNS) enzymes such as monoamine oxidase A, tyrosinase, acetylcholinesterase, and as a natural enzyme inhibitor of &alpha, glucosidase and lipase involved in some metabolic disorders such as obesity or type 2 diabetes. The antioxidant ability was also evaluated in an enzymatic system (xanthine/xanthine oxidase assay). Results showed that the M. incana extract displayed moderate to low cytotoxicity vs. CaCo-2 cells. The extract acted as a superoxide radical scavenger and enzymatic inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A, tyrosinase, &alpha, glucosidase, and lipase. The best results were found in the &alpha, glucosidase assay, as M. incana hydroalcoholic extract was able to inhibit the enzyme &alpha, glucosidase up to 100% without significant differences, compared to the antidiabetic drug acarbose. Matthiola incana has been demonstrated to exert different biological properties. These are important in order to consider this species as a source of bioactive compounds.

Main conclusion: MiMYB1 and MibHLH2 play key roles in anthocyanin biosynthesis in Matthiola incana flowers. We established a transient expression system using Turnip mosaic virus vector in M. incana. Abstract: Garden stock (Matthiola incana (L.) R. Br.) is a popular flowering plant observed from winter to spring in Japan. Here we observed that anthocyanin accumulation in ‘Vintage Lavender’ increased with flower development, whereas flavonol accumulation remained constant throughout flower development. We obtained five transcription factor genes, MiMYB1, MibHLH1, MibHLH2, MiWDR1, and MiWDR2, from M. incana floral cDNA contigs. Yeast two-hybrid analyses revealed that MiMYB1 interacted with MibHLH1, MibHLH2, and MiWDR1, but MiWDR2 did not interact with any transcription factor. Expression levels of MiMYB1 and MibHLH2 increased in petals during floral bud development. Their expression profiles correlated well with the temporal profiles of MiF3ʹH, MiDFR, MiANS, and Mi3GT transcripts and anthocyanin accumulation profile. On the other hand, MibHLH1 was expressed weakly in all organs of ‘Vintage Lavender’. However, high expression levels of MibHLH1 were detected in petals of other cultivars with higher levels of anthocyanin accumulation than ‘Vintage Lavender’. MiWDR1 and MiWDR2 maintained constant expression levels in petals during flower development and vegetative organs. Transient MiMYB1 expression in 1-month-old M. incana seedlings using a Turnip mosaic virus vector activated transcription of the endogenous anthocyanin biosynthetic genes MiF3ʹH, MiDFR, and MiANS and induced ectopic anthocyanin accumulation in leaves. Therefore, MiMYB1 possibly interacts with MibHLH2 and MiWDR1, and this trimeric protein complex activates the transcription of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes in M. incana flowers. Moreover, MibHLH1 acts as an enhancer of anthocyanin biosynthesis with the MiMYB1–MibHLH2–MiWDR1 complex. This study revealed the molecular mechanism involved in the regulation of anthocyanin accumulation levels in M. incana flowers.

Matthiola incana var. glabra Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 148. 1867. Type: “Hab. in Graeciâ (ex Juss.) Culta olim in hort. Par.”. = Matthiola incana (L.) W. T. Aiton, Hort. Kew. ed. 2, 4: 120. 1812. Note. – No material of this taxon was located in G or P, including P-JU, and it appears that the variety was described from a plant in cultivation., Published as part of AL-Shehbaz, Ihsan A. & Barriera, Gabrielle, 2019, Typification of Edmond Boissier's Cruciferae (Brassicaceae) names enumerated in Flora Orientalis, pp. 1-193 in Boissiera 72 on page 18, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7630433

In 2014, glasshouse-grown wasabi (Eutrema japonica) grown in a compost based media displayed symptoms of poor growth and wilting. Visual assessment of the roots showed that 25% of the symptomatic plants sampled had raised black lesions on the roots affecting between 5 and 20% of the total root area. To isolate the causal agent, affected material (approximately 5 mm3) was surface disinfested in sodium hypochlorite (2%) for 30 s, rinsed twice in sterile water and plated on to water agar medium amended with penicillin G (0.2 g/liter) and streptomycin sulfate (0.8 g/liter). Plates were incubated at 20oC until fungal colonies were visible. After three days, colonies of Rhizoctonia solani were identified based on the presence of septate hyphae with right-angle branching, a pure culture was obtained through hyphal tip transfer onto a new plate of PDA. DNA was extracted from a 7-day old plate of the isolate (WAS1) as described previously (Woodhall et al., 2013). The AG of WAS1 was determined as AG2-1 using a subgroup specific real-time PCR assay (Budge et al., 2009b) and confirmed by DNA sequencing as described previously (Lekuona Gomez et al., 2015). The sequence was 100% identical (587/587bp) to a previously identified AG2-1 isolate 1971 (GenBank accession FJ435126) (Budge et al., (2009a). Pathogenicity of the isolate was confirmed by inoculating three healthy one-year-old wasabi plants grown in loam based compost (John Innes No.3) each with four 5 mm fully colonised PDA plugs of isolate WAS1 placed at approx. 40 mm depth in the soil. Four sterile PDA plugs were place in each of three control plants. All six plants were placed in a greenhouse at 21°C, 18h:6h light: dark and watered as required. After 21 days, multiple black root lesions typically 3-5mm in length were observed on the roots of all inoculated plants. No lesions were observed on the control plants. From three lesions per plant, isolations were attempted as described above. Rhizoctonia solani was recovered from all isolations and the resulting cultures all tested positive for AG2-1 using the real-time PCR assay. Isolations were attempted from the roots of healthy control plants but Rhizoctonia was not recovered. Here we demonstrate that R. solani AG2-1 is associated with root necrosis of Eutrema japonica. Rhizoctonia solani AG2-1 has been reported previously in various Brassica crops in the UK (Budge et al., 2009a) and on Matthiola incana (Lekuona Gomez et al., 2015). It has also been reported causing disease in potatoes and as widely present in UK field soils (Woodhall et al., 2013). Although R. solani AG1 and AG4 of R. solani have been reported to infect Eutrema japonica in Japan (Takeuchi et al., 2003; 2008), this is the first finding that identifies AG2-1 as the causal agent. The potential presence of AG2-1 in soil and/or as plant debris should be considered prior to planting susceptible hosts.

Matthiola incana R. Br. (Fam: Brassicaceae) is an ornamental, commonly known as hoary stock has an extremely fragrant flowers, which blooms in dense clusters in a large variety of colors. During a survey of flower nurseries in March 2019 at Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research campus, Lucknow, floral virescence (MiV) symptoms (Fig. 1 A, B) were observed in M. incana pots with an incidence of over 40%. Leaf yellows symptoms were also observed on a weed Acalypha indica (AiLY) in Matthiola nursery (Fig. 1 C). Nested PCR assays were carried out to detect and identify the possible association of phytoplasmas with MiV and AiLY symptoms. Three each of symptomatic MiV and AiLY samples and two non-symptomatic samples were collected and processed for DNA extraction from the leaf midrib by CTAB method. Hishimonus phycitis (HP) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) leafhopper feeding on MiV symptomatic plants was also collected and DNA was extracted. The DNA of 8 symptomatic and 4 non-symptomatic plants and from the 10 leafhopper was used as a template for PCR assays. Phytoplasma specific 16Sr RNA gene specific primers (P1/P7 and 3Far/3Rev; Schneider et al. 1995; Manimekalai et al. 2010) and multilocus genes' specific primer pairs for secA (SecAfor1/SecArev3;SecAfo5r/SecARev2; Bekele et al. 2011), secY (SecYF1(VI)/SecYR1(VI);SecYF2(VI)/SecYR1(VI); Lee et al. 2010) and rp genes (rpFIC/rp(I)R1A; rp(VI)F2/ rp(VI)R2; Martini et al. 2007) were employed as previously described. Amplified products of ~1.3kb, ~600bp, ~1.7kb and ~1.0kb of 16S rRNA, secA, secY and rp genes of phytoplasma were consistently amplified in all the MiV and AiLY samples and in the HP leafhopper. No amplifications were achieved in any of the asymptomatic plant samples. Amplified products of all the four genes of MiV, AiLY and HP isolates were purified, sequenced and submitted in GenBank. Sequence comparison and phylogeny analysis of the sequences of the four genes of MiV, AiLY and HP isolates revealed 99% - 100% sequence identity and clustering with clover proliferation phytoplasma related strains (16SrVI group)(Fig.2 A,B,C and D). The virtual RFLP analysis of 17 restriction endonucleases corresponding to the 16S rDNA sequence of MiV, AiLY and HP phytoplasma strains by pDraw program, assigned them into a novel phytoplasma subgroup strain under 16SrVI group, since its HpaII restriction profile was different to earlier classified 16SrVI subgroups but was very close to16SrVI-E subgroup (GenBank acc. no. AY270156) (Fig 3). Earlier, peanut witches' broom (16SrII-A) phytoplasma was identified associated with M. incana from Italy (Davino et al. 2007). However, the association of clover proliferation phytoplasma (16SrVI) related strain associated with virescence symptom of M. incana is the first report in world. The weed (A. indica) and HP leafhopper were also reported as additional hosts of 16SrVI subgroup related new strain in India, which needs further investigation. The report of a new host and new subgroup of clover proliferation phytoplasma related strain in India is having an epidemiological significance and warrants attention.

Clubroot caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae is an increasingly important soilborne disease in China. The host range of P. brassicae was investigated with 30 cruciferous plants, including 16 crop species, 9 ornamentals, and 5 weeds in field and pot-cultured conditions. In the field, 17 species from five genera produced visible galls, and these included radish, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Orychophragmus violaceus, Sinapis alba, and 13 Brassica crops. In pot-cultured conditions, an additional 13 plant species (11 genera) were determined to be hosts of P. brassicae. Five common weeds were found to be hosts of P. brassicae, including C. bursa-pastoris, Lepidium apetalum, Descurainia sophia, S. alba, and Thellungiella salsuginea. The infection of these plants was confirmed via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with primers specific to P. brassicae. No galls were found on Matthiola incana roots in the field or in pots and no resting spores of P. brassicae were observed in M. incana roots, although P. brassicae was detected in M. incana roots via PCR. Microscopic examination revealed infection only in the root hairs of M. incana roots. These results suggested that M. incana was highly resistant to P. brassicae in China and could be developed as a bait crop. In total, 297 accessions of oilseed rape were tested in the field, and 3 accessions of Brassica napus and 1 accession of B. juncea were found to be highly resistant to clubroot disease. These resistant resources provide options for managing clubroot in P. brassicae-infested fields.

During the spring and fall of 1999, commercial plantings of the cut flower stock (Matthiola incana) in coastal regions of California developed a severe foliar disease. Abaxial leaf surfaces supported the extensive white fungal growth typical of a downy mildew. Adaxial surfaces of newly infected leaves did not show symptoms, but with time, leaves exhibited extensive, diffuse chlorotic areas and slight twisting. Infected plants were not acceptable for the cut flower market and, therefore, were not harvested. Sporangiophores had main trunks with dichotomous branches ending in slender curved tips that were 2.8 μm long. Sporangia were ovoid, measuring 22 to 25 μm long and 19 to 22 μm wide. The fungus was identified as Peronospora parasitica. Pathogenicity was established by gently pressing diseased leaves onto stock plants (cv. Avalanche), incubating plants in a humidity chamber (20 to 22°C, 100% relative humidity) for 48 h, and keeping plants in a greenhouse. Diffuse chlorotic leaf symptoms developed after 10 days, and the same fungus later developed on abaxial surfaces. Uninoculated plants did not develop downy mildew. Inoculations were conducted a second time, and the results were the same. This is the first documentation of P. parasitica on stock in California.

This study aimed to characterize the phenolic and the volatile constituents and to establish the antioxidant potential and the toxicity of a hydroalcoholic extract obtained from the leaves and flower buds of Matthiola incana (L.) R.Br. subsp. incana growing wild in Sicily (Italy). By HPLC-PDA/ESI-MS analysis, 12 phenolics (two phenolic acid derivatives and ten flavonoids) were identified, and eight of them were reported for the first time; luteolin-glucoside was the main component (57.07 mg/g±0.87 % RSD). By SPME-GC/MS, 47 volatile constituents were fully characterized, and dimethyl trisulfide turned out to be the most abundant one (33.24 %). The extract showed moderate activity both in the DPPH and in the reducing power assays (IC50 =2.32±0.24 mg/mL; ASE/mL=12.29±0.42); it did not inhibit the lipid peroxidation, whereas it was found to possess good chelating properties reaching approximately 90 % activity at the highest tested dose. Moreover, the extract protected growth and survival from H2 O2 -induced oxidative stress in Escherichia coli. Finally, the extract was non-toxic against Artemia salina (LC50 >1000 μg/mL). These findings increase the knowledge of M. incana subsp. incana and they could be helpful to a chemosystematic distinguishing of this subspecies also demonstrating that the aerial parts represent a safe source of antioxidants.

Glucosinolate (GSL) is associated with clubroot disease, which is caused by the obligate biotrophic protist Plasmodiophora brassicae. Due to the complicated composition of GSLs, their exact role in clubroot disease development remains unclear. By investigating clubroot disease resistance in cruciferous plants and characterizing the GSL content in seeds, we can determine if clubroot disease development is related to the components of GSLs. The difference in the infection process between Matthiola incana L. (resistant) and Brassica napus L. (susceptible) was determined. Root hair infection was definitely observed in both resistant and susceptible hosts, but no infection was observed during the cortical infection stage in resistant roots; this finding was verified by molecular detection of P. brassicae via PCR amplification at various times after inoculation. Based on the time course detection of the contents and compositions of GSLs after P. brassicae inoculation, susceptible roots exhibited increased accumulation of aliphatic, indolic, and aromatic GSLs in B. napus, but only aromatic GSLs were significantly increased in M. incana. Gluconapin, which was the main aliphatic GSL in B. napus and present only in B. napus, was significantly increased during the secondary infection stage. Quantification of the internal jasmonic acid (JA) concentration showed that both resistant and susceptible plants exhibited an enhanced level of JA, particularly in susceptible roots. The exogenous JA treatment induced aliphatic GSLs in B. napus and aromatic GSLs in M. incana. JA-induced aromatic GSLs may be involved in the defense against P. brassicae, whereas aliphatic GSLs induced by JA in B. napus likely play a role during the secondary infection stage. Three candidate MYB28 genes regulate the content of aliphatic GSLs identified in B. napus; one such gene was BnMYB28.1, which was significantly increased following both the treatment with exogenous JA and P. brassicae inoculation. In summary, the increased content of JA during the secondary infection stage may induce the expression of BnMYB28.1, which caused the accumulation of aliphatic GSLs in clubroot disease development.

Peat-based growing media are not ecologically sustainable and peat extraction threatens sensitive peatland ecosystem. In this study, olive-stone waste (OSW) and paper waste (PW) were used in different ratios—as growing media—for ornamental crop production, as peat (P) substitutes. Marigold (Calendula officinalis L.), petunia (Petunia x hybrita L.) and matthiola (Matthiola incana L.) plants were grown in (1) P (100%), (2) P:OSW (90%:10%), (3) P:OSW (70%:30%), and (4) P:OSW:PW (60%:20%:20%). The physicochemical properties of these substrates and the effects on plant growth were determined. The addition of 10–30% OSW into the substrate increased marigold height compared to plants grown in 100% peat. No differences in plant size, plant biomass (leaves and flowers), and dry matter content were found. Adding PW, in combination with OSW, maintained marigold height and total number of flowers produced to similar levels as in plants grown in 100% peat. In matthiola, adding 30% OSW into the substrate reduced plant size and fresh weight, but not plant height. No differences were observed when plants grew in lower OSW (i.e., 10%) content. Petunia’s height, its total number of flowers and flower earliness (flower opening) were increased in the presence of OSW compared to the plants grown in 100% peat. The addition of OSW did not affect petunia’s size and fresh weight among treatments. The addition of PW suppressed several plant growth-related parameters for both matthiola and petunia. The insertion of OSW did not change leaf chlorophyll content whereas the presence of PW decreased chlorophylls for marigold, petunia, and matthiola. Both OSW and PW altered the content of total phenolics and antioxidant capacity of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) in leaves and flowers for marigold and petunia. Both 30% OSW and PW increased antioxidative enzyme metabolism due to the increased damage index and lipid peroxidation observed in plants. Leaf N and P content decreased in PW-based media, while matthiola displayed visual phytotoxicity symptoms when PW was added into the substrate. The present work indicates that up to 30% of OSW can replace peat for marigold and petunia growing and only up to 10% of OSW for matthiola, while the addition of PW on top of OSW is not recommended, so further research is needed.

This pot experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions to evaluate the effects of different levels and forms of phosphorus fertilizers on quantitative and qualitative traits of two cultivars of Mathiola incana, based on a completely randomized design with eight treatments and four replications. Treatments were application of granular and liquid forms of triple superphosphate, both at three levels (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg soil), a biofertilizer (100g/2000ml Barvar-2) and control (without any fertilizer application). Results showed that application of 200 mg/kg soil of liquid phosphorus (PL3 treatment), granular form (PG3 treatment), and biofertilizer (PB treatment) significantly increased all plant growth characteristics (morphologic and physiologic), compared to control plants. The highest chlorophyll a and b contents in both cultivars were obtained in 200 mg/kg of liquid fertilizer treatment (PL3) and 200 mg/kg of granular form (PG3). The highest leaf phosphorus concentration was measured in PL3, PG3 and PB treatments. In both cultivars, the highest shoot fresh and dry weights, length of flowering stem, inflorescence length and number of flowering buds in inflorescence were obtained in PL3, PG3 and PB treatments. The highest root fresh and dry weights were obtained in PB and then PL3 treatments, showing significant difference with other treatments (P≤0.01). In this study, the highest values of measured traits were observed in higher concentrations of liquid phosphorous treatments, compared to granular form. However, the Barvar2 biophosphate treatment (PB) has also led to significant growth improvement and highest fresh and dry weight of root, and therefore is recommended for production of Mathiola incana.