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Previous research has shown that young people's voices are under- and misrepresented in the news. However, the editorial mechanisms behind this outcome remain largely unexplored. Drawing from the professional frame of media accountability, young people present journalism with a double challenge: to avoid harm while enabling participation. In this paper, we examine editorial mechanisms of including/excluding young people in the news in Sweden and Estonia through an overview of ethical breach cases affecting minors and a set of semi-structured interviews with editors. These investigations are set in the context of digital changes and from the perspectives of children's rights and childhood as a social construct. The interview study revealed that facilitating the freedom of expression might be an editorial ideal, but in practice, minors have limited value as news sources. While editors paid close attention to protective measures for underage interviewees, these measures were sometimes inconsistent and overly protective. Furthermore, the majority of ethical breach cases concerned children who were talked about, rather than with. Therefore, we argue that current editorial interpretations of media accountability limit young people's voices in the news, while still failing to provide an effective remedy for harm.

Over the past year, I rarely worked in my campus office due to mitigation protocols to limit the spread of COVID-19 on our campus. When I returned in late spring, I was delighted to find two new bo...

Ethical journalism repudiates the practice of brown envelope solicitation or the acceptance of any form of gifts that might influence news sourcing, production and publication. The authors of the present study therefore revisited their earlier inquiry (2014) on brown envelope journalism practice in Kuwait to determine if the situation has changed or relatively remained the same. Results from the present study mirror the findings in the previous inquiry in the conceptualization of ethics by journalists in Kuwait, the use of part-time journalists in the country, the lack of measures by editors and supervisors to stamp out this form of journalism and discipline erring reporters, and the journalists’ view that it was up to individual reporters to accept or reject brown envelopes in the course of duty. The authors contend that primary responsibility to curtail this behaviour falls on editors and supervisors in media houses as well as the journalists themselves and their association. Survey and interview instruments were used in this study.

Although it looks like a mainly peacetime, journalism seems to be on the front lines of a war, struggling to survive in the new communication environment. Journalists work in a strongly polarized political and media scene, which obscures the basic principles of the profession. While losing its ideological concept, the profession is on a socio-economic seesaw: for journalists it is precarious profession, and for editors and top menagement it strives to be an elite comfort zone. There are frequent calls on journalists to get out of the grip of media conglomerates and start doing business as entrepreneurs, although such an attitude often seems utopian. The aim of the paper is to critically analyse the role of the journalist in the new environment. The author will try to define how the role of the journalists has been redefined in the new media, social and political environment, trying to determine how these changes have affected the basic principles of the journalist's profession. The article is based on conceptual analysis of the role of journalists and principles of journalism, following these three issues/segments: in the first part, the paper will discuss on the role of the journalist through the concept of a new social stratification; in the following segment, the author will try to analyze new shape of journalism through the business model of entrepreneur journalism. In the last part, the analysis will be based on the discussion of the conceptual framework of the occupational ideology of journalism, from watchdog to opiniondog role.

It should come as no surprise that a music and arts festival dogged by scandal would lead to two separate documentaries that each raise ethical concerns. The 2017 demise of the Fyre Festival, a wou...

YouTube and Internet culture have changed expressions of comedy, especially on television. Some forms of TV entertainment content emphasise shock value, resulting in a satirical strain of comedy that stresses absurdity. Such a trend may be observed in The Eric Andre Show (2012–) and Nathan for You (2013–2017), two US comedy TV series which satirise an Internet style of filmmaking while simultaneously critiquing the culture that created it. This article examines these shows for how extreme methods support or detract from their perceived effect, and whether or not such satirical tactics are valid as a way of bringing about change.

There is a growing interest in journalism studies in metajournalistic discourse—that is, sites where journalists construct the boundaries and norms of their field. This study highlights a hitherto ...

The Journal of Media Ethics publishes case studies in which scholars and media professionals outline how they would address a particular ethical problem. Cases asre drawn from actual experience in ...

In the wake of fewer and fewer professionals populating photojournalism, this study utilizes in-depth interviews with 21 professional photojournalists to better understand how they construct their ...

This study analyzes how the practice of political relations, cyberbullying and ethics in responding to Uighur Muslim issues through six posts that show attitudes and explanations on Twitter account Mahfud MD. The research method used is descriptive qualitative, with a virtual ethnographic approach. The results of the study show that the conversation in Twitter comments starts with the opinion leaders raising influencers in every comment about the issue of discrimination against Uighur Muslims. The development of interaction becomes a place to attack Mahfud MD's personal by eliminating the main problems. Interaction of comments leads to the assessment of different attitudes between political elites who are not assertive, on the fear factor, and the existence of power relations outside religious issues. Poor social media ethics that act as commentary interactions do not create understanding and understanding of the issue. As a result, bullying has often taken place under comments dominated by avatar and anonymous accounts. Keywords: Virtual Ethnography, Social Media, Muslim Uighurs, Cyberbullying, Media Ethics Abstrak Penelitian ini menganalisis, bagaimana praktek relasi politik, cyberbullying dan etika dalam menanggapi isu muslim Uighur melalui enam postingan yang menunjukan sikap dan penjelasan diakun Twitter Mahfud MD. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif kualitatif, dengan pendekatan etnografi virtual. Hasil penelitian menunjukan perbincangan dalam komentar twitter dimulai dari opinion leaders memunculkan influencer dalam setiap komentar terhadap isu diskriminasi muslim Uighur. Perkembangan interkasi justru menjadi ajang menyerang personal Mahfud MD dengan menghilangkan permasalahan utama. Interaksi komentar mengarah pada penilaian sikap berbeda pandangan antara elit politik yang tidak tegas,pada faktor ketakutan, dan adanya relasi kuasa diluar isu agama. Etika bermedia sosial yang buruk menjadi penyebap interaksi komentar tidak menimbulkan pengertian dan pemahaman tentang isu. Akibatnnya aksi bullying banyak terjadi dikolong komentar dengan didominasi menggunakan akun avatar dan anonim. Kata Kunci: Etnografi Virtual , Media Sosial, Muslim Uighur, Cyberbullying, Etika Media

Any serious conversation on the necessity of universal norms in media ethics necessarily includes the name of Clifford Christians. ‘Necessarily’ because Christians was at the inception of this conv...

A critical part of disaster communication is media coverage in the interface of the afflicted, media, and authorities. One communication key is building trust. Disaster survivors encounter journalists in a high-stress context, but little is known about their perceptions of these interactions and the subsequent media exposure. The aim of this study is to explore how survivors 6 years after a major disaster perceived their encounters with journalists and exposure in the media, as well as their level of trust in the media, compared with government and authorities. Data were used from a longitudinal study of Swedish tourists, repatriated from the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, surveyed up to 6 years after the tsunami to assess posttraumatic stress (PTS) and effects on mental health. At 6 years after, the survey included questions about survivors' perceptions of journalist interactions (reported by n = 311), of their own media exposure (n = 177), and survivors' trust in media organizations and public authorities (n = 1,181). Tsunami survivors mainly perceived interactions with journalists as being professional. There were 14% who reported that the interactions were supportive and 17% that the interactions were a strain. Similarly, most participants had a neutral view concerning the subsequent media coverage or exposure, although 12% experienced media exposure as stressful and 12% reported that it had been involuntary. Finally, the survivors indicated higher confidence and trust in Swedish radio and TV as compared to the Swedish authorities, and the participants' level of trust in the media was associated with their perceptions of journalists, r = 0.34, p < 0.001, and media coverage, r = 0.47, p < 0.001. Disaster survivors mainly agreed with emotionally neutral statements about interacting with the media, the performance of journalists on site, and their own media exposure. Nonetheless, a substantial minority found the encounters and exposure to be negative, and the results suggest a link between personal experiences or perceptions and trust in the media.

The global #MeToo movement exposed the widespread structural problem of sexual harassment, which was also the case in Sweden and Norway. Across the various sectors of working life, women were able to identify with the call. This perspective, however, was under- mined in the public sphere when person-centred scandal stories about a few powerholders and media celebrities took over. In addition, a lack of verifiable documentation – and uncritical use of anonymous sources – ignited renewed debates about the ethical standards of professional journalism. This article discusses two alleged #MeToo cases: Aftonbladet’s dramatic and unfounded accusations against the theatre CEO Benny Fredriksson and VG’s misuse and manipulation of a “bar-dance” episode involving the Norwegian Labour politician Trond Giske. Both media stories developed into “critical incidents”, resulting in public criticism, self-examination and discussions around ethical rules and regulation.

This edited book aims at responding to the challenges posed by the speedy developments in satellite TV and digital technologies. It attempts at addressing media ethics from a global perspective and discusses how we can understand journalism practice in its cultural contexts. The unprecedented widespread use of social media as tools of communication and reporting news have raised serious issues relating to the codes of ethics and the regulatory frameworks that should govern that environment. These new challenges have also brought to the fore the debate about freedom of speech and social responsibility. Which leads to questioning whether there are ways to develop a common understanding of media ethics among media practitioners in various contexts? In the introductory chapters of this volume, contributors discuss the philosophical origins of ethics and the tension that exists between media institutions, the media market and political/ideological influencers. The subsequent chapters unveil the discrepancies among international journalists in abiding by the ethics of the profession and the extent to which media ethics are understood and applied in their local context/environment. As a whole, in this book we argue that ethics earn its legitimacy not from the definition per se, but from the extent to which it leads to social good. This we ague should be the media’s raison d'être to abide by globally accepted ethical norms in order to serve the common good.

This chapter surveys a breadth of approaches to the ethics of film and other narrative media, both contemporary and historic, and positions them in relation to developments in cognitive media ethics. These include cine-ethics and film philosophy, phenomenological approaches, literary ethics and hermeneutics, notions of aesthetic autonomy, and ethics in narratology. The contributions and challenges of each approach are summarized, as are their uses in the development of a normative ethics for cognitive media studies. Throughout this chapter, a case emerges for the complementary, elaborative rigors of cognitive science, normative ethics, and consequentialism. The chapter concludes by indicating how methods for analysis developed at the center of these areas of study will inform the remainder of the book.

This chapter explores responsibility in the posttruth era in communication disciplines while documenting the civic and political ramifications of the current news climate in the United States.

The Lebanese media sector has played a pioneering role in the Arab world due to its free and diverse system. However, the lack of professional and ethical structures in journalistic practices can be attributed to political and economic pressures. Through both a quantitative and qualitative methodology, this study contributes to the complex boundaries of the Lebanese media landscape that make the gap between media ethics education and real-world pressures in need of sustained analysis. This research aims to explore the challenges media ethics education in Lebanon faces, along with the perceptions formed by media students about journalistic practices and the application of moral reasoning in the field. In addition, the study investigates whether media ethics courses prepare students for settling moral dilemmas in the professional arena. To address the multiple factors affecting ethics education, it is significant to understand the relationship between journalists and power, democratic norms, technological change, global community, and academic critiques. Survey and focus groups results indicated that the majority of students rated moral reasoning as important for their future media professions, and that the media ethics course prepares them for professional life. On the other hand, the majority believe that the corrupt system in Lebanon makes journalists resort to unethical practices which in turn compromise journalists’ credibility and integrity. Students consider that journalists have power as the so-called fourth estate, yet that power seems minimal when journalists lack the freedom to write facts without fear from editors and/or gatekeepers’ political views, economic pressure, and on-the-job demands, placing journalistic integrity again at stake.

The anonymous Syrian film collective Abounaddara has posted a new short video on Vimeo and distributed it via social media every Friday since April 2011, the beginning of the Syrian popular uprising. Working with limited equipment, no regular funding, and under very dangerous conditions, Abounaddara has termed its work ‘emergency cinema’, recalling one of the group’s vital influences, Walter Benjamin, who envisioned artistic collectives as potentially effective responses to political violence. This article demonstrates how Abounaddara’s work subverts international and national media coverage of the Syrian conflict by consciously employing what Benjamin described as an artisanal form of storytelling. The author illustrates how and why Abounaddara’s concept of ‘the right to the image’ is politically vital and ethically complex, arguing for its relevance within the broader context of global digital images of state and police violence rousing debates about representation, media ethics, and the circulation of graphic images.

Increasing attention is being directed at the impact of fake news on democratic societies across the globe. Scholars in a range of fields are attempting to determine who is behind fake news propaga...

This study examines the coverage of Indonesia's main newspapers, Suara Merdeka and Radar Semarang (Jawa Pos group), about the Governor of Central Java, Indonesia, Ganjar Pranowo, in 2016, during his midterm period in leading the province. It highlights how the Governor, who initially removed help for journalists, became a figure that journalists like. The qualitative content analysis of 20 articles that took part in the journalism competition for journalists held by Public Relations Bureau Regional Secretary of Central Java Province showed that the news stopped at Ganjar Pranowo without trying to find deeper meaning from the field. The news frames used by the newspapers reflected that journalists who are members of the Press Club at the Central Java Provincial Secretariat Bureau were reluctant to be critical toward Ganjar Pranowo. Ganjar Pranowo was portrayed solely in the context of his success in leading Central Java based on assumptions made by journalists. The newspapers is no longer a neutral agent, but is rather tendentious. Unlike in other countries, in Central Java the Press Club is not beneficial for the development of democracy and the establishment of journalists.

During the past 2 decades, sports organizations have turned their websites into news portals, a transition that has included hiring reporters to produce stories that often look like the daily outpu...

Etik genel olarak, geçmiş, günümüz ve gelecekte insanların davranışlarının iyi ya da kötü, doğru veya yanlış yönden değerlendirilmesini içeren ve dünyanın her yerinde geçerli olması beklenen ilke ve kuralların bütünü olarak tanımlanabilir. Bu çalışmada, internet haberciliği ve Türkiye'de yayın yapan internet haber sitelerinin habercilik etiğine bakışıyla ilgili örnekler eşliğinde değerlendirmeler yapıldı. Çalışmada etik, ahlak, meslek etiği, medya etiği, internet haberciliğinin etik sorunları gibi konularda site incelemesi yapıldı. İncelenen haberlerin kamuoyunu bilgilendirme amacından çok tık haberciliğine hizmet ettiği ve eğlendirme amacına hizmet ettiği görüldü. Ayrıca bu makalede internet haberciliğinin olumlu ve olumsuz yönlerini tartışarak haberleri medya etiği açısından tartıştık. &nbspİnternet haber siteleri medya etiği değerlerine riayet ediyor mu gibi sorulara cevap aradığımız çalışmada birçok örnekle bu değerlerin nasıl çiğnendiği bir kez daha ortaya çıktı., Ethic In general, past, present and future people's behavior can be defined as the whole of the principles and rules that are expected to be valid in all parts of the world, including good or bad, right or wrong evaluation. In this study, Internet journalism and broadcasting in Turkey evaluations, accompanied by examples of internet news sites was done with a view to journalistic ethics. In the study, the subject of ethics, ethics, professional ethics, media ethics, ethics issues of internet journalism were examined. It has been seen that the news reports serve the press service rather than informing the public and serve the purpose of entertaining. In this article, we discussed the news in terms of media ethics by discussing the positive and negative aspects of internet journalism. Do Internet news sites respect media ethics In the study we are looking for answers to questions such as how many times these values ​​have been broken.

This study investigates how United States-based professional photojournalists apply toning ethics in their news routines and whether those ethics vary by organization. Utilizing data collec...

This essay contributes to the growing project of global media ethics by addressing the pervasiveness of Edward Said’s notion of Orientalism and the continued subordination of non-Western countries,...

Scholars argue that accountability of news media and journalists to the public stakeholders has been improving in the 21st century because of the increased use of digital platforms, which are interactive, immediate, and universal. Since most studies related to online news media accountability have focused on developed countries, this research study examines the state of accountability in online news media in Nepal, where access to online media is very limited and audiences are barely aware of media’s journalistic responsibilities. By employing a case study research method with three data sources, and by interpreting the available data using Denis McQuail’s four stakeholders of media accountability as a theoretical framework, this research study finds that online media in Nepal, despite having unique features on digital platforms, are less accountable to professional and public stakeholders than their traditional counterparts, such as newspapers and television. The study also finds that Internet accessibility, media literacy, and resource availability are of primary concern in ensuring media accountability in Nepal.

Content analysis is often used to examine the extent to which the individual actors involved in the trial (especially the defendant) can be identified through the reporting, for example through full attribution of names, a detailed description of the person, his or her living circumstances and photos. Field of application/theoretical foundation: The variable “identifying new coverage” is of particular relevance in the context of debates on media ethics and legal philosophy. This variable is used to examine the extent to which personal rights provisions are respected in media coverage. Example study: Oehmer (work in progress) Information on Oehmer (work in progress) Author: Franziska Oehmer Research interest: The research interest of the study focuses on three sets of questions concerning 1) the selection and representativeness of court reporting, 2) the information function of court reporting and 3) the presentation of court reporting. Object of analysis: court coverage in Swiss newspapers (Tagesanzeiger, NZZ, Neue Luzerner Zeitung, Südostschweiz, Blick, Gratiszeitung, 20Minuten) Time frame of analysis: January 2007 – December 2017 Info about variable Variable name/definition: identifying news coverage [Identifizierende Berichterstattung über Opfer und Angeklagten] Level of analysis: Actors in most covered court case in article Values: Keine identifizierende Berichterstattung. Indikator: alleinige Verwendung der Bezeichnungen Opfer, Angeklagter, ... Mittlere identifizierende Berichterstattung: Aussage ist dazu geeignet, dass das unmittelbare Umfeld die Person identifizieren kann, Indikator: Nennung des Vornamens und des Anfangsbuchstabens. Große identifizierende Berichterstattung: Aussage ist dazu geeignet, das Dritte die Person identifizieren können. Indikator: Nennung des vollen Namens, Nennung des Vornamens in Verbindung mit Nennung des Berufs, Wohnsitzes und Arbeitsplatzes, ... Intercoder reliability: Holsti .73; Krippendorff’s Alpha: .57 (2 Coder) Codebook: available (see attachment) References Oehmer, Franziska. Die dritte Gewalt in den Medien. Eine repräsentative quantitative Inhaltsanalyse der Gerichtsberichterstattung Schweizer Medien (work in progress). [Justice in the media. A representative quantitative content analysis of court reporting in the Swiss media].

This chapter provides an overview about media ethics that is very important for the news. Today, the rapid development and diversification of mass media tools have also accelerated the works in the field of communication ethics. Media responsibility, issues occurring in media, and public utility issues have come to the central position of communication ethics. Looking at the ethical codes in the media, it is seen that a large part of them are created for printed media, and the information about television is limited. The purpose of this study is to focus on the ethical issues that arise starting from the production stage of the television news with a holistic perspective in the context of the relationship between media and ethics by considering the ethical codes in the media and to offer solutions devoted to an ethical understanding of journalism. Within the scope of this study, the qualitative research method included the content analysis for the news about Princes Diana and Prince Harry as samples.

This chapter addresses the journalists who use virtual reality (VR) to cover international events, making observations on the best practices for doing this type of digital news reporting. The chapter specifically focuses on two properties of VR journalism: (1) the medium’s simulation of presence at the scene and (2) the medium’s simulation of the audience’s cross-cultural encounters with “other” people. Drawing upon the critical frameworks found in postcolonial studies, this chapter will argue that there is a need for digital journalists to cultivate more critical self-reflexivity, if they hope to use VR in a way that does not flatten or sensationalize cultural difference.

Like many grand ideas of modernity, the notion of public interest is assumed rather than defined. In journalism, it determines what journalism should be, rather than what journalism is. When news stories are scrutinized, the meaning of information unpacked and facts and views examined, scholars analyse journalism practice in the light of the tools used to produce the story as empirical evidence of journalistic intervention in reality and its duty to serve the public interest. This chapter approaches journalism and its public interest claim as a signifier of professional ideology. The validity and applicability of the notion of public interest is explored using a case study of reporting on immigration, a social and political issue that has attracted significant media attention over the last couple of decades. The chapter examines ethical challenges in reporting immigration, questioning the limits of normative ethics and journalism’s potential to serve the universal idea of public good.

This chapter considers the concept of ‘urban journalism’ and how it might lead us to an understanding of a global media ethics. While urban journalism has been the focus of some study in the past 15–20 years, it has been inherently tied to international notions of urban sustainable development (USD) so that many of the practical expressions of urban journalism emanate from international bodies like the United Nations, and UNESCO. In earlier forms, urban journalism was closely tied to the gritty side of city life and later to the theorisations of urban social movements. It can be thought of as the journalism that was expected to emerge from an understanding and depiction of the city and city life. Drawing upon examples of urban journalism experiments from around the world—including The Guardian’s Guardian Cities section—and placing those examples within the context of urban geography, social movements, alternative and radical media and the imagery of the city as an ‘unruly’ place, the chapter enunciates what urban journalism currently is and intimates what it could be.

This chapter is about the ethical issues that arise when journalism is practiced at book-length and written in a narrative style. The focus is not on ethical issues common to both news journalism and book-length journalism but on those that are unique or arise more acutely in book-length works. Building on the work of earlier scholars, the author develops a framework for articulating ethical issues arising at three distinct stages of producing book-length literary journalism – during research, in representation, and in reception by readers.

Photo by Finding Dan | Dan Grinwis on Unsplash We who grew up texting, instant messaging, and emailing are blessed with native fluency in internet slang that varies according to country and language. Growing up in Sub-Saharan Africa, my schoolmates and I particularly loved to say TIA or, “This Is Africa.”[1] Largely popularized through the 2006 film, “Blood Diamond”,[2] TIA was the answer to all of the idiosyncrasies that accompanied living in the middle of the second-largest continent. Pulled over by local traffic police who demand a “cold drink”? TIA. Helped push the school bus out of a massive pothole during monsoon season? TIA. Reached for your Nokia brick only to pull a similarly sized cockroach from your purse? TIA. Largely isolated from the rest of the world, disease hysteria triggered by bird flu, SARS, and MERS passed by Sub-Saharan Africa as a far- off echo – my community was preoccupied with more imminent threats like malaria and cholera. The 2013 Ebola epidemic was the first time I was exposed to the narrow focus and broad indifference with which the wider world regards Africa. Mass hysteria over an “African disease” that threatened US shores exhibited narrow focus[3] while broad indifference manifested as radio silence following the resolution of cases in the US and Europe. The outbreak lasted until 2016 but coverage waned after 2015, when the only Ebola patients outside of Africa were expats shipped home for recovery.[4] As a freshman in college, my new British friends asked whether my family was at risk (they were not) and whether it was safe for me to go home for the holidays (it was). The 2013 outbreak primarily affected West Africa, on the opposite side of the continent. But to my college friends, Africa was a disease-ridden monolith. TIA, that is Africa. To the indifferent journalist, Africa is a convenient narrative device. By refusing to think of parts of Africa as anything other than the whole, we reduce a continent of 54 nations to a single entity – smaller and more manageable. The same occurred at the height of COVID-19 anxieties. As the healthcare systems of “more developed” countries threatened imminent collapse, a cry rattled across the globe: what will the Africans do?[5] Military-enforced lockdowns?[6] Will we have to take care of their citizens again?[7] While catching up with some friends in July 2020, I resisted an eyeroll as an acquaintance, grinning smugly, announced a new Ebola outbreak plaguing Congo.[8] (He probably meant DRC but he did not specify, and I am not sure he knew the difference.) A quick Google search confirmed the news, reported with glee in all major news media.[9] The Zoom call erupted in a flurry of sighs as my friends contemplated the new threat to US soil. Ever the party pooper, I emphasized that the outbreak was nothing new. The Ebola virus takes its name from its eponymous river in the DRC and the Congolese government had only just announced the end to a two-year struggle with Ebola in April.[10] Soon afterwards, the world lost interest; Al-Jazeera posted its last Ebola article on July 25.[11] Concurrently, coverage on ‘Africa’s COVID-19 crisis’ dwindled, eclipsed by worldwide #BLM protests, unrest in Belarus, and the US elections. As the attention on other world events settled, the “developed” world checked in with “poor, underdeveloped” Africa.[12] Despite concerns about cramped South African townships and the veracity of disease reports in Nigeria,[13] the number of COVID-19 cases and death rates in the continent have stayed low.[14] Citing a young population, existing contact-tracing infrastructure, and cross-immunity from other coronaviruses, several published articles analyze Africa’s mortality statistics.[15] Some, as pointed out by Ghanaian journalist, Karen Attiah, strive to paint the successes of African COVID-19 responses with stereotypical images of poverty and instability. After all, TIA. But while the world was not looking, African healthcare systems rallied. Wild poliovirus was completely eradicated from the continent in August.[16] Uganda began developing its own COVID-19 testing kits in May.[17] COVID-19 cases were limited to ten of Africa’s 54 countries while the DRC’s leading Ebola expert[18] reported that the new outbreak was under control.[19]Though there are still economic concerns due to reduced import-export activity between countries, Africa stands strong as second waves in Europe threaten to overrun hospitals.[20] A year from the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, the WHO shared concerns of a lack of justice and equality in global vaccine distribution.[21] Higher income countries have had enough stock to vaccinate one fourth of their population, on average, while low income countries are limited to around 1 in 500.[22] However, a headline in CBS News implies that the low vaccination rate in South Africa is due to a domestic class struggle between the rich and poor citizens,[23] rather than an issue of vaccine nationalism. There are some reporters in Western news media, like Peter Mwai who reports for the BBC, who portray African healthcare systems in a balanced way. Seeking out unbiased writers’ articles is the best way to ensure exposure to balanced news. However, this is an exercise that many readers overlook because they depend on headlines for information. The bias is systematic, and the reliability of a few reporters is outweighed by countless examples of careless copy editing. As evidenced by the CBS News clip, quick turnaround time for publishing live television broadcast clips online leads to sloppy research, injecting prejudices in news media. Perhaps it is too early to celebrate. But as Western media spotlights claims that Africa was spared due to herd immunity from previous coronaviruses blazing through poverty-stricken neighborhoods, it does not seem so bad to rebuff the stereotype.[24] The US currently leads in total COVID-19 cases, followed by India, Brazil, and France. South Africa does not even break the top ten. Morocco, next in line, resides comfortably at 32.[25] For the moment, we can be proud. Decades of experience building infrastructure around highly contagious diseases paid off. Many public health officials in African governments acknowledged and addressed COVID-19’s potential early. Aggressive lockdowns were effective in reducing community transmission. This is Africa. [1] Abdullah, Kia. “‘This Is Africa’: Useful Mantra or Ugly Prejudice?” Atlas & Boots. Atlas & Boots, December 24, 2019. https://www.atlasandboots.com/tia-this-is-africa/. [2] Blood Diamond. Blood Diamond Archer Meets Maggie (TIA) This Is Africa. United States: Warner Bros., 2006. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3frHm9hw5bI. [3] Lupkin, Sydney. “Ebola in America: Timeline of the Deadly Virus.” ABC News. ABC News Network, November 17, 2014. https://abcnews.go.com/Health/ebola-america-timeline/story?id=26159719. [4] BBC. “Ebola: Seventh British Health Worker Sent Home.” BBC News. BBC, March 16, 2015. https://www.bbc.com/news/health-31908301. [5] Nyenswah, Tolbert. “Africa Has a COVID-19 Time Bomb to Defuse.” World Economic Forum. World Economic Forum, April 6, 2020. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/04/africa-covid-19-time-bomb-defuse/. [6] Noko, Karsten. “The Problem with Army Enforced Lockdowns in the Time of COVID-19.” Opinions | Al Jazeera. Al Jazeera, April 2, 2020. https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2020/4/2/the-problem-with-army-enforced-lockdowns-in-the-time-of-covid-19/. [7] Picheta, Rob. “Coronavirus Pandemic Will Cause Global Famines of 'Biblical Proportions,' UN Warns.” CNN. Cable News Network, April 22, 2020. https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/22/africa/coronavirus-famine-un-warning-intl/index.html. [8] WHO. “Ebola Virus Disease – Democratic Republic of the Congo.” World Health Organization. World Health Organization, July 9, 2020. https://www.who.int/csr/don/26-June-2020-ebola-drc/en/. [9] Fisher, Nicole. “New Ebola Outbreak In Congo Creates Unparalleled Challenges During A Pandemic.” Forbes. Forbes Magazine, August 10, 2020. https://www.forbes.com/sites/nicolefisher/2020/08/10/new-ebola-outbreak-in-congo-creates-unparalleled-challenges-during-a-pandemic/?sh=4f4a88015877.; BBC World Service. “Ebola Virus.” BBC News. BBC, July 17, 2020. https://www.bbc.com/news/topics/cjnwl8q4qj1t/ebola-virus.; Al Jazeera. “'Great Concern' as New Ebola Outbreak Grows in Western DR Congo.” Democratic Republic of the Congo | Al Jazeera. Al Jazeera, July 14, 2020. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/7/14/great-concern-as-new-ebola-outbreak-grows-in-western-dr-congo. [10] Yeung, Peter. “'Enormous Relief' as Ebola Outbreak in DRC to Be Declared Over.” Democratic Republic of the Congo | Al Jazeera. 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“Global patriotism” as part of global media ethics is imbued with the values of social justice and human rights for all. In relation to media values and principles, it encourages media practitioners to surpass the traditional journalism models that have been parochial, nationalist, propagandist, and divisive. This chapter argues in favor of peace journalism as a broader, value-based journalism model for journalists to face the issues and concerns faced in the twenty-first century.

News stylebooks are the “bibles” of media usage and writing style. This chapter examines how stylebooks have evolved in their guidance to journalists regarding terms and representations for LGBTQ populations and how LGBTQ communities have advocated for, and influenced, these changes. Changes include an evolving use of terms such as homosexual, gay, queer, transgender, non-binary, and queer in mainstream media representation. To explore these changes, we examine a sampling of stylebook references from the Associated Press and The Canadian Press news services. We contextualize these changes through interviews with both stylebook editors and LGBTQ organizations. Together the interviews help paint a picture of the considerations at play for media organizations in their guidance to journalists and the public, and of how organizations that represent LGBTQ communities have worked to bring about more equitable and accurate representations.