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Gender basically discusses the meaning of equality between women and men in various aspects of life. The existence of men and women are two entities that are often distinguished in terms of sex and the roles that must be performed gender so that the potential to cause disparity. The purpose of this study is to analyze how the construction of the meaning of "equal" in the study of gender equality is based on the perspective of men and women. This study uses a case study research method with in-depth interview techniques, observation, and literature review in the form of books, journals, and relevant articles. The results of this study indicate that the meaning of equality is generally closely related to women who are often treated unfairly and become inferior. The construction of the meaning of "equal" now turns out to be able to discredit men through the dogmatic state that develops in society. On the other hand the situation of gender equality is currently experiencing a shift in behavior, namely the emergence of superiority of women over men in the public and domestic spheres.

Purpose This study aims to propose a comprehensive education model to enhance Islamic financial literacy to elevate the prominence of Islamic finance. Design/methodology/approach The study conceptualized a framework of Islamic finance education using Prochaska and DiClemente’s transtheoretical model (TTM) of change aided by a review of the essential literature on Islamic financial literacy. The study also includes critical reflection based on the real firsthand experiences of delivering 16 voluntary non-formal community-based Islamic finance workshops for Indonesian diaspora in the UK and the Republic of Ireland from December 2014 to July 2016. Findings This study provides an inclusive conceptualization of an Islamic finance education approach to creating awareness in communities of applying Islamic financial principles in daily life. It also elaborates stage-appropriate strategies that cover the pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action and maintenance stages that vary by upon individuals based on their readiness to adopt Islamic finance principles. Research limitations/implications This study is not merely based on a conceptual examination of literature but also incorporates critical reflection on a series of community-based Islamic finance workshops conducted by the authors. It therefore offers the potential to present an under-researched model used to enhance Islamic finance literacy as one of the pillars in supporting the development of the Islamic economic and financial sector. Practical implications This study provides guidelines and various practical ideas that scholars and any concerned parties can use to offer community-based Islamic finance educational activities aimed at supporting the future organic growth of Islamic finance. Originality/value The study expands the use of Prochaska and DiClemente’s TTM (which has been widely cited in health-related behavioral research) and brings a unique theoretical lens, notably within the Islamic finance literature. The use of the TTM was established in psychology and health-related behavioral science, particularly in relation to elucidating how people cease unhealthy behaviors (e.g. alcohol and smoking addictions) and how they develop healthy behaviors. This paper brings the TTM into another context on how to stimulate individuals, particularly Muslims, to shift from “riba addiction” and develop sharia-compliant financial behaviors.

The aims of this research are to describe figurative language and meaning of figurative language.The method of this research is descriptive qualitative method which analyzes figurative language.The result of this research is to find the figurative language song lyric Lenka Kripac. The results are repetisi with percentage 22,7%. Antisipasi, koreksio, sinisme, and koreksio are 2,3%.

Severe river pollution creates a stressful environment for aquatic organisms, causing disturbances to their health and leading to their extinction. Thus, in this study, the stress responses of tolerant (Oreochromis niloticus) and sensitive (Cyprinus carpio) fish to river pollution in the Citarum River, Indonesia were investigated. The two groups of fish were exposed to varying levels and lengths of water pollution, their blood was sampled, and stress responses were identified. The red blood cells (RBC) count, haemoglobin (HGB), haematocrit (HCT), white blood cells (WBC) count, blood glucose levels, and derived haematological indices such as mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), were measured. Significant changes in these indices, with tendential changes in RBC and HCT, were observed, indicating that stress responses had occurred in both groups of fish. The sensitive fish recorded more pronounced changes in their haematological activities, with greater amounts of blood parameters being altered in response to water pollution exposure. This result suggested that the sensitive fish were more susceptible to environmental stressors and were, therefore, more vulnerable to extinction in a polluted natural environment.

Using a novel district-level dataset of three poverty indicators and related determinants, this paper attempts to examine the convergence process in terms of poverty reduction across 514 districts over the 2010–2018 period. The main findings of this study are fourfold. First, results of both distributional convergence and spatial convergence analyses suggest that poverty convergence takes place in all three poverty indicators. Second, there is an overall clustering pattern and a persistent West–East polarization in terms of poverty indicators. In addition, decreasing patterns of poverty inequality are significantly associated with increasing patterns of spatial dependence. Third, spatial effects are significantly low in accelerating convergence rates in poverty reduction. However, substantial differences in the speed of convergence among three poverty indicators is apparent. Under specifications of the Spatial Durbin Model as the best model, convergence regression in poverty rate model appears to generate the longest half-life for the catching-up process in poverty reduction across districts. Fourth, regression results from the spatial convergence framework suggest that mean years of schooling tend to contribute the largest effect to the catching-up process in poverty reduction.

Purpose This study aims to determine the factors that influence the intention to use online platforms in paying zakat in Indonesia. Design/methodology/approach This study used the extended unified theory of acceptance and use of technology as the theoretical framework, where zakat literacy is added to the model’s main components (i.e. performance expectancy, effort expectancy, facilitating condition and social influence). Primary data was collected through an online survey involving 223 Indonesian Muslims who have used various online channels to pay zakat and analyzed by using structural equation modeling as the empirical approach. Findings The findings indicate that performance expectancy, effort expectancy, facilitating condition and zakat literacy significantly affect the intention to use an online platform to pay zakat in Indonesia. However, social influence is found to be insignificant in this study. Research limitations/implications The study used a relatively small sample size compared to the Indonesian population’s size. Thus, the results must be interpreted with the sample observed. Practical implications Zakat organizations should make sure that their system is easy for people to make an online zakat payment, as easy access is the most important factor influencing the intention to pay zakat online. They must also increase efficiency and effectiveness of the payment system, enhance quality of the organizational and technical infrastructures and contribute to improving zakat literacy together with other zakat stakeholders. Originality/value This study offers new insights related to the quantitative study on digital zakat and behavior of zakat payers, particularly in Indonesia.

This research aims to determine the factors that affect the financial sustainability of conventional banks and sharia banks in Indonesia. Data obtained from the financial statements of conventional commercial banks and Islamic commercial banks have been published by the Financial Services Authority (OJK) for the period 2014 to 2018. The total population used in this study are all conventional and Sharia banks that publish their financial statements on the OJK. The research variables used include Financial Self Sufficiency (FSS) as the dependent variable. Return on assets (ROA), Cash to deposits (CTD), Loans to assets (LTA), Deposits to assets (DTA) as independent variables. The analysis used is the tree classification. The tree classification method requires the dependent variable in the form of categorical data. Processing results show that three financial performance factors affect financial sustainability, namely ROA, LTA, and DTA. Error in the analysis process is 29%. So that the accuracy of using the tree classification method in predicting the factors that affect banking financial sustainability is 71%.

The aim of this research is to find out the relationship between the Panama Papers and the existence of criminal actions in Taxation. The Panama Papers is the name for a document that was created by a company from Panama called Mossack Fonseca, which contains detailed information on more than 214,000 overseas companies, including the identities of their shareholders and directors. This case is an international scale leak of financial documents that reveals how 12 heads of state have a company in an undisclosed tax free jurisdiction (offshore). This leaked document was then distributed to and analyzed by approximately 400 journalists in 107 media organizations in more than 80 states. The research conclusions show that the disclosure of the Panama Papers scandal proves clearly that tax which is mandatory and binding is considered a serious burden for the upper class that is involved in this case. Millions of secret financial documents were leaked and revealed how the corruption and tax crime network of heads of state, secret agents, celebrities to fugitives are hidden in tax haven. The scandal that was revealed would have caused the State to lose or reduce the state's wealth (asset forfeiture) which was quite significant. And the relationship between the case and the violation of tax law is that the mistake is deliberate or the mistake is fraudulent.

Speaking can be said as one of the four basic skills in English. In every English textbook, there must be a speaking assessment. This research aims to analyze the five types of speaking assessments in the textbook “When English Rings a Bell for Grade VII”. The textbook analysis in this study considered five types in speaking assessment there are: 1. Imitative speaking tasks, 2. Intensive speaking tasks, 3. Responsive speaking tasks, 4. Interactive speaking tasks and, 5. Extensive speaking tasks. This study includes the design of descriptive qualitative. This study using a method of content analysis. The collection of the data was done through procedures: 1) looking, 2) observing, 3)analyzing the data based on Brown’s theory. The result of the study there are five types of speaking tasks in that textbook, but it has a different rate of the types. The textbook not only has a speaking task, it also has another skill of English there are reading, listening, and writing.

Penelitian ini difokuskan untuk menguraikan pesan-pesan yang terkandung dalam relief-relief Candi Sukuh yang dianggap tabu. Studi ini dilakukan karena Candi Sukuh dapat menjadi bukti bahwa jauh sebelum adanya gerakan feminisme, masyarakat berlatar agama Hindu-Buddha pada masa lampau telah mengakui perbedaan antara laki-laki dan perempuan. Perbedaan tersebut merupakan suatu konstruksi sosial yang dimengerti dalam hubungan kompromi laki-laki dan perempuan. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah deskriptif-interpretatif, dan data dianalisis dengan pendekatan multidesain. Teori Ikonografi digunakan untuk menganalisis pesan dari relief-relief Candi Sukuh, sedangkan teori feminisme diterapkan dengan pendekatan tubuh, seks, dan gender. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya pesan feminisme pada relief kidung Sudhāmālā, relief linggā dan yoni, dan relief kālāmĕrgā. Kesimpulannya pesan gender yang disajikan di relief-relief Candi Sukuh berupa penolakan perempuan terhadap pengobjekan tubuhnya oleh laki-laki, yang dianggap memiliki otoritas terhadap tubuh perempuan. This research is focused to describe the messages contained in the reliefs of Candi Sukuh, which are considered taboo. This study was conducted because Candi Sukuh may well be an evidence that long before the existence of the feminism movement, the Hindu-Buddhist communities in the past have recognized differences between men and women. Such difference is a social construct which was understood in terms of compromising relations between men and women. The method used in this research was descriptive-interpretive, and data were analyzed using a multi-design approach. Theories of iconography were used to analyze messages of the reliefs of Candi Sukuh, whereas the theory of feminism was applied using approaches of body, sex and gender. Research results showed messages of feminism are contained in the Sudhāmālā hymn, reliefs of linggā and yoni, and the kālāmĕrgā relief. Conclusively, gender messages presented by the reliefs of Candi Sukuh informs the rejection of objectification of women’s body by men, who are considered to have authority over women's bodies.

Entrepreneurship is proven to be able to move the economics. Specifically, entrepreneurial activities within the pesantren are increasingly prevalent. This condition makes the ministry of industry also participate in developing cooperatives through Islamic boarding schools throughout the nation for now. The Lembaga Tinggi Pesantren Luhur Malang is one of the boarding schools in Malang, precisely at the Ketawanggede, Lowokwaru District. In addition to religious education in the form of recitation, halaqoh, prayer in congregation, this boarding school also focuses on giving students understanding and education in the economic field. The purpose of this service is to provide assistance in the form of cooperative management through the spirit of entrepreneurship of the students of Malang Luhur Pesantren. The method used in this service is Participatory Action Research (PAR). This dedication found that at Luhur Malang, there are a lot of ideas about entrepreneurship, even among those who have carried out these activities. However, its management still needs to be improved again. Therefore, this dedication recommends the need to continuously increase the resources of students who are able to market the results of pesantren cooperatives that can increase economic use value and the need for support and supervision among each LTPLM member

Purpose This study aims to explain how the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) used its power over rail rates as part of an effort to promote the growth of economically underdeveloped regions of the USA. This was accomplished by subsidizing shipments of food and fuel staples to major domestic and world markets and by offsetting the burden of high protective tariffs through low transportation rates on imported goods, from its inception in 1887 until the disruption of ocean transport with the outbreak of First World War in 1914. Design/methodology/approach Through examination of contemporary ICC studies and cases, this study shows how the ICC condoned rate practices that promoted the socioeconomic welfare of sparsely populated regions primarily in the Southern and Western USA. Findings The study illustrates that the ICC facilitated exports by authorizing rates that subsidized the transport of overseas food and fuel staples from the interior while at the same time allowing preferential rail–sea contracts on imports that partially offset the burden of protective tariffs on these regions. The focus on regional social welfare within the ICC largely ended by 1914, with the end of protective tariffs and the start of First World War. Originality/value This new interpretation explains how international trade patterns in the USA were influenced in significant ways by the ICC to achieve regional social welfare objectives and to promote greater national economic integration.

The number of children who overuse the device makes them less creative in writing and telling stories. In addition, children sometimes access news that is not suitable for them, such as scenes of violence, pornography, and porno-action. This condition also occurs in children in Ar-Rosyid Purwokerto. Community Service Program (PKM) in the form of journalistic training is conducted to build media literacy by developing children's creativity in the field of journalism, both in the form of writing and in the form of broadcasts.This training was held by lecturers and students of the Communication Studies Program at Universitas Amikom Purwokerto in mid September and October 2019 (every Saturdays). There were 20 elementary and junior high school students participated in this training. They joined the non-formal activities in Ar-Rosyid Purwokerto. The facilitators assisted the participants and provided them with knowledge and skills related to the journalistic principles and elements. The participants gained knowledge and skills on how to conduct interviews and observation, and write news according to journalistic rules. In addition, the participants gained experience about the radio broadcasting process and making journalism photos. The training started from the orientation, introduction of journalism for children, journalistic practices for children, practice, and evaluation. All steps were carried out at Universitas Amikom Purwokerto.After the training, the participants' interest in writing article and stories are improving. The participants can write free themes using journalistic elements. In additions, they are confident to do deliver their simple speech in front of audience as well as in the radio broadcasting.

This paper undertakes a near real-time analysis of the income distribution effects of the Covid-19 crisis in Australia to understand the ongoing changes in the income distribution as well as the impact of policy responses. By semi-parametrically combining incomplete observed data from three different sources–the monthly Longitudinal Labour Force Survey, the Survey of Income and Housing and administrative payroll data–we estimate the impact of Covid-19 on the Australian income distribution and decompose its impact into the income shock effect and the policy effect between February and June 2020, covering the immediate periods before and after the initial Covid-19 outbreak. Our results suggest that, despite growth in unemployment, the Gini coefficient of equivalised household disposable income dropped by more than 0.02 points between February and June 2020. This reduction is due to the additional wage subsidies and welfare supports offered as part of the policy response, offsetting the increase in income inequality from the income shock effect. The results shows the effectiveness of temporary policy measures both in maintaining living standards and avoiding increases in income inequality. However, the heavy reliance on the support measures shown in the modelling raises the possibility that the changes in the income distribution may be reversed, or even that inequality and living standards could substantially worsen once the measures are withdrawn.

Background Detection of anthraquinone in tea samples marketed in Europe is raising a concern due to the possible carcinogenicity of this compound. The European Union has set a very low maximum residue level (MRL) for anthraquinone residue in tea (0.02 mg/kg). The available method analyses for anthraquinone are mostly by gas chromatography (GC) coupled by mass spectrophotometer (MS) which are relatively more expensive instruments and not always available to moderately equipped laboratories. This study was aimed to analyze anthraquinone in infusion tea of Indonesian commercial tea using liquid chromatography–ultraviolet detector (HPLC–UV) and then assessed the risk associated with consuming infusion tea with anthraquinone residue. The analysis was conducted by low-volume liquid–liquid extraction followed by quantification by HPLC–UV, while the risk assessment was analyzed by calculating the risk quotient (HQ) and carcinogenic risk (R) based on the highest anthraquinone level detected in the sample. Results The low-volume liquid–liquid extraction followed by HPLC quantification was able to analyze anthraquinone in infusion tea with linearity of 0.9990 at 8.33 to 83.33 μg/L; precision of 2.25%; and recovery of 96.19 to 102.98%. The anthraquinone levels in infusion tea of Indonesian commercial tea varied from not detected to 0.44 μg/L. The calculated HQ is lower than 1 (0.033), implying that consuming Indonesian infusion tea with the detected anthraquinone residue is unlikely to cause non-carcinogenic effect. The R is 2.63 × 10−6, but no parametric values have been regulated for anthraquinone; thus, its carcinogenic effect cannot be further assessed. Conclusion Low-volume liquid–liquid extraction followed by quantification by HPLC–UV was able to analyze anthraquinone in infusion tea of Indonesian commercial tea samples. Risk assessment showed no prove of adverse effect related to consuming infusion tea as high as the highest concentration detected in infusion tea samples. However, risk associated at higher concentration and/or long-term consumption may not be neglected.

Monitoring of pesticides residue including pyrethroids is required since they are major contaminants in tea and have been regulated in European Union and countries such as China, Australia, Japan and America. This study aimed to analyze several pyrethroids in Indonesian commercial tea. The analysis was done by applying low volume solid-liquid extraction followed by quantification by gas chromatography-electron capture detector as a relatively cheaper alternative instrument in pesticides monitoring compared to mass spectrophotometer. The detection limits of the method were 0.006 mg/kg for deltamethrin, 0.05 mg/kg for fenvalerate, 0.10 mg/kg for cypermethrin and 0.05 mg/kg for λ-cyhalothrin. The linearity of the method was good with coefficient correlation of higher than 0.997 at 0.3 to 2.0 mg/kg. The repeatability of the method was also good with lower % relative standard deviations compared to two-thirds of Horwitz coefficient of variation and European Commission guideline. The recoveries were all in the range suggested by European Commission. Weak matrix effect was observed for deltamethrin and cypermethrin while matrix suppression effect was observed for λ-cyhalothrin and fenvalerate. Analysis of tea samples planted and produced in Indonesia showed that the pyrethroid residue in the samples were all below the maximum residue limits while the risk assessment suggested that Indonesian commercial tea is safe for consumption.

The purpose of this study is to know the influence of Islamic social reporting (ISR), Islamic Corporate Governance (ICG), Maqashid Syariah Index (MSI) on the value of the firm, and the role of the firm in moderating ISR, ICG, MSI on the value of the firm. The difference with previous research has only ICG and MSI on the value of companies by the size of the firm as moderation variables. The data analysis technique used includes descriptive analysis, classical assumption test, and linear regression analysis. Descriptive research is describing the collected sample data without aiming to make conclusions. This study's main variables are the independent variable, the dependent variable, and the moderating variable. Islamic Social Reporting (ISR), Islamic Corporate Governance (ICG), Maqashid Shariah Index (MSI), as independent variables, Firm Value (FV) as a related variable or dependent variables, while Firm Size (FS) is a moderating variable. The results showed that ISR has no effect on the value of the firm and cannot moderate the value of the firm, but inversely proportional to ICG and MSI, which affects the value of the firm and can moderate the value of the firm

Academic performance has an essential impact in predicting the success of an educational program. This study was performed to identify the impact particular admission test and student perception on assessment method to academic performance in term of grade point average (GPA). A cross-sectional study design was conducted on 158 medical students at University of Islam Bandung to participate in taking a quantitative survey. A questionnaire was adapted from a student perception of assessment questionnaire (SPAQ). Data analysis used the Chi-square test and Mann Whitney test. The majority of students have a good perception of the assessment method (88.6%). Admission test through special interest and abilities influence academic achievement with a p-value of 0.004. The assessment system is quite effective in assessing the learning outcome. This is due to the perception of the assessment method is more related to student learning approaches than academic achievement.

University is primarily being a wide place or facility to produce capable, intelligent and professional workforce. Students are equipped with various kinds of knowledge theoretically as well as trained through the internship process. However, the findings on graduates who don’t reflect some aspects of professionalism, less competent in each of their fields or even their soft skills should be classified as urgent issues at any rate. Driven by these contrary sides, we highlighted that the less maintained students’ internship period might be a variable for the problems. We started by collecting previous studies on the dissatisfactions from employers about trainees/interns from universities, analyzed the solutions, and triangulated the solutions we proposed by exploring internship masterplan at a university in Indonesia. From all of these steps, we found that appropriate, intensive mentoring ways in the students’ internship period are the main points to create the skills that meet any employers’ demands. We believe that the results of this study will be very useful for those who need answers to the best ways to improve the quality and capabilities of higher education graduates. Keywords: education system, human resource, internship, labor, university graduates

Indonesia is an archipelago country which comprises of two main parts, western and eastern regions and spread into over 500 districts. Each district has their own characteristics, especially in development aspect. Some districts have been growing faster on economic and social development, yet others still fall behind. Using Human Development Index and its components on education, health and economic variables over 2010- 2018 period, this study aims to examine convergence on the regional human growth process and investigate the speed of convergence across districts. The result reveals convergence occurred on human development process and its determinants across districts during 2010-2018. Education variables are assumed as the main contributor for boosting the speed of convergence of human development. Spatial dependences are detected among districts, followed by the spatial clusters and spatial outliers through global and local spatial autocorrelation. Applying two spatial autoregressive models, spatial autoregressive lag model (SAR) and spatial autoregressive error model (SEM), confirmed that there is significant spatial spill-overs.The speed of convergence for all variables are much declining after the inclusion of spatial lag and error model. As the policy implication, since regional inequality in term of human development is still a major issue, it will be a call for better coordination and cooperation within and between regions.

This paper studies the effect of a large-scale scholarship introduced by the Indonesian government in 2010 that provides generous financial assistance for poor students. By using administrative data from a large public university in Indonesia, this study estimates the likely effect of the scholarship on student academic performance during university. Using matching methods of coarsened exact matching (CEM) that take into account the selection criteria used for scholarship allocation, we find that the scholarship is positively associated with student performance in terms of GPA. Furthermore, we find that these positive associations are strongest for the least advantaged group in terms of family income.

Enlightenment ideals relating to individual and group autonomy versus state power have long shaped socioeconomic ordering in the Western world. This article explores how competing Enlightenment ideologies influenced the development of two different accounting-based regulatory models in the United States, the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) and the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Both commissions experimented with both models with different outcomes. The ICC, formed in 1887, ultimately followed a Hamiltonian approach involving direct intervention of the federal government to regulate the monopoly power of railroads. Almost half of a century later, after the 1929 Crash, the SEC was formed to re-establish public confidence in the nation’s financial markets. That resulted in reducing investors’ risk perceptions by assuring greater transactional transparency and probity. The SEC settled upon a Jeffersonian approach, which supported the delegation of responsibility for the application of accounting knowledge in regulation to professional groups rather than government officials. This approach characterized the emergent bureaucracy of the United States’ fast-expanding national executive state.

Manuscript type: Research paper. Research aims: This study aims to examine the predictors of passengers’ behavioural intention in using railway services. It also attempts to identify whether these predictors differ among consumers of different age groups. Design/ Methodology/ Approach: A survey is conducted to collect data from the passengers using the KA Commuter Line (KRL) Jabodetabek. The 213 respondents are divided into two age segmentations comprising young and old. Data are analysed separately. The proposed model is tested quantitatively through multiple regression analysis and the independent sample t-test. Research findings: The results show that different age groups have different evaluations and they use different determinants for gauging the railway services. Perceived value emerges as an impor- tant determinant of customer satisfaction among the younger age group whereas service quality is the determinant for the older age group. Both groups, however, consider corporate image and customer satisfaction as determinants of behavioural intention. Theoretical contributions/ Originality: This paper contributes to existing research on public transportation from a marketing pers- pective. It extends on previous works by adopting age segmentation to examine passengers’ perception, evaluation and behavioural intention of using the railway services in Jakarta. Practitioner/ Policy implications: The findings of this study suggest that the Indonesian Railway Company should take age segmentation as a meaningful and useful social categorisation. It should not treat the entire population of passengers to be the same. Different age groups have different responsiveness and expectations of the railway services thus, the Indonesian Railway Company needs to put in more efforts in maintaining and improving its corporate image so as to encourage more people to use its services thereby reducing traffic congestion in Jakarta. Research limitation: This study is limited by its sample size. Therefore, it is not possible to perform structural equation modelling (SEM). Keywords: Behavioural Intention, Railway Services, Age Segmenta- tion, Customer Satisfaction, Corporate Image. JEL Classification: M3

Education has long been seen as a crucial factor to the economic wellbeing and achievement of people and localities. Therefore, inequality of educational attainment often precedes inequalities in other aspects of life. Although Australia mandates compulsory secondary education, the outcomes vary nationwide. Concern has been expressed about the gap in educational achievement between rural and urban areas. This study analyses regional inequalities of secondary school education outcomes by examining spatial disparities among smaller spatial units and how factors contributing to secondary school education outcomes perform regionally. The results confirm a rural–urban disparity, reveal disparities within regional capital cities and indicate that some rural areas, especially in Victoria, perform relatively well. Disparities are triggered by socio-economic conditions and by the quantity of resources devoted to school systems. Wealthier areas generally provide better resources.

This study widens the historical perspectives of how a firm coordinates its activities to simultaneously achieve financial and political ends while using regional efforts to enact a national strategy. It examines how AT&T organized Bell Telephone Securities (BTS), a transitional subsidiary during the period 1921–1935, to broaden ownership of corporate shares and to develop political and cultural identities with Bell among small investors, particularly in the South and West. Equally significant was BTS’s maintenance of liquidity of the Bell shares in the stock market, particularly in support of periodic rights offerings and debt conversions that were primary channels for increasing corporate equity. The subsidiary was eventually disbanded when its defining financial policies became unsustainable because of the radical socioeconomic and regulatory changes brought on by the Great Depression, but by this time many of its original objectives had been realized.

Significant variations in educational outcomes across both the spatial and socioeconomic spectra in Australia have been widely debated by policymakers in recent years. This paper examines these variations and decomposes educational outcomes into 3 major input factors: availability of school resources, socioeconomic background, and a latent factor that links to the specificities of the local education system such as efficiencies. The proposed method respects the multi-dimensional nature of educational outcomes by estimating structural parameters of an extended education production function with multiple outcome measures. The results indicate that all factors contribute to the variations. Nevertheless, socioeconomic factors dominate non-school-based measures such as the tertiary education enrolment rate. The study also reveals significant differences in education system efficiencies across areas, suggesting compounding factors are often responsible for poor educational performance.

Aim Nowadays, no Quality Indicators (QI) have been proposed for Hyperthermia treatments. Starting from radiotherapy experience, the aim of this work is to adapt radiotherapy indicators to Hyperthermia and to propose a new specific set of QI in Hyperthermia field. Material and methods At first, radiotherapy quality indicators published in literature have been adapted to hyperthermia setting. Moreover, new specific indicators for the treatment of hyperthermia have been defined. To obtain the standard reference values of quality indicators, a questionnaire was sent to 7 Italian hyperthermia Institutes with a list of questions on physical and clinical hyperthermia treatment in order to highlight the different therapeutic approaches. Results Three structure, five process and two outcome QI were selected. It has been possible to adapt seven indicators from radiotherapy, while three indicators have been defined as new specific indicators for hyperthermia. Average values used as standard reference values have been obtained and proposed. Conclusion The survey performed on 7 Italian centres allowed to derive the standard reference value for each indicator. The proposed indicators are available to be investigated and applied by a larger number of Institutes in which hyperthermia treatment is performed in order to monitor the operational procedures and to confirm or modify the reference standard value derived for each indicator.

Emergency Room (ER) is a unit of a hospital that provides early containment procedures for emergency patients to saving lives and preventing further disability. Things that determine the success of the rescue of patients with response time. Response time is the speed of patients treated since patients came to receive medical service in a matter of minutes. Response time is good for the patient in accordance with the minimum service standards on the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia number 129 of 2008 is < 5 minutes. Response time is one indicator of hospital quality services is an indicator of the process to achieve results indicators. Patient satisfaction is an evaluative response, emotional related to the quality of existing services in hospitals and patient expectations of the services. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between the physician response times to the satisfaction of the patient's in the Emergency Room at Anutapura General Hospital Palu. Using observational method with cross sectional approach. Non-probability sampling technique is consecutive sampling. Total sample of 50 respondents in accordance with the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The research instrument used watches and questionnaires. Data Analyze with chi square test and Wilcoxon test. The results showed that the variables of gender, age, education and occupation there was no correlation with the level of patient satisfaction. This is evident from the value of p > 0.05 for all variables. To test the variable level of satisfaction and response time there is a relationship. This is evidenced by the p-value is less than the alpha (0.023> 0.05). Physician response times are very important in the treatment of emergency patients and it will certainly affect the quality of life and patient satisfaction, including suppression of the incidence of mortality and morbidity of patients in the ER.

The demands of the 21st century encourage education in Indonesia so that it is expected to create quality human beings who are able to compete in the global competition in the 21st century by having skills, one of them is science communication skills. This study aimed to describe and analyze the perceptions of students’ science communication which is applied with learning that integrated with Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) approach. The study was conducted at junior high schools in Bandar Lampung involving 100 students. The method used in this study was a mixed method with Sequential Explanatory Design. The research instrument used a questionnaire containing 10 oral communication statements and 10 written communication statements that were used to analyze students’ scientific communication profiles. The results showed that science oral communication was good (63.75%), but low (36.25%) in writing. In addition, learning with STEM approach in this context through practicum and project is preferred by students compared to discussion or traditional learning.

Previous literature has discussed the relationships between non-participation and underemployment in the labour market with health and wellbeing, including the impact of these circumstances on mental health. While it is sometimes argued that a mismatch between the actual number of hours worked and people’s preferences about the amount of work they want has an association with mental health, findings are mixed. Moreover, job characteristics and age-specific factors are often not included in studies exploring these relationships. This paper examines the link between working hours mismatch, job strain and mental health in Australia, focusing on mature age workers (aged 45–64 years), a group of workers for whom these issues have seldom been explored. Results from our panel data estimations, using the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) Survey, show significant associations between a mismatch of working hours – that is, either working more or less than one’s desired hours – and poorer mental health. Our analysis also suggests that jobs characterised by low levels of control and high demands have a significant negative impact on reported mental health scores. Designing flexible working environments and giving workers more autonomy should be priorities in order to improve the general mental health of mature age workers.

Indonesia is a country with a most Muslim population, so that it will greatly affect the goods and services created by SMEs. This community service activity aims to give education for SME owners about the halal certificates importance, especially for food and beverage products in building consumer confidence and increasing sales. The problem that occurs at MSMEs today is the lack of attention to legality of halal to convince buyers that their products are quality guaranteed. The method used in community service activities is in the form of conseling and help to 33 SMEs. The number of samples chosen based on MSMEs that do not yet have a halal certificate. Based on the results of the conseling activities, all participants listened to presenters from the Blitar district MUI well and conveyed the complaints and concerns they faced to immediately register their products to have a halal certificate. After the question and answer session with the speakers, participants who were very enthusiastic then filled out the registration form for halal certificates. It can concluded that the extension activities have a 100% success rate, besides that the mentoring activities continue to run until now. The help will continue until the participants who send the halal certificate registration form get it. Based on the results of the above explanation, it can conclude that the SMEs really need the motivations and explanation of the correct flow in handling halal certificates. Very good enthusiasm will succeed if it is balance with real implementation of course in terms of halal certificate registration.

Food service provider of student dormitory have to pay attention to the principles of hygiene and sanitation. One of factors that support the principles of hygiene and sanitation on f ood service establishment is p ersonal hygiene of food handlers, in order to prevent contamination of food. Knowledge and a ttitude of food handlers can affect the p ersonal hygiene behavior of food handlers. The purpose of this study was to analyze correlation of k nowledge with a ttitude and p ersonal hygiene of food handlers in f ood service provider of female student dormitory. This study was an observational study with cross sectional design. The sample of this study was all food handlers at f ood service provider of female student dormitory Al Izzah Batu City and Ar Rohmah and it was twenty respondents with saturated sampling method (population < 30). The analysis technique used in this study was Spearman’s Rank test. The results showed that most food handlers have good knowledge (55.0%) and attitude (65.0%), meanwhile personal hygiene were moderate (85.0%). The test results showed that there was no correlation between knowledge and attitude (p>0.10), but there was a correlation between knowledge and personal hygiene (p>0.10). This study concluded that knowledge is not the only factor that can infl uence the attitude, but knowledge is one of factors that may affect personal hygiene of food handlers. Food organizer of female student dormitory needs to improve the supervision and give hygiene and sanitation training for food handlers.

The 193 United Nations member countries, focused on halving world poverty by 2015, set eight Millennium Development Goals. A new 2030 agenda for sustainable development has replaced the failed goals; it comprises 17 new sustainable development goals including ending poverty. 1.2 billion people (about 20% of the world's population) cannot fulfil most basic daily needs to live without fear, hunger, or suffering. The International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) estimates that more than one billion people in the world live on less than US$1 a day while 2.7 billion struggle to survive on less than US$2 per day. The chapter strategically examines four perspectives (economic, sociological, occupational, and educational) to identify some of the key success factors to ensure the viability of new micro-businesses. A theoretical framework that incorporates these perspectives and the SEED–SCALE methodology is proposed, demonstrating how the establishment of new micro-businesses may be used to reduce poverty in developing economies.

Purpose The development of performance indicators in the field of certification/accreditation systems and quality benchmarking is evolving. The aim of this work is to propose a set of quality indicators for hyperthermia treatments in order to provide a continuous quality improvement. Methods A preliminary set of indicators was selected on the basis of evidenced critical issues. Three structure, six process and two outcome quality indicators were obtained. A multidisciplinary team involving different professional profiles as Radiation Oncologist, Medical Physicist and Radiation Technologists, was assembled in order to underline main critical issues in the use of hyperthermia. Results A set of 11 indicators has been developed. For each indicator, topic, type of indicator, numerator (parameter value),denominator (reference population), standard (reference value), time period for data collection and frequency of analysis have been proposed. Numerical values for the standard were selected from the international literature, when available, and from guidelines on hyperthermia/radiotherapy, or empirically on the basis of the experience of the Italian Institutes. In the table, we reported the list of hyperthermia indicators. Conclusions The proposed indicators are available to be investigated, in particular it will be possible to conform this type of the treatment in terms of operational procedures in order to compare different data derived from different Institutes.

Sukuk as an instrument in Islamic finance is growing rapidly. States and corporations issue sukuk to finance their general purposes and projects, as well as to compensate for their cash imbalances. However, its growth is challenged by liquidity issues in the sukuk market. Previous studies recommended the use of a primary dealer system (PDS) as a solution to overcome this problem in the conventional bond market. This study will use a qualitative case study of the sukuk market in Indonesia, a country with the largest Muslim population in the world and that is positioned as one of the big five in the Islamic Finance Country Index. Despite the growing interest of its government to issue sukuk as a source of sovereign funding, the market share in the country is only about 10 % of the total Indonesian government debt. This study aims to assess the viability of using PDS for the sukuk market and provide tactical recommendations to answer the sukuk illiquidity problem.

In 2014, Indonesia implemented a new, nationwide, subsidised universal-coverage health insurance program, under which poor Indonesians do not pay to become members and others pay a relatively low fee. This program has created a national debate about the effectiveness of the ownership of health insurance in increasing the use of health services—particularly among the poor—given the limitations in their quantity and quality. Using membership data on different health insurance programs from the 2007 rounds of Susenas and Riskesdas, this article researches the impact of having health insurance on health service utilisation, by controlling the levels of quality and quantity of health services in the area. We argue that having health insurance increases health service utilisation by approximately eight percentage points when people feel sick (or by approximately five percentage points if we include those who do not feel sick).

The articles in this volume deal with the globalization of professional accountancy since the midnineteenth century. This dimension of modernity responded to the growing need for information brought about by vast socioeconomic change. In business the exploitation first of coal and petroleum-based energy resources and later the creation of information-based technologies induced the evolution of improved economic measurement capabilities that exceeded those of the bookkeeping legacy inherited from the medieval past. Because of its tractability and high degree of abstraction, accounting became a critical medium for informing the mind’ eye about the varied activities of organizations of great scale, scope and complexity in business, government and other collective endeavors. These properties also facilitated the establishment of flexible quantitative constructs for coordinating the activities of the many interdependent groups that modern society had come to increasingly rely on to assure smooth functioning.

This study analyzes how embedded beliefs about the proper ordering of financial market activities shaped the automation of the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) during the period, 1958 to 1976. Specifically, it focuses on how technological innovation led to the unanticipated eclipse of its odd-lot dealer function, a unique niche for handling nonstandard trades of less than 100 shares. The decision to automate through computerization initially responded to a powerful cluster of managerial, governmental, and market imperatives. In automating, a high priority was given to the preservation of the NYSE’s traditional trading model—the open outcry auction system—whose defining features dated back to the late nineteenth century. This experience illustrates how unforeseen economic consequences relating to technological adoption may adversely affect significant constituencies within a business network.

Spatial microsimulation techniques have become an increasingly popular way of fulfilling the need for generating small-area data estimates. However, the technique also poses numerous methodological challenges, including the utilisation of two different databases simultaneously to produce estimates of population characteristics at the local level. An important but neglected question is whether different distributions of key variables within these two databases may affect the validity of the spatial estimation results. This study uses the significant policy issue of small-area estimates of child poverty rates in Australia to examine this question. The different income distributions for families with children in the two databases and the consequent effect on child-poverty estimates are assessed, while the apparent validity of these synthetic small-area poverty rates is gauged. Keywords: microsimulation, small-area estimation, inequality

Youth is a pioneer for the progress of Indonesian because youth is the next generation that should have a broad range of knowledge and skills together with firm principle. Young people have to be built and directed so that his role can be beneficial. Similarly, with the youth in the region of RT. 02 and 03 Cibeureum Village, the majority of the young people are very religious because 85% of youth that is living in this region are mostly pesantren alumni. However, the youth only has the ability and knowledge for themselves and not to society. In this village, young people join the Karang Taruna activity and Ikatan Remaja Masjid (IRMACH), but they are more active in religious activities so that this management organization is a need to be developed and nurtured to make the young people in this region became more active and creative in other aspects. For that reason, we carry out counseling to youth in the RT.02 and 03 so that they can perform the function and role as a part of the society to build community life with creativity. This activity was attended by 25 young people from the two regions RT. 02 and 03 Cibeureum Village, Cisarua District. Keywords: counseling; creativity; young people; roles

This paper examines the growth elasticity of poverty across three development episodes in Indonesia between 1984 and 2002, after controlling for inequality. It relies on estimation of panel data from the National Socio-Economic Survey conducted by the central statistics agency. Contrary to expectations, the growth elasticity of poverty was virtually indistinguishable across the three development episodes – a period of far-reaching policy liberalisation (1984–90); a second period of slower liberalisation (1990–96); and the period of recovery from the Asian financial crisis (1999–2002). Growth was pro-poor in all three periods, while the impact of growth on poverty was either augmented or offset by changes in inequality, depending on the period. Only during the first liberalisation period did a reduction in inequality serve to augment the impact of growth on poverty.

The purpose of this research is to find out The Correlation between Students’ Habit in Listening Song and Student’s English Listening Skill. The research conducted at the senior high school of Trampil for the twelve grade students. The school is located in East Jakarta. The method used is a survey with correlational analysis. The result of the research are there is positive and significant correlation between students’ habit in listening song and English listening skill. It is shown in the score of Fobserved is 39.286 and Sig is 0.000. The score of Fobserved is more than Ftable (> 3.25), and the score of Sig is less than 0.05 ( Keywords: Correlation, Listening Song, English Listening skill.

This paper examines whether the gap in fertility between women with higher education and in professional occupations and other women has narrowed or widened over time in Australia. Using data from the Australian Census of Population and Housing 1986, 1996 and 2006, the paper focuses on levels of childlessness. Both working women (using occupational categories) and all women (using educational attainment) aged between 20 and 44 were examined. Focusing particularly on women working in, or qualified for, some selected high-prestige professions (doctors, lawyers, dentists and vets), as well as on women with other tertiary qualifications and working in other professional or managerial occupations, the findings suggest that, between 1986 and 2006, childlessness has grown at a slower rate for women with tertiary education than for all women, although women with tertiary education continue to have the highest proportion of childlessness. Our findings for working women were similar, with women working in selected prestigious occupations having the highest rates of childlessness of all working women, but with this growing at a slower rate than was the case overall.

This study evaluates the Bell System's role in the revival of Japanese telecommunications during the post-World War II occupation. Civilian and military personnel who had worked for the firm and who served in the Civil Communications Service (CCS) of the Supreme Command Allied Powers represented the primary agents for knowledge transfer to Japan's Ministry of Communications (MOC) and its supporting independent equipment manufacturers. The MOC became a channel for communicating ideas about management practices at the Bell System to the local telecommunications industry. The CCS's actions in Japan represent what Alfred D. Chandler has termed the “integrated learning base” in action in the public sector. The CCS's role in knowledge transfer has been underestimated by many scholars who have focused primarily on its contributions to promoting production and quality engineering in telecommunications manufacturing. Its central achievement was laying the managerial groundwork for the establishment in 1952 of the governmental enterprise Nippon Telegraph and Telephone.