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Modern communication technologies enable efficient exchange of information but often sacrifice direct human interaction inherent in more traditional forms of communication. This raises the question of whether the lack of personal interaction induces individuals to exploit informational asymmetries. We conducted two experiments with a total of 848 subjects to examine how human versus machine interaction influences cheating for financial gain. We find that individuals cheat about three times more when they interact with a machine rather than a person, regardless of whether the machine is equipped with human features. When interacting with a human, individuals are particularly reluctant to report unlikely and therefore, suspicious outcomes, which is consistent with social image concerns. The second experiment shows that dishonest individuals prefer to interact with a machine when facing an opportunity to cheat. Our results suggest that human presence is key to mitigating dishonest behavior and that self-selection into communication channels can be used to screen for dishonest people. This paper was accepted by Axel Ockenfels, decision analysis.

Abstract. This study provides initial insights on the relation between psychopathic traits (disinhibition, meanness, and boldness) and academic fraud (prevalence and severity), while considering important mediators of fraud (perceived capability, opportunity, motivation, and rationalization). Based on a large sample of university students ( N = 967), two structural equation models (test and replication) were built to test the study’s main hypothesis and probe the robustness of the results. A direct link from disinhibition to prevalence was found, suggesting that disinhibition is associated with social deviance in the academic context. Higher motivation for cheating exclusively mediated this path. In meanness, rationalization explained lower rates of perceived severity of academic fraud, indicating that cognitive self-justifications trigger dishonest behavior in meanness. Boldness explained the prevalence of academic fraud via perceived capability, suggesting that low-fear, although adaptive in evaluation contexts, may increase the perceived capability for cheating. The reported significant associations support that academic fraud is part of the nomological network of psychopathy and unveil the complexity of the phenomenon.

Ever since some scientists and popular media put forward the idea that free will is an illusion, the question has risen what would happen if people stopped believing in free will. Psychological research has investigated this question by testing the consequences of experimentally weakening people’s free will beliefs. The results of these investigations have been mixed, with successful experiments and unsuccessful replications. This raises two fundamental questions: Can free will beliefs be manipulated, and do such manipulations have downstream consequences? In a meta-analysis including 145 experiments (95 unpublished), we show that exposing individuals to anti–free will manipulations decreases belief in free will and increases belief in determinism. However, we could not find evidence for downstream consequences. Our findings have important theoretical implications for research on free will beliefs and contribute to the discussion of whether reducing people’s belief in free will has societal consequences.

For Computer Science instructors, upholding academic integrity requires approaching teaching and assessment in a way that communicates progressive principles such as honesty, trust, fairness, respect and responsibility to students, At the same time, instructors also have to take steps to make it untenable for students to commit academic misconduct. This means that instructors need to be aware of unacceptable conduct by students, covering behaviours such as plagiarism, collusion, contract cheating, examination cheating and research fraud. Instructors also need to put measures into place to design out opportunities for students to engage in such unacceptable behaviours. This chapter explores academic integrity from the perspective of the knowledge needed by a Computer Science instructor. This is a changeable feast, as new methods to subvert academic integrity are always emerging, particularly in Computer Science where many students have the skills needed to develop the technology that aids new ways of cheating. As such, the chapter recommends that instructors deliver their curriculum with a pro-active focus on academic integrity from the outset. This includes leading by example and developing assessments that remove easy opportunities for students to cheat. This also means putting methods of detecting academic misconduct in place, even if detecting misconduct is only really intended as a measure designed to disincentivise students from cheating since they may get caught.

This study aims to determine the implementation of guidance and counseling services conducted by the counselor at SMA N 1 Pajangan in overcoming student cheating problems. Research conducted in this study uses qualitative methods with a descriptive approach. There are two data used in this study, namely primary data and secondary data. Data collection techniques are used observation and interviews. The data analysis used was data reduction, data creation, and conclusions. The result of this study is counselors provide guidance and counseling services to overcome cheating behavior by collaborating with subject teachers. The services cover student experiences with motivation. The conclusion is the role of guidance and counseling teachers on students’ cheating habits is very good. There is a cooperation between counselors and subject teachers to be able to overcome this problem.

A wealth of research documents the critical role of trust for social exchange and cooperative behavior. The ability to inspire trust in others can often be elusive, and distrust can have adverse interpersonal and ethical consequences. Drawing from the literature on social hierarchy and interpersonal judgments, the current research explores the predictive role of a structural paradox between high power and low status in identifying the actors most likely to be distrusted and monitored for ethical misconduct. Across four studies and an internal meta-analysis, we found that the structural paradox was associated with distrust-related judgments and behaviors. In Study 1, high power-low status actors were judged as less trustworthy. In Studies 2 and 3, high power-low status actors were sent less money in a trust game, an effect fully mediated by feelings of dislike. Study 4 revealed that high power-low status actors were more likely to be monitored for cheating, an effect partially mediated by trust judgments. These findings contribute to business ethics research by identifying the structural paradox of high power-low status as a salient contextual influence impacting observers’ distrust and monitoring dynamics. Implications for reducing observers’ level of distrust of high power-low status actors are discussed.

The Joker film aired in Indonesia on October 2, 2019. This film was widely discussed by the audience and succeeded in bringing the audience into the atmosphere of the film. This is because the problems that are taken often occur in the life of the general public. This film tells the story of Arthur aka Joker, whose life is filled with sadness, cheating, injustice as a lower middle-class citizen so that he is treated inappropriately by society and his family. Everything that happened to him resulted in the victim becoming the perpetrator of violence. Researchers are interested in analyzing the Joker film more deeply, and this is because the shows in the film contain violence that can trigger various physical and mental conditions such as aggressive behaviour, violent behaviour, bullying, fear, depression and nightmares for those who watch it. The purpose of this research is to find out how the representation of violence in the Joker film viewed from the Semiotics of Roland Barths to determine a meaning using the concepts of denotation, connotation, and myths taken from several scenes that represent the value of violence in the Joker film. The findings from the results of this study indicate that there are 16 scenes that present violence. The violence is in the form of physical violence, psychological violence, financial violence, functional violence, and rational violence. The Joker film shows that perpetrators of violence still often occur in life, even victims can become perpetrators of what happened to them. Often times people think this is normal because not everyone understands the importance of humanity and justice for others.

This study examines the coevolution of trust and legal institutions in a model of competitive credit markets plagued by asymmetric information. When entrepreneurs' relative payoff to productive activities versus cheating is private information, uncivic ones, who intend to cheat, can enter credit markets and be cross-subsidized by civic ones, who engage in productive activities. To exploit this benefit, uncivic entrepreneurs demand weak legal enforcement through the political process. This rent-seeking behavior interacts with the formation of trust, generating an underdevelopment trap with weak enforcement and distrust. Technological advancement may encourage entrepreneurs' rent-seeking and aggravate distrust.

Nadaswaram's Pride and Benefits and Sancharam novel as a way of showing how the lives of Nadaswara artists are situated. The novel 'Sancharam' written by Ramakrishnan has been taken as the scope of study. There are many arts in our country. This article explores how artists shape their lives through art. It describes the miracles that Nadaswara artists perform through their art and the pride, admiration and progress they achieve through it. Music is something beyond caste religions. Among those who disagree that this is the profession that this religion should do, it is said that a person of the Islamic religion became interested in Nadaswara music, learned the art, and the growth and contentment he attained through it. In the author's novel, Kalyan tells the story of one who wags his ear and listens to music, as an example of how not only human beings but also children can enjoy listening to Nadaswaara music. And artists face not only pride but also many insults due to music. Artists are segregated in the name of caste and despised in many places. Although it is gratifying to see the environment in our country where science is evolving and undergoing many changes, it is unfortunate that the tools in response to artists are changing and causing unemployment for artists. It is very sad that those who invite Nadaswara artists to the show are cheating them and beating them in the stomach without giving them the money they are talking about. This causes economic problems for the artists and affects their livelihood. Such events have been explored through the characters found in the novel 'Sancharam' such as Rathinam, Bakkiri, Thannasi, Abdul Qadir, Sarakudu Latsaya, Palani.

Extant research has demonstrated that underdog expectations—individuals’ perceptions that others view them as unlikely to succeed—can have positive implications for motivating performance. In this paper, we draw on self-determination theory to examine how and when underdog expectations can have detrimental consequences for both the employee and the organization. Specifically, we propose that underdog expectations can decrease employees’ need fulfillment, which in turn leads to more cheating behavior. Furthermore, we theorize that the indirect effect of underdog expectations on cheating behavior via need fulfillment is weaker when general self-efficacy is high than when it is low. Results from two studies using complementary designs support our predictions. Overall, our research demonstrates a potential dark side to underdog expectations and also contributes to the behavioral ethics literature.

This paper examines the proportionality of sanctions in the World Anti-Doping Code 2021 (“Code 2021”). The author argues that Code 2021 improved the proportionality of sanctions compared to the World Anti-Doping Code 2015 (“Code 2015”), but problems persist. Sanctioning framework of Code 2021 introduces several provisions that modify the basic period of ineligibility and the margin of appreciation of hearing panels to reduce, but also aggravate the basic sanction. Since it would be practically impossible to cover all the modifications in one paper, the author analyses four groups of provisions converging in the criterion of fault that he considers the most fundamental novelties in terms of proportionality. The author argues that the new approach towards sanctioning of the ingestion, use or possession of substances of abuse is more suitable and proportionate compared to the one in Code 2015. Moreover, he considers the creation of two new categories of protected persons and recreational athletes and adjustment of their sanctioning a step forward compared to Code 2015 in terms of both suitability and proportionality. On the other hand, the author argues that hearing panels need to consider the difference between cheating and mere knowing to impose a proportionate sanction based on the revised definition of intentional presence, use or attempted use or possession of prohibited substances or methods that abolished the reference to “athletes who cheat”. Moreover, he claims that hearing panels should prefer shorter ineligibility to disqualification of only some competitive results to impose a proportionate punishment in cases involving aggravating circumstances and their combination with the disqualification of results. Overall, the text of Code 2021 is a good start to the race for the proportionality of sanctions. Nevertheless, hearing panels must keep the pace and ensure proportionate punishments in particular cases.

Cognitive control is crucially involved in making (dis)honest decisions. However, the precise nature of this role has been hotly debated. Is honesty an intuitive response, or is will power needed to override an intuitive inclination to cheat? A reconciliation of these conflicting views proposes that cognitive control enables dishonest participants to be honest, whereas it allows those who are generally honest to cheat. Thus, cognitive control does not promote (dis)honesty per se; it depends on one's moral default. In the present study, we tested this proposal using electroencephalograms in humans (males and females) in combination with an independent localizer (Stroop task) to mitigate the problem of reverse inference. Our analysis revealed that the neural signature evoked by cognitive control demands in the Stroop task can be used to estimate (dis)honest choices in an independent cheating task, providing converging evidence that cognitive control can indeed help honest participants to cheat, whereas it facilitates honesty for cheaters.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTDishonesty causes enormous economic losses. To target dishonesty with interventions, a rigorous understanding of the underlying cognitive mechanisms is required. A recent study found that cognitive control enables honest participants to cheat, whereas it helps cheaters to be honest. However, it is evident that a single study does not suffice as support for a novel hypothesis. Therefore, we tested the replicability of this finding using a different modality (EEG instead of fMRI) together with an independent localizer task to avoid reverse inference. We find that the same neural signature evoked by cognitive control demands in the localizer task can be used to estimate (dis)honesty in an independent cheating task, establishing converging evidence that the effect of cognitive control indeed depends on a person's moral default.

Self-report research indicates that dishonesty decreases across adulthood; however, behavioral measures of dishonesty have yet to be examined across younger and older adults. The present study examined younger and older adults’ cheating behaviors in relation to their self-reported honesty–humility. Younger ( N = 112) and older adults ( N = 85) completed a matrix task where they had the opportunity to falsely inflate their performance. Participants also completed the self-report measure of honesty–humility from the HEXACO-PI-R. Older adults were significantly less likely to cheat and had higher ratings of honesty–humility compared to younger adults. Greater honesty–humility predicted lower cheating behavior. These results demonstrate that older adults show greater rates of honesty and humility compared to younger adults using both behavioral and self-report methods.

In this paper, we study fraud and price regulation in gasoline retailing: We model the incentives that retail stations have to dispense less gasoline than the amount that consumers pay for: both under fixed and flexible price regimes. The results of the model indicate that competition, cheating fines, and law enforcement efforts reduce incentives to cheat regardless of the price regime. Interestingly, price-cap regulation itself creates additional incentives to cheat and reduces welfare. Nevertheless, its effect on consumers’ surplus is ambiguous.

In nursing, expectations of honesty and integrity are clearly stipulated throughout professional standards and codes of conduct, thus the concept of academic integrity has even more impetus in preparing students for graduate practice. However, a disparity between policy and practice misses the opportunity to instil the principles of academic integrity, and at its core honesty, a pivotal trait in the nursing profession. This study draws upon the experience of the nursing faculty to explore how academic integrity policy of deterrence operate in nursing education.While participants deplored cheating behaviours, they expressed frustration in having to ‘police’ large numbers of students who had little awareness of the academic standards to meet policy requirements. In addition, they were cynical because of a perceived lack of severity in sanctions for students who repeatedly breached integrity. Participants expressed a moral obligation as educators to meet student learning needs and preferred to engage with students in a more meaningful way to uphold academic integrity. The ambivalence to detect and report breaches in integrity undermines the effectiveness of policy. Therefore, faculty must recognise the importance of their role in detecting and escalating cases of dishonesty and execute deterrence in a more consistent way. To do this, greater support at an institutional level, such as smaller class sizes, inclusion in decision making around sanctions and recognition of additional workload, will enable faculty to uphold policy. Although policing was not their preferred approach, the role of faculty in detecting and reporting cases of misconduct is crucial to increase the certainty of students getting caught, which is essential if policy is to be effective in deterring dishonest behaviour.

This paper studies the effect of promotion incentive on county officials’ GDP manipulation in China, both theoretically and empirically. We employ satellite nightlight data to estimate a proxy for GDP manipulation. Our difference-in-difference estimation explores the variation in political turnovers across counties during the local party congresses between 2006 and 2007. We find that county officials who are in the early period of their tenure and thus expect a higher chance of being promoted, undertake more cheating effort to manipulate GDP than those in the later period. Furthermore, we find that the impact of promotion incentive on GDP manipulation is smaller in counties where local officials are subject to stronger accountability, either from their superiors or from the grassroots. These results are not only consistent with the model predictions, but also state that the lauded merit-based promotion system in China could lead to systematic GDP manipulation, which may induce information distortion problem.

There are many forms of academic cheating that occur among students, especially the practice of cheating. There are many factors that encourage students' academic cheating practices, especially with the aim of getting a targeted high score. Therefore, the researcher tries to find out the factors that influence the actions of academic cheating among students by referring to the fraud triangle theory which is relevant to the theme of this research. The variables observed in this study were: pressure (X1), opportunity (X2), rationalization (X3), misuse of information technology (X4), and student integrity (X5) as independent variables (independent), while the dependent variable (dependent) used behavior academic cheating on students (Y). This study used an instrument in the form of an open questionnaire with a Likert scale. The population that took as many as 500 accounting students, UM, and samples collected as many as 30 samples that have been filtered according to the criteria (purposive sampling). Analysis of the data used is multiple linear regression analysis. The results show that simultaneously, the variables of pressure, opportunity, rationalization, misuse of information technology, and student integrity have an influence on student academic fraud. The partial test shows that only the misuse of information technology has an effect on academic cheating of accounting students, ME, while the other variables have no significant effect. This is because when students learn online during the Covid-19 pandemic, they are able to take advantage of technological sophistication in this globalization era, especially in the current industry 4.0 era to carry out academic cheating actions that are oriented towards targeted values (GPA).

The aim of this article was to analyze academic dishonesty in stricto sensu postgraduate courses in accounting from the perspective of students, teachers, and teaching institutions. There is a gap in the research on academic dishonesty in stricto sensu postgraduate programs in accounting, especially from the analysis perspective of this study, which considers hypothetical situations classified into five categories of dishonesty: fraud/cheating, helping other students, plagiarism, fabricating information, and self-plagiarism/similarities. The study is important due to the role of stricto sensu postgraduate courses not only in training professionals who work or will work in public and private institutions, but also and primarily in training teachers and researchers. Dishonest behaviors can influence the professional lives of those involved, who are predominantly motivated by opportunistic interests that cause damage to the image of professionals in the area and to society. The data were collected through applying two questionnaires adapted from the studies of Braun and Stallworth (2009) and Oliveira and Chacarolli (2013). Mann-Whitney U and Wilcoxon statistical tests were used to analyze the data. The findings indicated the existence of an expectations gap between teachers and students regarding academic dishonesty in stricto sensu postgraduate programs in accounting. The significant differences found in perceptions regarding cases of dishonesty underline the difficulty for students and teachers to evaluate what is dishonest or not in situations of fraud/cheating and helping other students to engage in academic dishonesty. The differences in students’ and teachers’ perceptions may occur due to a lack of clear rules in the teaching institutions. Therefore, universities could undertake actions to address/prevent dishonest behaviors by establishing internal regulations and promoting discussions involving the whole academic community. RESUMO O objetivo deste artigo foi analisar a desonestidade acadêmica em cursos de pós-graduação stricto sensu em ciências contábeis na perspectiva de discentes, docentes e instituições de ensino. Há uma lacuna no que se refere ao estudo da desonestidade acadêmica na pós-graduação stricto sensu em ciências contábeis, principalmente na perspectiva de análise deste estudo, que considera situações hipotéticas classificadas em cinco categorias de desonestidade: fraude/cola, auxílio a outros estudantes, plágio, fabricação de informações, autoplágio/similaridades. O estudo é relevante pela função da pós-graduação stricto sensu como formadora de profissionais que atuam ou atuarão em instituições públicas e privadas, mas, principalmente, pela formação de docentes e pesquisadores. Os comportamentos desonestos podem influenciar a vida profissional dos envolvidos motivados, principalmente, por interesses oportunistas que causam danos à imagem do profissional da área e à sociedade. Os dados foram coletados pela aplicação de dois questionários adaptados dos estudos de Braun e Stallworth (2009) e Oliveira e Chacarolli (2013). Na análise dos dados foram utilizados os testes estatísticos de Mann-Whitney U e de Wilcoxon. Os achados indicaram a existência de um gap de expectativas entre docentes e discentes quanto à desonestidade acadêmica na pós-graduação stricto sensu em ciências contábeis. As diferenças significativas encontradas nas percepções relativas a casos desonestos denotam a dificuldade dos discentes e dos docentes em avaliar o que é desonesto ou não em situações de fraude/cola e auxílio a outros estudantes na prática de desonestidade acadêmica. É possível que as diferenças entre as percepções de discentes e de docentes ocorram pela falta de regras claras nas instituições de ensino. Nesse sentido, as universidades poderão empreender ações para dirimir/evitar condutas desonestas, podendo implantar regulamentos internos e promover discussões que envolvam toda a comunidade acadêmica.

The impact of watching eyes cues and descriptive social norm messages on fare evasion was studied in two experiments that were conducted in two railway stations in France. In Study 1, a natural field experiment, passengers were exposed for a two-week period to either a control eye-cues poster or to an experimental eye-cues with a social norm messaging campaign. In Study 2, an artefactual experiment in the field, participants in the experimental train station were asked to participate in a lying task before and after they were exposed to the messaging campaign. The results from both studies suggest that although watching eye cues alone are not effective in a crowded train station, exposing passengers to watching eye cues together with a descriptive social norm messaging campaign reduced the fare evasion rates observed by standard inspection operations, and eliminated lying behavior measured by the die-under-cup paradigm. These results strengthen the external validity of laboratory experiments that have documented small scale cheating behavior and highlight the potential benefits of internal enforcement techniques to fight dishonesty in the field. In addition, they stress the advantage of combining visibility cues and social norms when orienting people toward more moral behavior.

Psychological accounts of dishonesty propose that lying incurs subjective costs due to threatening individuals’ moral self-image. However, evidence is restricted to indirect tests of such costs, thus limiting strong conclusions about corresponding theories. We present a more direct test of the costs of lying. Specifically, if lying is psychologically costly, individuals should feel entitled to gains they obtained through dishonesty – similar to those they actually earned through getting lucky or even investing effort. Correspondingly, in three experiments, we compared individuals’ willingness to share in the dictator game, with varying mechanisms generating the to-be-shared endowment: getting lucky, exerting (cognitive) effort, and lying. We consistently found that individuals were at least as unwilling to share an endowment obtained through dishonesty as an endowment obtained through individual effort or true luck. This suggests that individuals perceived gains obtained through dishonesty as “hard-earned”, thus directly supporting the theory that lying involves psychological costs.

This research argues that implementing the electronic voting (e-voting) system in Indonesia is urged following the nation's first-ever 2019 simultaneous elections, which cost a deadly price of 527 election official lives of reported extreme fatigue during and after the event. Billed as "the world's most complex election", it has reached a consensus that the current manual election system, in which five different paper-based elections are voted at a time, has to be changed. Not to mention that the long-time gap between the voting day and the result announcement may create an opportunity for election fraud. This is evidenced by loads of electoral dispute lawsuits from the previous election brought to the Constitutional Court of Indonesia accused the others of cheating. This research stresses that despite the controversies of whether Indonesia, an archipelagic country with more than 17 thousand islands and 267 million people, is ready for e-voting. Whether the application of technology is an appropriate response to the election problems? E-voting is desired as a long-term solution and intends to solve many issues such as speeding the counting of ballots, reducing the cost of elections, providing accessibility for disabled voters, and increasing overall voter turnout.

Procedures from the company to provide competency certification for and as official evidence that the news from the journalist is credible. In the practice of implementing the Competency Test, cheating is still found during the exam, various ways / forms of cheating that occur include cooperation between journalists (test participants). These problems are overcome by integrating the competency test system, using mobile technology and web applications that have been integrated so that they are more accessible. The Fisher Yates shuffle algorithm functions as a randomization of exam questions. Each test taker always has different exam questions, both from the numbering of questions and the order of answer choices. With the implementation of the Fisher Yates Suffle Algorithm, it can reduce acts of fraud or dishonesty by journalists. In addition, with the application of the Fisher Yates shuffle algorithm, it can make it easier for agencies to provide competent employee competencies. The results of the randomization test on the first 3 questions that appeared to the respondents resulted in the conclusion that the Fisher-Yates shuffle algorithm had a 100% success rate in randomizing the order of questions that were displayed to respondents

Academic frauds, dishonesty and cheating are pervasive in Pakistan, but thus far less systematic research has been undertaken on the effectiveness of the policies designed for countering academic dishonesty. Generally, the success of a policy depends on a good design and appropriate implementation. The design aspect of the policies to counter academic dishonesty in Pakistan is studied elsewhere, the purpose of this article is to empirically examine the implementation stages of the same policies. In doing so, the study utilizes a panel data set comprising of 60 cross-sections and 06 time series observations (2012–2017). Results of the rigorous panel regression models shows that leniency in the prescribed punishments and an exhaustive belief on the efficacy of traditional examination surveillance methods are counterproductive. The study however failed to substantiate the direct relationship of discrimination and academic dishonesty in the sample. It is therefore concluded that prescribed punishments must be awarded in letter and spirit and that there is need for coordination at different stages of the implementation. Further, the study also recommends that traditional forms of examination surveillance must be augmented using modern technology.

Academic honesty is a fundamental property of character values from an early age. It should be integrated into every learning process in the context of habituation towards continual learning. This study aimed to investigate student’s academic honesty through acid-base material in chemistry using contextual-based discovery learning (CDL) model. By employing quasi-experimental design, it involves 238 participants at four high schools, which were divided into experimental group and control group. Academic honesty assessment is carried out during learning and tests. Observation and interviews used to collect data on student’s academic honesty. The results reveal that implementing CDL in acid-base material of chemistry subject affects student’s academic honesty. The result of academic honesty test and observation showed that the academic honesty of students that though by CDL was higher than learning without CDL. A specific material of acidbase in chemistry becomes media that confronts students directly with real situations combined with proper prior knowledge that can lead to the character value of honesty as integrated with Indonesian Character-based Curriculum.

This study aimed to contribute to business ethics research investigating the effects of two individual differences – self-monitoring personality and gender – on ethical decision making. Applying a bribery scenario (intentions) and a cheating matrix task (behavior), results showed that high self-monitors had more unethical intention and behavior than low self‑monitors. Moreover, low self-monitors had more consistency intention-behavior than high self-monitors, and the inconsistencies of the later were different regarding gender. The bi-dimension of self-monitoring construct – acquisitive and protective – was tested and brought additional evidence about the ones who bribes. Possible explanations of these findings are discussed, with suggestions for future research.

This research aims to determine the role of the disposition of patience on the effect of self-efficacy on academic cheating. Participants involved in this study were 340 people with 38% women (mean age of all subjects = 19.3 and SD = 2.01). The measuring instrument used to measure the self-efficacy variable is the General Self Efficacy Scale (Schwarzer & Jerusalem, 1995), the patience variable is measured by the First version of the Patience Scale (El Hafiz Lila, Rozi, Ilham, 2013), and the academic cheating variable is measured by the Academic Dishonesty Scale (Bashir & Bala, 2018). The statistical analysis used in this study is the moderating analysis of Process Hayes (2013) which provides an overview of the role of the disposition of patience on the effect of self-efficacy on academic cheating. The disposition of patience will strengthen the negative effect of self-efficacy on academic cheating. The results show that patience acts as a significant moderating variable on the effect of self-efficacy on academic cheating and the disposition of patience strengthens the negative effect between these variables. Where, the negative effect on the effect of self-efficacy on academic cheating depends on the disposition of the level of patience. The higher the disposition of patience, the higher the negative effect of self-efficacy on academic cheating.

BACKGROUND As a point of departure, this study assumes that teaching to impart knowledge is inseparable from its moral role to create an ethical citizenry, such as developing standards of academic integrity. AIMS The study aims at delving into how different facets of the sense of (in)justice in the classroom may play a significant role in explaining cheating behaviour, in general, and among low-achieving students, in particular. SAMPLE AND METHODS The study was conducted among 5,084 eighth and ninth graders Israeli students. CFA and a structural modelling equations method were used to examine the study's factorial constructs and model, respectively. RESULTS Findings pointed to a good fit of the measurement model using SEM. In accordance with the mediating hypothesis, self-reported academic achievement was negatively related to self-reported academic cheating. Moreover, perceived 'school injustice' (procedural and distributive justice as estimates) played a mediating role in explaining the relation between academic performance and cheating behaviour. It is noteworthy, however, that the facet of the personality-like construct of justice sensitivity displayed inconsistent findings and no mediating effect when examined as a separate model. CONCLUSIONS Self-reported academic performance and academic cheating among middle school' students were explained more strongly by contextual justice-related factors, namely perceived teachers' distributional and procedural practices in the classroom, than by justice sensitivity, which is a personality factor. Thus, teachers' justice practices seem to be crucial for developing a predisposition to academic honesty.

Cheating and plagiarism have been crucial issues among students studying either at high school or undergraduate levels. This present study aims to reveal the cheating and plagiarism practices among pre-service teachers in their undergraduate program at one Islamic university in Indonesia. As Muslim teacher candidates, the respondents are urged to uphold academic integrity and honesty. Thus, this study seeks to provide data on how serious the academic ethics immersed in Muslim pre-service teachers. The method implemented for this study was a cross-sectional survey. The respondents were students enrolled in the Faculty of Education, which comprises several departments in the education fields. Results indicate that respondents were recorded as having morally ethical on one aspect of academic integrities, 95% never paid someone else for the exam, 75% never changed answers after the marking process, and 50% declared rarely copy an answer. Yet, there was also a display of less ethical attitude on some other academic behaviors driven by cultural factors. Thus, some teaching implications are highlighted for teachers and students to combat cheating and plagiarism practices among pre-service teachers in Indonesian Islamic universities.

We conducted focus groups with participants of a laboratory experiment on cheating with the aim to describe and structure participants’ lived experience with the experiment and to compare their per...

This study seeks to examine Javanese traditional ethics and teachings, especially through an intertextual reading of Javanese Pupuh Pangkur chant text in Serat Wulang Reh. This study sought to learn more about the positive values that shape Javanese noble morals, as well as their representation and implementation in modern Javanese society, and their relationship to the idea of maintaining arts and culture in accordance with Javanese philosophy. The script writer Pupuh Pangkur wishes to remind the audience to be humble rather than arrogant. A person who exaggerates his strength or brags about his good deeds is considered arrogant, and such behavior is prohibited. An arrogant person also enjoys pointing out the flaws and shortcomings of others in public. People who exhibit these characteristics are despicable and should be avoided. People with bad personalities frequently commit acts such as taking away other people's rights, stealing, cheating, or corruption. Their primary goal in life is to make money and accumulate wealth. These people are influenced by worldly desires to pursue personal pleasures such as wasting money, drinking, having affairs with women, and so on.

In many spheres of life, from applying for a job to participating in an athletic contest to vying for a date, we face competition. Does the size of the competition pool affect our propensity to behave unethically in our pursuit of the prize? We propose that it does. Across four studies, we found that a larger (vs. smaller) number of competitors led participants to cheat more in a performance task to earn undeserved money. We also explored the psychological mechanisms of competition pool size to explain why and how being in a larger competition pool increases cheating. Our findings reveal a serial mediation pathway whereby having a larger number of competitors increases expectations of the absolute number of cheaters in the competition group, which heightens perceptions that cheating is an acceptable social norm, which leads to more cheating. We also examined and ruled out various alternative psychological mechanisms for this effect. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of our finding that being in a large group of competitors can increase people’s propensity to cheat for personal gain.

Romantic relationships are changing in Western culture. The recent rise of alternative relationship models called consensual non-monogamies (CNMs) has drawn attention toward them. Western cultures largely stereotype and stigmatize CNMs, portraying their practitioners (among other aspects) as psychologically distinct from monogamous practitioners. Likewise, recent scientific literature suggests probable differences for CNMs practitioners, mainly them being more extraverted, agreeable, and open, but also less jealous and dominant toward their romantic partners. However, although CNMs differentiate themselves from cheating monogamous practitioners, potential differences are unclear. The present study compared 372 participants (with 193 CNMs practitioners) from Spanish culture regarding their personality, sexual satisfaction, dominance, and jealousy. On most dimensions, monogamous and CNMs practitioners did not differ significantly from each other. CNMs practitioners showed significantly higher openness and lower conscientiousness, although these differences were small and debatable; thus, these findings should be taken with caution. These differences could not be explained by differences in age, gender, education, marital status, sexual orientation, or other demographic variables. The addition of cheating monogamous mitigated these differences. Overall, this study suggests that monogamous and non-monogamous practitioners are not psychologically different. Methodological limitations and future recommendations are discussed, with particular emphasis on replication studies.

Online education is pushing universities to search for technologies that can support e-assessment. Opinions and behaviors of stakeholders are required in order to develop such technologies. This paper underlines the need for mechanisms to prevent cheating and increase security, by analyzing the differences between students’ perceptions of cheating and the acts of academic dishonesty they commit, contributing to fill a gap in the literature on cheating behaviors in online education. The research questions are: RQ1) Are students aware of what constitutes cheating in online education? RQ2) Do students believe that an e-authentication system may increase their security and prevent cheating? RQ3) Would the use of an e-authentication system for assessment increase students’ trust? RQ4) What are students’ real cheating behaviors? 154 students taking an online course from the Computer Engineering and Telecommunications degree consented to participate in the study. The research instruments were two surveys, and two tools of the course (an intelligent tutoring system and an image plagiarism detection tool). Results show that the fact students know an e-authentication and authoring system is used may prevent cheating and make students feel more confident. The findings have significant implications for institutions interested in e-assessment secure systems.

Game-theoretical models help us understand how and when cooperation can evolve and persist. However, current models fall short of explaining the striking amount of variation in cooperation levels that we observe in nature, even within a system. For example, an animal's ability to choose partners with which to interact can explain the maintenance of cooperative interactions, but not variation in cooperation levels among individuals with similar partner choice options. Here, we explored how partner choice options and other key partner traits predict the quality of the service provided by cleaner fish, Labroides dimidiatus (the ‘chosen’ partner) to their client reef fishes (the ‘choosy’ partner). In this marine cleaning mutualism, cleaner fish sometimes cheat and eat mucus from their clients rather than cooperate by removing ectoparasites. We examined 13 client fish species and assessed the influence of nine variables on cooperation levels by cleaner fish (i.e. the frequency of cheating events) using information theory. Variables characterizing clients and the interactions themselves were used as proxies for a client's nutritional value, partner choice options, ability to punish a cheating partner and a cleaner's temptation to cheat its client (some of these traits were characterized by more than one variable). We found that six of the nine variables were equally important in explaining variation in client jolts: the duration of an interaction, and traits of client species including their body size (a proxy for the quality of a food patch), gnathiid ectoparasite load (nutritional value), partner choice options, agility (ability to control an interaction via avoidance or termination) and mucus characteristics (a measure of the cleaners' temptation to cheat). These findings suggest that numerous factors influence variation in cooperation levels, showing a parallel with sexual selection theory, where female mate choice does not depend on a single factor such as the operational sex ratio, but also on other key variables including a male's quality relative to other males, and a female's ability to avoid male coercion.

Cheating and immorality are highly researched phenomena, likely due to their great impact. However, little research has examined the real-time cognitive mechanisms that are involved in cheating and conflict management. Much of the cheating research to date concentrates on binary cheating; however, in more prevalent real-world scenarios, people often engage in more ambiguous self-serving mistakes. To execute such self-serving decisions, one may make use of conflict-management strategies to help balance an internal struggle between gain and self-concept. We propose that to enact such strategies one must employ sufficient cognitive resources. To test this, we employed a simple effortful control task that allows for comparisons of gain and no-gain errors, isolating self-serving mistakes while recording gaze and response-time measures. Findings revealed that individuals can make use of conflict management strategies that mimicked errors made inadvertently. Two strategies included gaze avert and quick response times during gain blocks, whereby participants simulated out-of-control-like behaviors while engaging in self-serving mistakes, plausibly as a method of self-justification. Strategy use was dependent upon individuals' cognitive abilities. Participants reporting high inhibitory control abilities were able to use gaze aversion to engage in self-serving mistakes, while those reporting high attention resources were able to employ faster response times when making more profitable errors. Taken together, this paper contributes to (1) the debate on whether honesty/dishonesty is the dominant response, (2) the debate on self-control and inhibition on cheating, and (3) the understudied area of cognitive justifications to maintain a positive self-concept.

We study the effect of entitlement on the willingness to lie. We set up a model of lying where individuals feel more or less entitled to their endowment depending on how they earned it. When given the opportunity to lie to keep their endowment, individuals who feel more entitled are encouraged to lie while others are discouraged. To test the model predictions we use a laboratory experiment where we compare the lying behavior of participants endowed with a high endowment and participants endowed with a low endowment. In one treatment, the allocation of the endowment is decided by participants’ performance, and in the other, it is determined by a random draw. Our study shows that deservingness influences lying in an intuitive direction: when participants performance determines income, those who earn less money lie less than those who earn more. We do not find differences in lying when participants perform the same task but lie to keep windfall endowments.

Nearly all students believe academic cheating is wrong, yet few students say they would report witnessed acts of cheating. To explain this apparent tension, the present research examined college students’ reasoning about whether to report plagiarism or other forms of cheating. Study 1 examined students’ conflicts when deciding whether to report cheating. Most students gave reasons against reporting a peer (e.g., social and physical consequences, a lack of responsibility to report) as well as reasons in favor of reporting (e.g., concerns about welfare, justice, and fairness). Study 2 provided experimental confirmation that the contextual factors referenced by Study 1 participants in fact influenced decisions about whether to report cheating. Overall, the findings indicate that students often decide against reporting peers’ acts of cheating, though not due to a lack of concern about integrity. Rather, students may refrain from reporting because of conflicting concerns, lack of information about school policy, and perceived better alternatives to reporting.

Does political corruption erode civic values and foster dishonest behaviour? I test this hypothesis in the context of Mexico, by combining data on local government corruption and cheating in school tests. I find that, following revelations of corruption by local officials, cheating in cognitive tests by secondary school students increases significantly. The effect is large and robust, it persists for over one year after malfeasance is revealed, and is more pronounced for older students, arguably more exposed to information and to political discussions within and outside the family. Furthermore, it is stronger in places where the incumbent party was thought to be honest, and corruption revelations have come as a surprise. These findings are validated by evidence from individual survey data which documents that individuals interviewed right after corruption is revealed report to be less honest, less trustworthy and more prone to think that cheating is necessary to succeed, than similar individuals interviewed just before.

The prevalence and surge in academic cheating indicate that students are finding innovative techniques to cheat during examinations. This problem has left invigilators and academic stakeholders wondering how students manage to cheat during exams. With a qualitative approach, this study sought to explore the techniques used by students during examinations. Data were gathered from students of Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology. The findings revealed that the innovative techniques used by students were sitting arrangements, use of body parts, entry of foreign materials, and the use of technology. Students devised these techniques due to their perception of cheating and also poor institutional mechanism, which provided a favourable ground for cheating. We, therefore, argue that, to curtail academic cheating, not only should educational authorities and academic stakeholders improve institutional mechanism to prevent cheating, as it is the case, but also, a conscious effort should be made to alter student’s perception of cheating.

This paper explores the relationship between malapportionment and blatant electoral fraud. Although blatant electoral fraud enables incumbents to win elections, it may undermine legitimacy and provoke protests. Malapportionment also helps the incumbent succeed by assigning larger portions of seats to party strongholds, yet its key features differ from electoral fraud. Because malapportionment neither involves coercion nor overt fraud, it is less likely to be followed by reactionary protests. But, it is an inflexible electioneering strategy, because reapportionment leads to difficult coordination problems among ruling legislators. Cross-national statistical analyses of 98 countries (1993–2012) show that, although malapportionment does not affect whether leaders use election violence and electoral cheating, political leaders become less dependent upon the simultaneous use of these fraudulent strategies when high levels of malapportionment are already endowed. The results suggest that although governments might continue to use specific types of blatant electoral fraud even when the levels of malapportionment are high, malapportionment allows governments to be more selective with combining different methods of blatant electoral fraud.

Cheating in games has existed since the beginning of video games. The landscape of gaming and cheating has changed profoundly with its migration to the online environment. This study aims to investigate the unethical behavioral intention of online gamers. The Theory of Planned Behavior and Social Comparison Theory is used to develop a comprehensive framework to understand gamers' cheating intention. This study employs a quantitative approach to collect data from 404 gamers using a random sampling technique. Results show that attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, hedonic motivation, and benign envy influences gamers' online cheating intention. Online cheating intention was found to influence online cheating behavior positively. Looking at the moderating effect of ethical judgment, this study revealed that ethical judgment dampens the positive relationship between attitude, benign envy, and perceived behavioral control on gamers' online cheating intention. This study is the first to explore the impact of different types of envy on divergent gaming behavior. It contributes to the literature by generating insights into an under‐researched area of divergent online gaming behavior.

We developed measures of relational beliefs and expectations among single young gay and bisexual men (YGBM). Data come from an online cross‐sectional study YGBM, which ran from July 2012 until January 2013. There were 50 items on relational beliefs and 25 items on relational expectations. We used random split samples and a priori analysis to group items together and applied principal axis factoring with varimax orthogonal rotation. We had a total N = 1582 in our analytical sample and identified six constructs of relational expectations (restrictions, negative break up, masculine and gender norms, optimism, cheating, immediacy) and two constructs of relational beliefs (sex beliefs, equality). Our findings highlight specific relational cognitions among YGBM and offer insight into the beliefs and expectations that may inform their relationships. Findings may be useful for health professionals to help YGBM reflect and understand the health implications of their beliefs and expectations about same‐sex relationships to promote healthy decision-making as they seek future partners.

The present article examines how Chico Buarque deals with musical and literary tradition in his songs. By analyzing “Rubato”, we find elements to describe the game of cheating and thefts played in the lyrics as the expression of a conception that does not differ creation from writing and reading. Based on an approach that considers intertextuality beyond the mere exercise of identifying intertexts, we assume Chico Buarque’s songwriting presents “bifurcations”. Therefore, we propose a mode of listening to two songs, “Pedro pedreiro” (1966) and “Construcao” (1971), that investigates their possible relation with the poetry of two Latin American artists, Cesar Vallejo and Juan Gelman.

In 1989, den Boer presented the first card-based protocol, called the “five-card trick,” that securely computes the AND function using a deck of physical cards via a series of actions such as shuffling and turning over cards. This protocol enables a couple to confirm their mutual love without revealing their individual feelings. During such a secure computation protocol, it is important to keep any information about the inputs secret. Almost all existing card-based protocols are secure under the assumption that all players participating in a protocol are semi-honest or covert, i.e., they do not deviate from the protocol if there is a chance that they will be caught when cheating. In this paper, we consider a more malicious attack in which a player as an active adversary can reveal cards illegally without any hesitation. Against such an actively revealing card attack, we define the t-secureness, meaning that no information about the inputs leaks even if at most t cards are revealed illegally. We then actually design t-secure AND protocols. Thus, our contribution is the construction of the first formal framework to handle actively revealing card attacks as well as their countermeasures.

Islam regulates all the problems of its people, one of which is regulated by Islam, namely the relationship between humans. This study aims to try to reveal how cheating or cheating behavior is from an Islamic perspective. The investigation technique used in this study is a qualitative method with a literature review approach where the researcher collects some literature from both international and national journals. The data taken from these journals are then used as study material in writing this research. The results of the study illustrate that Islam has provided clues or signs of cheating or fraudulent behavior through the Koran and Hadith. From the results of the study, it is known that Islam has regulated all the problems of its people, especially the problem of fraud, Islam forbids its followers to do this. In addition, this research reveals that the practice of deception or what is known as cheating has existed for centuries, and Islam has clearly and emphatically provided a picture of how fraud occurs and how the impact of punishment on its followers. This research is also expected to contribute to knowledge related to fraud or fraudulent practices as well as a contribution to enlightenment for society.

The level of students’ involvement in examination malpractice in Junior High Schools in Ghana has become increasingly worrying, problematic and threatening to the well-being of Ghanaian educational system. However, there seems to be paucity of studies on the causes and effects of examination malpractices among Junior High School students in Ghana and Adansi South District (New Edubiase) of the Ashanti Region of Ghana in particular. This research seeks to bridge this knowledge gap by identifying and discussing the causes and effects of examination malpractices among Junior High School students in New Edubiase. Study methods include the use of questionnaire (open and close ended questions). A total of ninety (90) respondents comprising of sixty (60) students and thirty (30) teachers who took part in this study were randomly and purposively selected. The results indicate that collusion, examination leakages, smuggling of answers scripts and late submission of parcels, sending foreign materials into the examination hall, impersonation, dubbing, writing on items (sheets of papers, handkerchief, erasers, and covers of calculator), writing answers on question papers and exchanging them with others to copy, communicating orally or through gestures during examination and using fake names index numbers, buying examination questions for students and offering money to examination authorities to assist their children and mass cheating are the nature of examination malpractices among Junior High School students in New Edubiase. The study revealed that examination malpractices brings total loss of trust in the educational system, reduced enrolmentof students in school, frequent cancellation of results, discourages good students/candidates from studying hard, derives innocent students’ opportunity for admission, decrease job efficiency, bring dissatisfaction on the part of the candidates, renders the goals of education invalid, examination cheats obtain certificates which they cannot defend, examination malpractice has reduced the quality and standard of education in the country, examination malpractice adversely affects national productivity as the certificates workers possess are not backed with commensurate knowledge, skills and values, examination malpractice makes employers of labour lose confidence in the educational system and the credentials that are paraded by job seekers and lastly examination malpractice leads to high educational wastage as those who cheat to pass examinations at a lower level, achieve very poorly at a higher level.Keywords: Causes, Effects, Examination, Malpractices, Junior High School, Students, New Edubiase, Ashanti Region, Ghana.

In this study, we investigated the cognitive processes and nonverbal cues used to detect altruism in three experiments based on a zero-acquaintance video presentation paradigm. Cognitive mechanisms of altruism detection are thought to have evolved in humans to prevent subtle cheating. Several studies have demonstrated that people can correctly estimate levels of altruism in others. In this study, we asked participants to distinguish altruists from non-altruists in video clips using the Faith game. Participants decided whether they could trust allocation of money to the targets who were videotaped while talking to the experimenter. In our first experiment, we asked the participants to play the Faith game under cognitive load. The accuracy of altruism detection was not reduced when participants simultaneously performed a cognitive task, suggesting that altruist detection is rapid and effortless. In the second experiment, we investigated the effects of affective status on the accuracy of altruism detection. Compared with participants in a positive mood, those in a negative mood were more hesitant to trust videotaped targets. However, the accuracy with which altruism levels were detected did not change when we manipulated participants’ moods. In the third experiment, we investigated the facial cues by which participants detected altruists. Participants could not detect altruists when the upper half of the target’s face was hidden, suggesting that judgment cues exist around the eyes. We also conducted a meta-analysis on the effect size in each experimental condition to verify the robustness of altruism detection ability.

This literature study was conducted to find out: Analysis of Human Resource Management in Improving Strategies Learrning in the New Normal Era. In this research, the method used qualitative with a library research. The results of the study indicate are: Human Resource management in improving strategies learrning in the new normal era is effort, mature readiness, provisioning both in terms of IT skills and virtual learning progress. The most appropriate learning strategy in the new normal era is to follow the rules of the Ministry of Education and Culture with virtual learning through agreed platforms. For this reason, the 2 main elements of teaching and learning activities take place, these students and teachers must be equipped, qualified and know the direction of learning that will be filtered in order to minimize misunderstanding between teacher and students. While students at home, study is assisted and supervised by their parents to avoid deception, laziness and cheating during the exam. So that ethics, values ​​/ norms remain upheld in the world of academia.

Teaching and assessment practices rapidly moved online as a result of the global coronavirus pandemic. Academic integrity is paramount for the credibility and reputation of educational institutions...