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To examine the asymmetry of financial data in detail, we have considered both the tail dependence with diverse copulas and Jung et al.'s (8) directional dependence by copula. From the empirical study in this paper, we have found that the tail dependence by Patton's (11) modified symmetrized Joe-Clayton copula function did not show the asymmetry property sufficiently because there is no tail dependence for the currency exchange rates of Republic of Korea and Japan against the US dollar after the 2008 financial crisis. However, by using the copula approach for directional dependence, we showed that there exists the asymmetry of the currency exchange rates of Republic of Korea and Japan against the US dollar before and after the 2008 financial crisis because the directional dependence only when existing an asymmetry of data can be found. We conclude that the copula approach for directional dependence can be supplemented to explain the asymmetry property in addition to the tail dependence approach.

On-board survey is one of the most common survey methods utilized on transit units like buses to obtain vital information regarding customer trip characteristics, travel behavior, demographic characteristics, and customers’ attitude toward services. The quantity and the quality of data collected through on-board surveys are very critical and often are a major concern for transit systems because survey results are used for current or future route planning, modeling, etc. Thus, applying appropriate survey techniques for on-board surveys is crucial to collecting the required amount of data to fulfill the transit system's current and future needs without survey cost and time overruns. This study tested three different on-board survey techniques to quantitatively evaluate the effects of each technique on the overall response rate and unit cost. These three tests are (a) length of questionnaire, (b) incentives, and (c) surveyors. The tests were conducted on selected routes of the Tulsa Transit System. The test results indicate that different combinations of techniques will result in different response rates and unit costs. Thus, good planning and piloting tests for the different on-board survey techniques, and appropriate interpretations of the pilot test results, are crucial to acquiring the expected performance of the main survey while staying within budget.

The aim of this research is to investigate the moderating role of task-related job autonomy to explain the impact of team creativity on organizational knowledge creation in the school context. From the applied performance improvement standpoint, this research differs from previous studies in that more behavioral constructs were considered rather than policy-related issues in the school context. Hierarchical multiple regression and general linear modeling approaches were utilized to examine the general relations among the constructs and the moderating role of task-related job autonomy. Results show that task-related job autonomy was not found to be a statistically significant moderating construct. This finding is in contrast to that of most previous studies on the workplace performance improvement field due to the internal nature of the school system and environment.