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Aim. To make an analysis of issues of the terminology and classification of medicinal cosmetics (MC) with the aim of forming modern conceptual approaches to MC standardization and determining the current trends and ways of further development of this area in Ukraine.Materials and methods. Scientific publications, electronic databases of the State Register of Medicinal Products of Ukraine, the weekly “Apteka” and Compendium reference book, as well as the results of the own research were used as informational materials. Such methods as analytical, comparative, content analysis and generalization of information were applied.Results and discussion. The foreign experience of the legal definition and classification of medicinal cosmetics has been systematized. The main problems associated with the standardization of medicinal cosmetics in Ukraine have been identified. Criteria for segmentation of medicinal cosmetics have been proposed. The basic concepts and terms are given; their definitions have been proposed; models of classification of medicinal cosmetic products based on a number of their specific characteristics have been developed.Conclusions. The terminology unification has been proposed; the classification of medicinal cosmetics has been improved. It is a prerequisite for their standardization in order to ensure quality, safety and effectiveness for the consumer. It has been proven that it is expedient to develop conceptual approaches to ensure the quality of medicinal cosmetics throughout their entire life cycle.

Transition to a post-industrial society determines the development of an educational system through innovations. To address the related issues, we need a methodology lined up with the post-industrial society and capable of maintaining effective innovation management in education. Creation of much-in-demand, competitive, and economically attractive educational innovations is largely associated with combined efforts of several educational organizations. Once merged in a territorial educational cluster, they establish conditions for a complete innovation life cycle. A driving mechanism for innovations to move throughout the entire life cycle is logistics. So far, two scientific positions have been formed in relation to the use of logistics in education. The first position is represented by educational logistics aimed at sustainable functioning of the educational system infrastructure. The second one encompasses pedagogical logistics, which facilitates effectiveness and quality of the teaching and educational process. None of them aim at development of an educational organization or its pedagogical system being implemented. Boosting the situation already in place could be done through integration of the educational and pedagogical logistics’ achievements supplemented by the idea to develop an educational infrastructure with a pedagogical system already in place into pedagogical innovation logistics. This logistics serves as a methodological basis of pedagogical innovations management in education. The scope of such logistics is a territorial educational cluster; its subject is infrastructural, educational, integrative flows, a flow of obstacles, and a pedagogical innovation flow. As a matter of applicability, the efficiency of pedagogical innovation logistics has been tested with a regional educational holding being an example. Its performance has been analyzed by using six criteria that evaluate the changes in the pedagogical innovation flow: rate, capacity, reference quality assessment, density, content variability, and uniformity. The data obtained have provided the evidence of practical efficiency of pedagogical innovation logistics.

The influence of technological heredity factors on the quality indices of parts and products made of polymer composite materials is considered. A technique is developed to take into account the technological heredity factors using the theory of catastrophes. To formalize the technological heredity factors, we propose to use logical functions to form models to predict the change in the quality of a structural material during the entire life cycle of a product. The proposed models can be used to estimate the fracture kinetics for many materials qualitatively.

One of the tasks that the legislator has assigned to the chambers of commerce and industry is that of business promotion. This is to be understood as a first professional help for companies. Important: A chamber of commerce and industry may only ever provide information or initial advice—nothing more. However, discussions with CCI specialists can—and should—serve as a basis for further advice from specialised providers such as management advisory services, tax and law firms. The services provided by the CCI cover the entire life cycle of the company and thus many different areas: from the founding of the company to securing skilled workers and company succession. The chapter begins with an interview explaining the idea of business promotion. A portrait then introduces the Information and Service Centre of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry in Munich, the first point of contact for all questions concerning the entire range of services offered by the Chamber. Then the chapter takes a look at selected service areas. Finally, it describes the regional offices and the work of the CCI Academy.

This chapter deals with the use of the nanoscale in the production of food and packaging as well as medical equipment and materials. On the nanoscale, materials behave differently from their macroscale counterparts. In the case of food and packaging, this is especially important because nanoscale materials may have undesirable effects on human health. The use of the nanoscale in medical products, such as medicines and hospital equipment, may also affect human health. In addition, nanoscale materials may have unknown environmental effects. In the United States and the European Union , legal standards produced mainly by regulatory agencies are already in place. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has also produced several directive and regulatory documents. Such regulatory texts may serve as an inspiration to assist other countries where specific nanoregulation does not yet exist, such as Brazil. Therefore, based on bibliographic research, this chapter builds a framework model relating established legal standards with NanoAction principles and the principles and rules already in force in Brazil. This third corpus—of Brazilian rules and principles—does not explicitly mention nanotechnologies, nanomaterials, or nanoparticles. However, its content can be associated with specific NanoAction principles as well as the legal standards instituted by the United States, European Union , and the OECD. Thus, a normative model emerges that can serve to regulate the entire life cycle of nanomaterials, even without legislative prognosis currently in force. In its totality, this chapter opens a space in which research structures a “regulatory environment” with plural sources and the participation of various social actors involved with the world on a nanoscale.

Here we describe methods for (a) collecting starfish during their breeding period; (b) maintaining adults with fully grown gonads in laboratory aquaria; (c) rearing fertilized eggs to brachiolaria larvae, and (d) inducing larvae to metamorphose into juveniles under laboratory conditions. Such protocols should facilitate various analyses of starfish development throughout the entire life cycle of these model organisms.

Like many nations, Mexico is reviewing its waste management laws and policies in the face of growing evidence of the ubiquity, longevity, and negative effects of plastic waste in the environment, particularly in aquatic habitats. Split into two sections, this chapter will first explore the current Mexican legal framework and regulatory mechanisms regarding single-use plastics through its legal structure starting with the Constitution and continuing with self-executing international treaties, federal legislation, and related regulations. Although the analysis is not extended to the legal activities at state and municipality levels, it is noted that some states and municipalities have, as a result of international and local public pressure, enacted legislation regarding single-use plastics, generally targeting plastic bags and straws. In part two, a framework is proposed for a national legislative approach to address plastic pollution in the waterways of Mexico. Such an approach is intended to reconcile the differences across the states and provide a uniform regulatory structure, which draws upon the best practices to date from an international context. The proposed framework requires the creation of a hierarchy of plastics that identifies those that are beneficial to a healthy society and those that are detrimental. The resulting hierarchy suggests which plastics should, and should not, be in the stream of commerce. From there, the legal framework focuses on defining the composition of the polymers to be used for the chosen plastics to emphasize health, recyclability, and technical compatibility with closed loop systems where possible. Such uniformity is intended to enhance the value of the plastic waste to ensure products will in fact be recycled and that there will be a market for the material. To better protect Mexico’s waterways and aquatic life, the legal mechanisms must ensure that the federal legal framework for pollution meets constitutional requirements and considers the entire life cycle of plastics from production to the end of its life.

Nuclear power plant safety grade software performs important safety functions in nuclear power plants, and the consequences are very serious once the failure occurs. In order to ensure the safety and reliability of such software, software verification and validation of the entire life cycle is required in accordance with standards and regulations. Traceability analysis is an important method for software verification and validation. How to use this method correctly in engineering practice is one of the difficulties of software V&V. In the industry, requirements are often split and itemized according to document chapters, and then traceability analysis is performed. This can lead to poor results in retrospective analysis and is time consuming and labor intensive. Based on the experience of engineering practice, this paper discusses in detail the advantages and disadvantages of different requirements items methods, the main points of traceability analysis, traceability analysis and other V&V tasks. Finally, the itemization method based on quality attribute is proposed, and the execution method and suggestion of traceability analysis are given, which provides a technical reference for the traceability analysis of the safety software of nuclear power plants.

The present study analysed the condition factor (K) and the hepato-somatic index (I H ) of the Brazilian sharpnose shark Rhizoprionodon lalandii during its entire life cycle. Discontinuity of liver growth was observed after sexual maturity. High condition values were recorded in the length classes of 300-350 mm (neonates), when the livers represented about 8% of total mass, decreasing until the length classes of 400-450 and 450-500 mm in females and males, respectively. Seasonal analysis exhibited low I H values in the summer, while for K, low values were in spring, indicating greater investment for body growth during spring and for gonad maturation in summer. Such findings indicate that this small coastal shark species accumulates reserve substances in the liver that will be used during reproduction. The decline in I H values in juveniles suggests that reserves provisioned by the mother to the neonate liver can be used in the first months of life.

Critical infrastructure systems (CISs) have a fundamental role in delivering commodities that are essential to various functions in urban systems. The resilience of CISs concerns the robustness of system performance against extreme events, the ineffectiveness of disturbance propagation, and the efficiency of post-disaster system performance restoration. The resilience of CISs is significantly impacted by the interconnectivity among CISs and the interactions among different systems. Although this impact has been recognized by numerous studies, it has rarely been comparatively assessed using different metrics that reflect the different perspectives of various stakeholders. Moreover, the existing literature on the impact of interdependencies in the context of CIS disaster risk reduction has primarily focused on the resistance stage rather than the entire life cycle of disaster events. To address these gaps, this study assesses this impact at different stages of the life cycle of disturbance events, analyzes the effect of interdependencies on determining the total resilience of CISs, and discusses the implications of the results in the context of resilience enhancement of CISs in practice. To achieve this objective, this study models interconnected CISs using four different network-based approaches, simulates the disturbance propagation process and system restoration process of CISs in three different scenarios, and measures the resilience of disturbed CISs with three different resilience metrics. A case study of three CISs in a middle-sized city in Eastern China was conducted. The CISs included an electric power system, a telecommunication system, and a water supply system. The results revealed that the vulnerability of CISs to extreme events would be significantly underestimated if interdependencies of the CISs were not considered, which would cause a misleading estimation of the total resilience of the CISs. The findings also suggested the importance of considering the interdependencies of CISs in the sequencing of restoration tasks to optimize the efficiency of post-disaster restoration tasks.

Chinese libraries, from academic to public, are undergoing or preparing for transformation, to meet users' ever changing needs and expectations in the new social, economic, and technological environment. However, there are many factors deeply embedded in the process which may cause potential risks for the transformation. This paper has surveyed the perceptions of library professionals on such risks, and proposes 40 possible risk indicators (RIs) which comprehensively cover the entire life cycle of library transformation. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and multi-dimensional analysis have been used to categorize risks into different types and dimensions. It reveals that library professionals are aware of potential risks, especially the ones from inside the field. Their awareness is positively affected by their current positions in the profession. In general, they are likely to overlook some types of potential risks such as the ones from the leadership, originating outside the library community, or involving long-term uncertainty. The authors suggest library practitioners should be fully aware of the potential risks and their dynamic nature, and should take the opportunity to promote leadership and management in the process of transformation, and to cooperate with parties outside of the library community, thus making the library transformation rational and successful.

Despite acknowledging the centrality of Anna's illness in studies of John Banville's The Sea, scholars have not attended to the close relationship between Anna's cancer and her husband Max's process of self-stigmatization. Drawing on Paul Ricoeur's notion of the trace, I analyze Max's experience of his wife's illness to show how Banville depicts disease imprinting psychic traces not only on the patient but also on his/her family. My main contention is that an assay of Max's self-stigma creates new insights into The Sea that show how the novel's superb reflections on disease, stigma, pain, suffering, age, death, and artistic creation promote a narrative destabilization of time categories. This destabilization underscores the fact that consciousness of finitude is inherent in the human experience-not just in the late stages of one's life but throughout the entire life cycle.

A requirement of the Construction Products Regulation (CPR) in the European Union states that construction works must be designed in such a way that throughout their entire life cycle, they have no exceedingly high environmental impact. The objective of the current work was to simulate the leaching of selected metals and sulfate in vertical test panels (VTPs) covered by plaster and mortar. The investigation is based on 18-month leaching outdoor tests (LOT) under real weather conditions. A leaching model was developed using the geochemical model PHREEQC with the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) thermodynamic data base and coupled with MATLAB in order to optimize the run-off and weather parameters. The model was calibrated by comparing the data from laboratory Dynamic Surface Leaching Tests (DSLT) with simulation results up to an acceptable fit. The parameters obtained were then used in the LOT simulations and validated. The model allows predictions on the substance discharge from various plasters and mortars under real weather conditions. Physical characteristics of the material (e.g., thickness and absorption capacity) play an important role in the leaching of substances in façades covered with plaster and mortar. The lower the thickness and absorption capacity of the material applied, the greater the run-off and discharge of leached substances.

Designing systems important for NPP safety is basing on fulfilling the demands of normative documents and ensuring the quality of soft- and hardware systems throughout the entire life cycle. The most critical tasks in ensuring the quality of soft- and hardware complex are the phase for the formation of demands for a designed or modifiable system and their consequent verification. An increase in demands for the quality of software (SW) for systems important for NPP safety at all phases of the life-cycle is associated with an increase in the complicity and functionality of the software and has led to the need to develop methods to justify the safety of the systems themselves and the software included in them. The paper discusses a method based on the construction of "safety functions," the implementation of which subsequently verified. This method is using in SW verification for upper-level systems of APCS and can be used to analyze cybersecurity, information, and fault tolerance of soft- and hardware systems.

One way of defining a Cleaner Production is saying that it is a set of rules with the objective of protecting the environment and minimizing waste, ranging not only from manufacturing processes but to the entire life cycle of a product. This concept can even be applied on a personal level, addressing one’s lifestyle and daily choices. The first concerns regarding pollution arouse in the 1960s in the USA and started spreading across the world. However, the rate at which this concept is diffused as well as the seriousness that it receives varies immensely from country to country. Here, the main concept of CP is debated as well as its initial stages across all continents.

Semiconductor fabrication processes have evolved enormously with time, largely driven by the demand for advanced device architectures and increased performance. To continue to drive innovation and to achieve the desired electrical functionality required by today’s market, the industry relies on a number of highly sophisticated chemicals and materials. The semiconductor industry has traditionally adopted risk-based programs to reduce exposure potentials and environmental emissions or found safer alternatives when possible. For example, the industry was successfully able to phase out the use of perfluorooctanyl sulfonates (PFOS) and was able to surpass its 10-year goal in reducing the emissions of perfluorocompound (PFC) gases from semiconductor fabs. These two examples highlight recent voluntary initiatives undertaken by the industry to ensure the continued safe and responsible use of chemicals in semiconductor manufacturing processes. In June 2016, the Frank R. Lautenberg Chemical Safety for the 21st Century Act was signed into law significantly amending the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) which is the main chemical safety law in the United States. TSCA has a broad scope and applies to the full life cycle of a chemical substance (i.e., manufacturing, processing, use, and disposal). Since TSCA reform the process as well as the data required to bring new chemicals to the market has changed dramatically. Therefore, chemical issues which have historically been managed singularly between the EPA and a specific company may be more effectively dealt with through industry-wide consortiums, including both chemical manufacturers and users. Consortiums of this nature are likely better positioned to generate data and information relevant to the entire life cycle of a chemical. For example, EPA recently denied low volume exemption requests (LVEs) for photoacid generators (PAGs) due to increased concerns regarding the environmental, health, and safety aspects of onium–based compounds. To address EPA’s concerns, a "PAG onium" consortium was formed to fill critical data gaps throughout the life cycle of these chemicals that will allow for a more accurate assessment of the potential risks associated with the use of these chemistries. Other photolithography chemistries that are under an increased level of scrutiny include short chain perfluorinated compounds (e.g., perfluorobutanesulfonic acid derivatives) and N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP). This talk will discuss how recent changes to the regulatory landscape have changed EPA’s chemical reviews and the resulting implications on the information/ data required to evaluate a chemical before bringing it to market.

We review dominant approaches to evaluate the intergenerational justice of public policies. We distinguish between justice over complete lives (for which we analyze birth cohorts), and at a given moment in time (for which we study age groups). We note that it is not prima facie problematic if at one given point in time different age groups receive an unequal treatment from the state. But if such inequalities are perpetuated across different birth cohorts over the entire life cycle, then this does point to intergenerational inequities.

To realize effective reuse of mechanical parts for the development of a sustainable society, it is essential to manage individual parts over their entire life cycle. Part agent system that supports maintenance of part and/or product using network agent and RFID technology has been developed to support reuse of products by giving users advices on replacement of products. We have reported the development of a function of part agent that supports disassembly of products. For that purpose, assembly model and disassembly process model relating to it were developed. Based on this information that is predefined and stored in a part agent of used product, the part agent shows the user the procedure how to disassemble an appropriate part from the product by displaying it using augmented reality. In this paper, a prototype system is proposed that supports disassembly of used products with improved function that deals with possible deterioration of parts. The paper shows a preliminary result of the experiment with the implemented system and discusses remaining issues.

BACKGROUND:The integration of ergonomics knowledge into engineering projects leads to both healthier and more efficient workplaces. There is a lack of knowledge about integrating ergonomic knowledge into the design practice in engineering consultancies.OBJECTIVES:This study explores how organizational resources can pose constraints for the integration of ergonomics knowledge into engineering design projects in a business-driven setting, and how ergonomists cope with these resource constraints.PARTICIPANTS:An exploratory case study in an engineering consultancy was conducted. A total of 27 participants were interviewed.METHODS:Data were collected applying semi-structured interviews, observations, and documentary studies. Interviews were transcribed, coded, and categorized into themes.RESULTS:From the analysis five overall themes emerged as major constituents of resource constraints: 1) maximizing project revenue, 2) payment for ergonomics services, 3) value of ergonomic services, 4) role of the client, and 5) coping strategies to overcome resource constraints.CONCLUSION:We hypothesize that resource constraints were shaped due to sub-optimization of costs in design projects. The economical contribution of ergonomics measures was not evaluated in the entire life cycle of a designed workplace. Coping strategies included teaming up with engineering designers in the sales process or creating an alliance with ergonomists in the client organization

Technological advances, coupled with increasing demands by consumers, have led to a drastic increase in plastic production. After serving their purposes, these plastics reach our water bodies as their destination and become ingested by aquatic organisms. This ubiquitous phenomenon has exposed humans to microplastics mostly through the consumption of sea food. This has led the World Health Organization (WHO) to make an urgent call for the assessment of environmental pollution due to microplastics and its effect on human health. This review summarizes studies between 1999 and 2020 in relation to microplastics in aquatic ecosystems and human food products, their potential toxic effects as elicited in animal studies, and policies on their use and disposal. There is a paucity of information on the toxicity mechanisms of microplastics in animal studies, and despite their documented presence in food products, no policy has been in place so far, to monitor and regulates microplastics in commercial foods meant for human consumption. Although there are policies and regulations with respect to plastics, these are only in a few countries and in most instances are not fully implemented due to socioeconomic reasons, so they do not address the problem across the entire life cycle of plastics from production to disposal. More animal research to elucidate pathways and early biomarkers of microplastic toxicity that can easily be detected in humans is needed. This is to create awareness and influence policies that will address this neglected threat to food safety and security.

The seeds of Annona macroprophyllata Donn. Sm. contain idioblasts with toxic acetogenins, including laherradurin and rolliniastatin-2, in relatively high proportions. Both metabolites are cataloged as potent insecticides for several species, even so, the wasp Bephratelloides cubensis Ashmead fulfills almost its entire life cycle inside the seeds of this and other annonaceous species, to such a degree, that they constitute a strong selection pressure. In order to document the chemical relationship between the two species, it is reported for the first time in this paper the presence of idioblasts and acetogenins during the ontogenic development of the seeds of A. macroprophyllata, and contrasted with the development of B. cubensis. The results indicate that idioblasts with laherradurin and rolliniastatin-2 acetogenins are formed in the middle stages of the endospermic development, also that both acetogenins are biosynthesized simultaneously, and that their proportion is dependent on the degree of development. The acetogenins are present in high amounts that suppose a sufficient toxic barrier and, in this case, laherradurin is the most abundant (> 1000 µg g dry weight−1). The wasp B. cubensis only emerges from the seeds to copulate and returns for oviposition; its larval phase coincides with the appearance of acetogenins, so it feeds on the acetogenic endosperm. The absence of acetogenins in the tissues and excreta of the insect supposes a metabolization of the molecules, which would explain the tolerance to its toxicity.

A whole life-cycle bioenergetic model based on the dynamic energy budget (DEB) theory was proposed for the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). To develop this model, experiments on growth and reproduction were performed: adult and juvenile growth, size at first reproduction and amount of eggs spawned by females were monitored under different feeding levels and temperatures. The DEB parameters were estimated, using Bayesian statistics, based on the data produced during these experiments and on other data found in the literature. The model fitted accurately the different data used for the calibration process and, in addition, predicted accurately the data sets used to assess its predictability. Our bioenergetic model of the whole life cycle of the three-spined stickleback accounting for environmental variations could contribute in many ways to improved ecological assessment: supporting change of scale from individual to populations; developing new biomarkers of exposure and effect; analysing ecotoxicity tests with biology-based models.

Life-history traits of two coexisting cladocerans, Daphnia magna Straus and Scapheloberis kingi Sars, inhabiting a temporary pond in north-eastern Algeria were monitored in 2013 under laboratory conditions. Their life histories were compared for differences in traits such as age and size at first reproduction, size of neonates, brood size, number of broods per female, total life span and intrinsic rate of increase (rm). Data were recorded during their entire life cycle. Daphnia magna, the larger species, could possibly be more successful in colonising temporary habitats than S. kingi because it allocates more energy to reproduction. Scapheloberis kingi, the smaller species, starts reproduction early, resulting in a smaller brood size and a shorter life span with fewer broods. Consequently, S. kingi produces a smaller number of neonates during its lifetime and has a lower rm. In contrast, D. magna delays reproduction but produces a larger brood size and, because it is longer-lived, produces more broods and...

Since the proper use of construction machinery in infrastructure projects is important, it is essential to employ an optimum selection of machinery in these projects. Advanced programmatic risk analysis and management model (APRAM) is one of recently developed methods that can be used for risk analysis and management purposes considering schedule, cost and quality, simultaneously. In this paper, first the APRAM method is introduced and then modified in order to consider environmental risks. This method can consider potential risks that might occur over the entire life cycle of the project, and can be employed as an efficient decision-support tool for construction managers selecting machinery for an infrastructure project where various alternatives might be technically feasible. A case study of three possible combinations of excavation machines is then discussed. All project risks related to cost, time, quality and environment are identified, considering the capital costs which should be spent on each combination. Finally, some graphs which are derived from the method are taken into account in order to decrease each combination’s risks and to optimize the selection of excavating machinery. The outcomes highlight the efficiency of the APRAM model for the optimal selection of machinery in construction projects.

To even a casual observer, the great diversity among organisms in size, form, locomotion, and color is evident. If the microscopic world is also considered, the variety becomes overwhelming: With respect to size (mass) alone, for example, the range extends approximately 21 orders of magnitude, from the smallest bacteria at 10−13 grams to blue whales, which exceed 108 grams (see Chapter 4).

ResumenEl objetivo del documento es contribuir al debate sobre los avances hacia la universalización de la protección social en América Latina. Se aboga a favor de una estrategia que privilegie políticas orientadas a lograr el pleno empleo formal y a consolidar esquemas de regulaciones laborales protectoras pero que se articulen con otras políticas –especialmente sociales– para que, en conjunto, aseguren el acceso universal a servicios sociales básicos de calidad homogénea así como a niveles de ingresos adecuados a lo largo del ciclo de vida.AbstractThis work aims to contribute to the debate on progress towards achieving universal social protection in Latin America. It advocates a strategy emphasizing policies oriented towards obtaining full formal employment and consolidating protective labor regulations in conjunction with other policies, especially in the social realm, so that together, these ensure universal access to basic social services of the same quality for everyone and adequate income throughout the entire life cycle.

Maintenance plays a crucial role in the entire life cycle of equipment. With the acceleration of industrialization, the evaluation of equipment maintenance quality has undoubtedly become more challenging due to the complex mechanical structure, various maintenance modes, and so on. In order to make decisions scientifically, a hybrid multi-criteria decision-making approach integrating triangle fuzzy number, λ-fuzzy measure, TOPSIS, and Choquet fuzzy integral is proposed in this article. First, the interaction among criteria can be handled reasonably by fuzzy integral based on λ-fuzzy-measure. Second, fuzzy numbers which are given by experts are applied to deal with fuzzy linguistic value. In addition, artificial bee colony algorithm is first introduced to identify λ-fuzzy-measure. The comparison results of three optimization algorithms which include artificial bee colony algorithm, genetic algorithm, and particle swarm optimization prove artificial bee colony algorithm is more effective than genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization. A case study which contains six maintenance alternatives is practiced to prove the effectiveness of the proposed hybrid multi-criteria decision-making approach. Finally, the comparison is made between the proposed method and two classical multi-criteria decision-making approaches which refer to TOPSIS and gray correlation, and the results demonstrate the proposed method is suitable to solve maintenance quality evaluation problem.

The importance of technical disclosure in construction of project is described and the necessity of application of BIM (Building Information Modeling) technology used in technical disclosure is analyzed correspondingly. Many actual cases of technical disclosure in construction used BIM technology in our company with its application are discussed subsequently. The results show that the BIM technology can simplify the procedures of technical disclosure on the construction phase, and multi-software work together based on BIM provides a guidance for different types of projects. Many advantages of BIM such as construction simulation, 3D roaming can improve the quality of technical disclosure. Finally, recommendations and requirements for the specific implementation of BIM on the construction phase are proposed: the BIM model for technical disclosure is the most unique model in the entire life cycle; the locally refined extent is much more than the final completion model, which should be paid more attention to in the whole process of program development when BIM implemented.

Now, a great deal of high tech weaponry are equipped for army, to ensure combat effectiveness of equipment in the Entire Life Cycle (ELC) and improve battle effectiveness, the measurability of equipment should be paid more and more attention to.This paper analyzes the measurability requirement for Weaponry in ELC, the detailed aims and signification of measurability in ELC are presented.Some suggestions about strengthen measurability of equipment on the basis of above analysis are put forward.

Twitter is a fast growing real-time social media tool. As Twitter evolves, more and more people are partaking in sharing what is happening around the world through various Twitter applications. Hashtag use has become a unique tagging convention to help associate Twitter messages with certain events or contexts. Prefixed by a # symbol with a keyword, a Twitter hashtag serves as a bottom-up user-proposed tagging convention. It also embodies user participation in the process of hashtag innovation, especially as it pertains to information organization tasks. Diffusion of innovation (DoI) is a theory that helps to explain the adoption process of an innovation by modeling its entire life cycle according to the aspects of communications and human information interactions. Hence, diffusion theory offers valuable insights into interface design that supports Twitter hashtag use and access. It also assists in evaluating hashtag life cycles and thus offering information required for decision-making, in regard to hashtag management.

In recent years, legislatures across the world have turned their attention to the escalating amount of electronic and electrical waste, and their accompanying environmental threats. Increasing consumption of electronic and electrical equipment (EEE) and the indiscriminate disposal of used products contribute to the problem furthered by designs that ignore durability and support the limitless use of toxic substances. One proposed method of changing this trend is to stimulate producers to design for the environment (DFE). In many ways DFE breaks the traditional physical barriers for design and requires a vision of the product for its entire life cycle. As Canada's provincial and federal governments move to respond to the problem of e-waste, their chosen approaches are critically analysed. In particular, this article investigates how the provinces of Alberta, Saskatchewan, British Columbia, Nova Scotia and Ontario conceptualize the problem of e-waste. In addition, the extent to which the policy goals and financing mechanisms incorporated in each programme adequately consider the role of DFE is evaluated.

The Internet brings enormous advantages to organizations in the forms of standardization, power of networks, and inexpensive operations. Past decade has seen an increase in cooperative relationships among organizations. Despite the acknowledgment of the impact of the Internet on interorganizational relationships (IORs), there is a paucity of empirical research in this area, particularly for service firms, with regard to their entire life cycle. Using a field-based survey, in cooperation with the Gallup Organization, this study empirically examines some of the effects of the Internet on different stages of the life cycle of IORs. Based on the data collected from 206 firms (majority small service firms with less than 500 employees), results of our study show that the Internet has effected every stage of IOR life cycle, has increased the frequency and opportunities to find new partners, has affected the selection criteria that they use finding to select new partners, has improved the quality of relationships with existing partners, and increased the partnership performance. These effects though were not the same for different types of partnerships. The research found that the Internet has had the greatest effect for medium-level integration types of partnerships, which include non-equity strategic alliances and networks.

Life-cycle assessment (LCA) is a tool for evaluating various health and environmental impacts throughout a product's life. When used as a screening tool, LCA can potentially identify the processes and materials most likely to pose a threat to human health and the environment, and to determine where a risk assessment is warranted. The European Union has issued a ban on lead-based solder from use in electronic equipment beginning in July 2006. In response, the Lead-Free Solder Partnership, involving the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, several electronics manufacturers, and the University of Tennessee afforded a vehicle for conducting a thorough LCA of leaded and lead-free solders used in the electronics industry. Sixteen impact categories were evaluated in the LCA, including human toxicity. A primary conclusion of the assessment for human and aquatic toxicity, across the entire life cycle of tin-lead solder, was the potential for impacts derived from the landfilling of lead. These results, ba...

A life cycle assessment was carried out based on a detailed life cycle inventory for a typical GSM 900 mobile phone network and related End of Life (EOL) treatment infrastructure. The environmental relevance of the three life cycle phases: production, use and EOL treatment was analysed using IMPACT2002+. The environmentally preferable EOL treatment alternative was identified on the basis of six previously developed EOL treatment scenarios. The results indicate that the environmental impacts attributable to the use phase dominate the environmental impacts incurred over the entire life cycle of the network. The impacts of the production phase are primarily attributable to the energy intensive manufacturing of printed wiring boards (PWB). The EOL phase dominates the impacts on ecosystem quality. In particular the longterm emissions of heavy metals have critical effects. Detailed analysis of the EOL phase shows that recycling of network materials in general leads to a two fold reduction of environmental impacts: in the EOL phase itself as well as by means of the avoided primary production of materials recovered in

A NUMBER of ectoparasites can affect sheep in the UK, with potentially serious consequences. Production can be severely affected, in terms of reduced milk and meat yields, downgrading of wool and leather, and the need for expensive control programmes. Ectoparasitic infestations also significantly compromise the welfare of flocks and individual sheep, and may result in prosecutions for animal cruelty. Effective control depends on whether the ectoparasite is permanent (ie, spends its entire life cycle on sheep) or semipermanent (ie, has at least one free-living stage). This article describes the various classes of ectoparasiticides and how they may be applied to animals for best effect. In view of concerns over resistance and pesticide safety, which may have implications for future product availability, it also outlines some alternative methods of control which might be implemented instead of, or in combination with, traditional ectoparasiticides.

El estudio[1] aborda las características esenciales de los Programas Universitarios para Mayores (PUM). Apuesta por la educación a lo largo de la vida mediante la integración de los mayores en la universidad. Parte de la base de que se aprende durante todo el ciclo vital, al no existir ninguna edad, ni espacio específico, para la educación. El aprendizaje se construye desde los conocimientos, capacidades, habilidades y actitudes que se enriquecen continuamente. Es necesario garantizar que los mayores envejezcan de una manera saludable. Se aboga por el envejecimiento activo, herramienta eficaz contra el aislamiento y la exclusión social. El objetivo consiste en conocer los aspectos del Programa de formación UNED Senior que contribuyen al aprendizaje a lo largo de la vida y mayor satisfacción producen en los implicados. Los PUM son vías para la promoción del envejecimiento junto a otras actividades dirigidas a potenciar un ocio creativo, acceder a la cultura, facilitar la formación en temas de interés y crear medios de participación en todas las esferas de la sociedad. En esta investigación se ha recurrido a una metodología mixta. Su riqueza combina los métodos cuantitativos y cualitativos permitiéndonos obtener información y contraste desde diferentes perspectivas. La finalidad es verificar los resultados de la investigación. La muestra está constituida por 639 alumnos, 57 profesores-tutores y 15 coordinadores. Los resultados indican que el PUM de la UNED Senior es altamente satisfactorio para los implicados, por la adecuación entre intereses y expectativas. Fruto de la presente investigación son las conclusiones y propuestas de mejora. [1] Este artículo presenta los resultados de una investigación financiada por la AECID. Nº de referencia (AP/036665/11) The study addresses the essential features of University Programmes for senior citizens (PUM). It committed to the lifelong education through the integration of the elderly in the University. Part of the base that is learned during the entire life cycle, there is no age, no specific space for education. Learning is constructed from knowledge, abilities, skills and aptitudes that are enriched continuously. It is necessary to ensure the elderly to age in a healthy way. It calls for active ageing, effective tool against isolation and social exclusion. The aim is to discover aspects of the UNED Senior training programme that contribute to lifelong learning and satisfaction produced. The PUM are ways for the promotion of aging along with other activities aimed to enhance a creative leisure, access to culture, facilitate training on topics of interest and create a means of participation in all spheres of society. In this research has resorted to a mixed methodology. Their wealth combines the methods of quantitative and qualitative allowing us to obtain information and contrast from different perspectives. The purpose is to verify the results of the investigation. The sample consists of 639 students, 57 teachers and 15 coordinators. The results indicate that the PUM of the UNED Senior is highly satisfactory for those involved, by the adequacy between interests and expectations. Fruit of this research are the conclusions and suggestions for improvement.

The current planning processes that have confined a developer to an approved plan for the entire life cycle of a project are presently being questioned. Rapid sociodemographic and economic changes in Canada have created a need for planning strategies that allow for a greater degree of flexibility. Adaptability to changing market trends has now become extremely important to planners and developers of large subdivisions. The demands to permit quicker planning and approval processes are the motivating force behind this paper. The proposal simplifies the development and approval process by introducing a piecemeal approach to design and building—one that can easily be modified in accordance with market changes. Fundamental to the proposed concept is the argument that one cannot forecast market trends in the course of developing large communities. Rather than design subdivisions today and subject their developers to lengthy and costly change processes later, one can propose an approach that will allow ...

Road safety audit is gradually developed by the practice of road design and operation, and it is regarded as one of the important methods for effectively preventing and reducing traffic accidents. Carrying out safety route alternatives and large-scale structures alternatives at the preliminary design stage, people are able to convert passive safety audit into active one as well as increase the road's safety quality for the entire life cycle. However, in the previous preliminary design, the emphasis of methods and parameters were put on the quantities, project cost, traffic capacity and other aspects, the degree of attention on safety was limited. Equipped with a lot of engineering practice, the authors find that the safety indirect benefit can be measured by score on the safety audit checklist, and the direct benefit by construction fees. Based on the idea, the paper proposes a safety route alternative method based on cost-benefit ratio. By case study the authors prove that the proposed method can select the best proposal regard to safety aspect, and provide design reference and basis for selecting alternatives at the highway preliminary design stage.

The possibility to make coalition among SMEs can be a valid tool to improve the performance for both customers and suppliers. The issues related to a generic coalition strategy concern: the coalition formation, the related management procedure and the profit sharing policy. This chapter presents the methodologies proposed in this research that are able to support the entire life cycle of a coalition. All the proposed approaches are based on game theory. In particular, an innovative methodology has been developed for each issue related to the life cycle of the coalition, each one of them formalized and developed within the multi-agent architecture discussed in Chap. 2.

Quality function deployment (QFD) helps to introduce the idea of quality in early phases of the design cycle and to reevaluate quality considerations throughout the system's entire life cycle. This article presents a tutorial example of using QFD to design a product. It shows which quality controls in the manufacturing process are most important to ensure customer satisfaction.

The emergence of nondestructive evaluation as a factor to be considered in the entire life cycle of materials, from design, through fabrication of components and structures, to in-service monitoring, is reviewed. Current directions in research and development and in practical application are discussed within the context of NDE as an engineering function. Particular emphasis is directed towards reliability, requirements for in-process and health monitoring, and implementation for the inspection and analysis of composite materials, that offer a particularly challenging domain in which to demonstrate the performance of NDE techniques and procedures.

Basing drug reimbursement on cost-effectiveness provides too little incentives for R&D. The reason for this is that cost-effectiveness is concerned with immediate value for money. But since the price of a drug usually declines over time, the drug might well provide value for money as seen over its entire life cycle, even though its price during patent protection is too high to warrant reimbursement according to the cost-effectiveness decision rule. We show in a theoretical model that welfare could be improved if decision-makers took a longer perspective and initially allowed higher prices than immediate value for money can motivate. We also discuss the real world relevance of applying dynamic cost-effectiveness.

The concept of performability is explained and the desirability of using this attribute in pursuing the design of engineering products, systems, and services is emphasized in order to meet the challenges of the 21st century. Today a new revolution is taking place where the leaders will be those nations that provide priority to the principles of sustainability in order to design, develop and use products, systems and services that are not only dependable but do not lead to disrupt the delicate ecological balance in nature. New materials, technologies and processes in consonance with environmental protection hold the key to future progress and prosperity.

The Sardinian inheritance system established egalitarian propriety divisions between all heirs, females included. The propriety was transmitted from parent to children in different phases in association to the economical and productive cycles of every single family. Previously, equality was often attained during the entire life cycle of the testator, and not only through his or her single will, which could seem as non egalitarian. The rigorous egalitarian inheritance norms of the Sardinian community were acquired within the social fabric of the community, and were not only the result of laws imposed over its inhabitants. Hence, the norms reflected moral and social values more than just legal decrees which gave the heirs a certain social guarantee of fairness, when the norms were applied to individual cases. This article analyses the way the propriety inheritance system of a Sardinian community was organised in the 19th century. Some of the issues brought up here are: What were the strategies used by the rich and wealthy community owners to protect their propriety from the implications of the egalitarian inheritance mechanism? In which way did the rich and wealthy seek to keep their status after their death? Il sistema ereditario sardo prevedeva una divisione egualitaria della proprietà tra tutti i figli comprese le donne. La trasmissione dei beni poteva avvenire in diverse tappe legate al ciclo economico e produttivo di ogni singola famiglia. L’uguaglianza spesso si raggiungeva lungo tutto il ciclo di vita del testatore e non attraverso il singolo testamento che apparentemente poteva sembrare nella maggior parte dei casi disegualitario. La norme successorie rigidamente egualitarie presenti nelle comunità sarde avevano acquistato presso la comunità, oltre al valore legale, anche un contenuto morale e sociale, che ne garantiva la giusta applicazione. Quali erano dunque le strategie utilizzate dalle famiglie di proprietari per mettere le loro proprietà al riparo dai meccanismi successori? In che modo cercavano di conservare la posizione che avevano occupato nello spazio sociale? L’ultima parte dell’articolo cercherà di mettere in luce le strategie ereditarie messe in atto dagli abitanti della comunità per mantenere la loro proprietà e il prestigio legata a questa.

Host blood source was found to affect both the development and the reproductive performance of Rhodnius prolixus. The insects were reared on citrated human, rabbit, chicken, sheep and horse blood sources, through a membrane feeder, during an entire life cycle, from eggs to adults. Development and reproduction in terms of the number of unfed insects, number of moulting, mortality intermoulting period, number of egg/female, conversion of blood into egg (mg meal/egg) and percentage of hatch as effective physiological parameters were investigated. Our results showed that human or rabbit blood meals were more nutritionally efficient than the other blood samples used because (i) the insects developed faster, presented low mortality and about 80% of them reached the adult stage; and (ii) females oviposited an average of at least 100% more eggs. The inefficiency of chicken and horse blood sources as diets for R. prolixus was manifested in (i) a decrease of the amount of ingested blood and (ii) only a reasonable nutritional quality. The inadequacy of sheep blood was observed by a mortality extremely high, poor moulting response and drastic reduction in egg production.

High quality will be of paramount importance for the future in the automotive industry. Quality is a customer-oriented concept and the whole organisation should have a customer-oriented attitude. This implicates the need for efficient information systems to feed back customers' preferences and demands. In the future knowledge about customers' experience of the products through its entire life cycle will be even more important.

The produced landfill emissions by waste biodegradation could be exploited after treatment as renewable resources. A comprehensive analysis of the produced landfill emissions is presented taking into account different landfill design principles. In the presented analysis results by the Mid Auchencarroch experimental landfill are taken into account, which is a UK Environment Agency and industry funded research facility. The examining analysis takes into account the entire life cycle of landfill design behaviour in time. The relative magnitudes of pollution load in time by landfill gas and leachate emissions are presented, discussed and evaluated making useful conclusions for the optimisation of future sustainable landfill designs and related regional sustainable development protecting the public health.

The data on RFID tags placed on items must be protected to secure the privacy of that information throughout the item life cycle from production to purchase to recycling. Therefore, we propose low cost RFID tags with an access control function of using a password and a system that assigns and manages a different password for each group of RFID tags. We also explain how using the system could protect consumer privacy, and how the RFID tag could be used throughout the entire life cycle of an item.

There has been an increasing recognition that many environmental efforts of the past have succeeded only in transferring pollution from one medium to another — from water to air, or from air to solid waste. It has become clear that more holistic approaches to solving environmental problems are needed. The emphasis on pollution prevention has led those in industry and government to look beyond their own fences at the causes of pollution both upstream and downstream from the production process — during the entire life cycle of products and their constituents.