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Since the first lockdown in March 2020, time seems to have slowed to a continuous present tense. The Greek language has three words to express different experiences of time: aion, chronos and kairos. If aion is the boundless and limbo-like time of eternity, chronos represents chronological, sequential, and linear time. Kairos, however, signifies the rupture of ordinary time with the opportune moment, epiphany and redemption, revolution, and most broadly, crisis and emergency. This paper argues that the pandemic is impacting how individuals perceive time in two ways: first, as a distortion of time in which individuals are caught between linear time ( chronos) and rupture ( kairos) invoking the state of emergency and second, as an extended present that blurs the passing of chronological time with its seeming eternity ( aion). As a result of the perceived suspension of ordinary time, temporal understandings of the future are postponed, while the past hovers like a ghost over the present.

The present study presents a standardized database of 348 affective in the Greek language, including pleasant and unpleasant nouns and adjectives, and neutral adjectives in Greek language. The norms are based on the ratings made by 229 native Greek speaking young adults on affective (emotionality, valence, arousal, dominance) and psycho-linguistic dimensions (ambiguity, abstraction, imageability, familiarity) of the words. The words were selected and translated from four different sources, including the Affective Norms for English words (Bradley, M. M., & Lang, P. J. (1999). Affective norms for English words (ANEW): Instruction manual and affective ratings. Technical report C-1, the center for research in psychophysiology), the Affective Norms for Polish words (Imbir, Behavior Research Methods 47:860–870, 2015), the Norms of valence and arousal for English words (Warriner et al., Behavior Research Methods 45:1191–1207, 2013) and from the Greek lexicon of New Greek Language (Mpampiniotis, Leksiko tis Neas Ellinikis Glossas (Dictionary of the Contemporary Greek Language), Kentro Leksikologias, Athens, 2002). The participants assessed an average of 70 words through an online survey procedure. Results present the affective and psycholinguistic features of the words. Also, results provide associations between affective and psycholinguistic aspects of the word stimuli. Hence, the study produces insights on the effects of psycho-linguistic parameters of word stimuli on the affective ones and their interactions, by combining evaluations of valence and arousal and/or including ratings for affective and psycholinguistic dimensions of the words. As such, the current study offers a valuable resource that enables researchers working with Greek speaking populations to control or manipulate the affective or psycho-linguistic dimensions of words in different experimental paradigms, adjust them to specific experimental questions or issues of interest, and extract more accurate findings and conclusions. The newly developed database is freely available for researchers and can be found here: http://dx.doi.org/10.23668/psycharchives.5079

Purpose-\ud \ud Τhe study examines whether adverse working conditions for immigrants in Greece bear an association with deteriorated physical health and increased levels of depression during 2018 and 2019.\ud \ud Methods-\ud \ud A panel dataset resulted from the collaboration with centers providing free Greek language courses to immigrant population groups. Random Effects models assess the determinants of physical health and depression.\ud \ud Results-\ud \ud Findings indicate that workers with no written contract of employment, receiving hourly wages lower than the national hourly minimum wages, and experiencing insults and/or threats in their present job experience worse physical health and increased levels of depression. Moreover, the study found that the inexistence of workplace contracts, underpayment, and verbal abuse in the workplace may coexist. An increased risk of underpayment and verbal abuse reveals itself when workers do not have a contract of employment and vice versa.\ud \ud Conclusion-\ud \ud Immigrant workers without a job contract might experience a high degree of workplace precariousness and exclusion from health benefits and insurance. Immigrant workers receiving a wage lower than the corresponding minimum potentially do not secure a living income, resulting in unmet needs and low investments in health. Workplace abuse might correspond with vulnerability related to humiliating treatment. These conditions can negatively impact workers’ physical health and foster depression. Policies should promote written employment contracts and ensure a mechanism for workers to register violations of fair practices.

Summary The meaning and the reference of the obscure term Σαλμεσχ(ο)ινιακά has been on debate more than a century among the scholars. In this article we try to unroll the thread of the research regarding the term, to detect and explain the context in which is referred, to solve the mystery of its etymology and to propose a brand new semantic core, which characterizes a whole stream of esoteric traditions, indicating the anthropomorphical representation of the deity, by giving the ecstatic description of its astral body and the measurement of its enormous and cosmic dimensions.

Byzantine civilization did not know the printed book: it was a civilization of manuscripts and manuscript books (codices) made of papyrus, parchment, and paper. The ancient Greeks bequeathed to the Byzantines the word Logos (in multiple meanings – word, speech, mind, reason, supreme principle, the divine creative power, the word of God, the word as the bearer of life and light), as the greatest treasure. The Rhomaioi (Byzantines) polished the skill of use of words and the ability to persuade with words to their full glory. However, the use of words within Byzantine civilization flourished completely and reached its apogee in literature. An important feature of the Greek language in Byzantine times (the period from the fourth to the fifteenth century) is diglossia, i.e. the existence of two different varieties of a language used under different conditions within a community – a high, socially prestigious form, used for writing, and a low, simpler, everyday spoken form. For Christians, a sensitive issue was the attitude towards the ancient pagan heritage: they accepted what did not conflict with their dogmas, and rejected the rest. Today, there are about 55,000 Greek manuscripts in the world, of which about 40,000 are Byzantine. In order to be distributed to readers and preserved from decay, manuscript books were being transcribed in scriptoriums, in which not only monks but also secular people of various professions were working. Books were very expensive. There were public, imperial, patriarchal, monastic, and private libraries, with not large collections of manuscripts. As Byzantine civilization was approaching its decline, the migration of Greek manuscripts from Byzantium to the Latin world of Western Europe began. In that way, the great heritage of ancient civilization was preserved and transferred to European countries.

Writing has been regarded as a most challenging language skill; which has been placed at the center of the research and teaching activity over the last decades. Writing skill along with reading are the two key-skills that shape the context of literacy in a target language while special emphasis is placed on developing and empowering different aspect of students’ literacy repertoire to students even from an early age. This paper presents and describes a multidimensional study which was designed and carried out to investigate primary education students’ difficulties in writing Greek texts. In parallel; the study aimed at investigating the strategies that employed by the students throughout the writing phases. To this end; thirty-five 10-year-old students attending Greek primary education classes took part in this study during the school year of 2020 – 2021. The students lived in Larissa; a city in Central Greece and they participated upon receiving the agreement of their parents. They were engaged in semi structured interviews related to writing a text and they were also invited to complete specifically designed questionnaires focusing on both students’ writing difficulties and the strategies they employ pre- while and post- writing texts in Greek. Both the interviews and the record protocols have been designed and developed by the researcher in an attempt to focus on the students’ writing profile in multidimensional way. Following the data processing; the findings indicated that students were acquainted with their difficulties in writing texts in the Greek language. However; through the study it was released that the students do not make a regular use of writing strategies during their writing activity. Thus; the author of the article presents suggestions for further research and educational practice in primary education contexts.

espanolEste estudio investiga la modalidad deontica, la categoria gramatical a traves de la cual los textos legales expresan principalmente obligacion y permiso, en un corpus bilingue ingles-griego compuesto por textos legislativos relacionados con el Derecho de la Competencia de la Union Europea (UE). Mas concretamente, el estudio parte del debate de Biel sobre la modalidad deontica, es decir, la obligacion deontica y el permiso deontico (Biel 2014: 158). El analisis de los datos es principalmente cuantitativo, si bien se ha recurrido a un analisis cualitativo a pequena escala cuando ha sido necesario. Los resultados del estudio se comparan con las directrices especificas propuestas por las instituciones de la UE para ingles y griego, es decir, la Guia practica comun del Parlamento Europeo, del Consejo y de la Comision para la redaccion de textos legislativos de la Union Europea (2015), la Guia de estilo de traduccion del ingles: un manual para autores y traductores en la Comision Europea (2018) y la Guia de estilo de traduccion del griego: un manual para autores y traductores en la Comision Europea (n.d.), asi como con los de estudios anteriores sobre textos de naturaleza legislativa. EnglishThis study investigates deontic modality, the grammatical category through which legal texts express mainly obligation and permission, in an English-Greek bilingual corpus composed of legislative texts related to European Union (EU) Competition Law. More specifically, the study is based on Biel’s discussion on deontic modality, i.e. deontic obligation and deontic permission (Biel 2014: 158). The analysis of the data is mainly quantitative, while a small-scale qualitative analysis is also carried out when necessary. The results of the study are compared with the specific guidelines proposed by the EU Institutions for English and Greek, i.e. the Joint Practical Guide of the European Parliament, the Council and the Commission for persons involved in the drafting of European Union legislation (2015), the English Style Guide: A handbook for authors and translators in the European Commission for English (2018) and the Greek Style Guide: A handbook for authors and translators in the European Commission for Greek (n.d.), as well as with those of earlier studies on legislative texts.

This paper uses a qualitative case study of the Greek diaspora in Australia in order to add to debates on the geographies of diaspora and diasporic identity in relation to nation-building and nationalism through an exploration of Greek language usage. Specifically, it contributes to ongoing research in geography, diaspora studies and beyond, which stresses the need to examine and tensions and disunities within diasporic 'communities' through a focus on the materialities and emotionalities of diasporic lives and identities. The paper stresses that although more fluid and in-between diasporic identity negotiations are important, it is also necessary to examine the ways in which those in diaspora attempt to 'hold onto' times and spaces of homeland national identity in order to perform more static, bounded and inflexible notions of diasporic identity. The paper uses the example of language to demonstrate how tensions over the role and importance of homeland language in diaspora reveal different imaginations and emotions around what it means to be, feel and belong in diaspora. The paper contributes to debates over the roots and routes of diaspora, as well as the need for boundary (re)making. In doing so, it stresses the need for geographical research on diaspora, and the important role that geographers can play in critical interpretations of the lives and identities of those in diaspora, 'on the move', within and across borders. It therefore adds to ongoing geographical debates about the need to envisage diasporas in flexible and inclusive ways, but also account for the ways in which nation-building and nationalism continue to form part of diasporic identity articulations.

I have been following lately the debate that has emerged in the Greek and International literature regarding the terms "sex" and "gender". Traditionally, the term sex refers to the assignment of gender at birth by the obstetrician or the midwife, based on the external genitalia. They declared the sex of the newly born baby as male or female, without any other graduation. Therefore, the term sex is a nonflexible categorical concept. It is quite difficult to comprehend the sense of "a little bit male" or "a little bit female", as it is not possible to comprehend the sense of "a little bit pregnant". At the preface of the DSM-5, the American Psychiatric Association presents its intention to propose the new dimensional classification of psychiatric symptoms, based on the rationale that the present categorical system does not apply to clinical and research needs.1 In that case, it would be difficult (if not impossible), to achieve the graduation of the term "sex", which refers to the biological definition. Therefore, in my opinion, there is a trend to bring back the term "gender", where a graduation is feasible, and dimensions can be applied. The term gender contains the social definition of reproductive behavior, which can be detached from the reproductive role per se. The term "gender" was recalled in 1955 by the well-known author J. Money, in order to indicate the social effect on the development of the behavior of "sex", and therefore he used at the beginning the term G-I/R, which refers to Gender Identity Role.2 The short term "gender", that derived from the abovementioned term, came up the recent years and was widely used, putting aside the clearly biologic, non-flexible term "sex".3 The term "gender" spread in the literature, especially when it was adopted by the women rights' movement (feminism), in order to highlight the "socially constructed" differences between the two sexes. The term "gender" has given ground to the proposal of several graduations of sexual behavior. Zucker et al at in a recent article report ten different gender behaviors such as agender, gender nonconforming, gender neutral, gender variant, gender queer, gender dysphoria, gender fluid, bigender, nonbinary, transgender.4 Several of these identities overlap considerably. In the Greek language, the use of the terms gender and sex (male, female) may lead to confusion, since they are attributed by the same term «φύλο». Additionally, the use of the term "gender" in Greek as «γένος» may also lead to misunderstandings and misconceptions, as it happened lately with the law regarding the name change in the identification card (ID) of people with gender dysphoria. Actually, the latter term refers to masculinity or femininity, as these are configured by the social background. In my opinion, in the Greek language it would be better to use the term "gender" referring to its social delineation, meaning "social sex", social sex identity. The term "gender dysphoria" could be attributed as «δυσφορία γένους», in order to distance itself from the dysphoria caused by dysplasias of genitalia which are refered to in the literature as "intersexual disorders" and could be referred to as "disorders of the development of genitalia".

The present application translates German financial terms to the Greek language aiming to maximize the translation quality. The demand for better translation increases the need for more MT systems; journalists or professionals in the banking sector require accurate translations. A novel statistical method of MT is presented, where we use a probability distribution over sentence pairs from a parallel corpus (German-Greek). Both the MT system and the parallel corpus were built from scratch. The present application combines parameters in a new way and estimates the probabilities that extract the best translation.

With the reinstatement of the parliament in 1908, the Ottoman state faced new challenges connected to citizenship. As a policy to finally make citizens equal in rights as well as duties, military conscription figured prominently in this new context. For the first time in Ottoman history, the empire's non-Muslims began to be drafted en masse. This article explores meanings of imperial citizenship and equality through the lens of debates over the conscription of Greek Ottomans, the largest non-Muslim population of the Ottoman Empire. In contrast to the widespread suggestion of the Turkish nationalist historiography on these matters, Greek Ottomans and other non-Muslim populations enthusiastically supported the military service in principle. But amidst this general agreement was a tremendous array of views on what conscription ought to look like in practice. The issue came to center on whether Greek Ottomans should have separate battalions in the army. All units would eventually come to be religiously integrated, but the conscription debates in the Ottoman parliament as well as in the Turkish and Greek language press reveal some of the crucial fissures of an empire as various actors were attempting to navigate between a unified citizenship and a diverse population.

The paper is an edition of unpublished four Greek documentary ostraca kept in Egyptian museum in Cairo and preserved among a large collection. It has been divided into two groups of ostraca located in the third floor of Egyptian Museum in Cairo D3East. The ostraca have been brought to the museum on January 25th, 1955 from the region of Thebes specifically from either Elephantine or Syene, as it is mentioned in some ostraca and as well as it is mentioned in this paper in 2nd ostracon, O. N°. 20b. The four ostraca have the same inventory number S.R.18953. The editor has numbered the two collections into a separate serial number to each group. They date back to: 1- The 23rd year, 21st of Pachon 2nd century BCE, mostly 19 June 158 BC, 2- the 30th year, the 22nd of Pharmouthi of the reign of Ptolemy IX Soter II May 3rd 87 BC, 3- Beginning of 2nd century AD and 4- 2nd century AD in sequence. The first document is O. N°. 6b and measures 11.9 cm in width x 12.9 cm in length. It is bilingual and consists of five complete lines four Greek and one Demotic that have been written on the recto convex, while the verso concave is blank. It is a Granary Receipt in which two tax-payer acknowledge that they have paid five and one-six artabas of wheat to a sitologos whose name is illegible. The document has some problematical reading in the proper name in the beginning of line 2 and the proper name in line 4. the second document is O. N°. 20b and measures 5.1 cm in width x 8.7 cm in length. It has preserved complete seven lines and the verso is blank. This document mentions clearly in line two that the place to which it belongs, i.e. Syene, modern Aswan. It is uncertain Treasury receipt? Where, almost all the parallels with the same or close formula are Treasury receipts. The hand is well-trained and the text is almost legible and clear except for the last word in line 6. In the text, Patapes declares that he paid an amount of money to an official whose name or title is not clear in the text, yet it mostly the banker of the village. The third is O. N°. 6a and measures 13 cm in width x 12 cm in length. This potsherd has preserved four complete lines on the recto, while the verso is blank. It is a short Decania List «groups of camel-drivers» which has the number «25» that probably was given to each group of the Decania. The fourth ostracon is O. N°. 20a and measures 9.2 cm in width x 6.5 cm in length. It has preserved three complete lines that have been written on the recto and the verso is blank. It is «A person Name!» it is unusual one person's name has been written in ostracon. There is couple of suggestions of the existence of this name: either because of the importance of this person, where he, his patronymic and grandfather’s name were mentioned, or he was a chief of decania «decanos». البحث عبارة عن ترجمة أربع قطع شقافات وثائقية مکتوبة باللغة اليونانية وهى محفوظة بالمتحف المصرى ضمن مجموعة کبيرة من الاوستراکا ، تم تقسيمها إلى مجموعتين رئيسيتين فى الطابق الثالث من متحف المصرى بالقاهرة D3East. الدور الثالث، د. شرق تم إحضار الشقافات إلى المتحف في 25 يناير 1955 من منطقة طيبة على وجه التحديد إما من جزيرة فيلة أو أسوان ، کما هو مذکور أحيانا في بعض الشقافات وکما هو مذکور في هذا البحث فى أوستراکا رقم 20ب. وقد نشرت هذه القطع الأربعة لأول مرة. وللاربع قطع نفس رقم الجرد 18935. قام الباحث بترقيم المجموعتين فى رقم تسلسلى منفصل لکل مجموعة. يعود تاريخ هذه القطع إلى: 1- السنة الثالثة والعشرون ، الحادى والعشرون من بشنس 19 يونيو 158 قبل الميلاد ، 2- السنة الثلاثين ، الثاني والعشرون من برمودة في ​​عهد بطليموس التاسع سوتير الثانى 3 مايو 87 قبل الميلاد ، 3- بداية القرن الثانى الميلادى و 4- القرن الثانى الميلادى على الترتيب. الوثيقة الأولى هي رقم 6ب ويبلغ عرضها 11.9 سم × 12.9 سم في الطول. وهي ثنائية اللغة وتتکون من خمسة أسطر کاملة أربعة يونانية وأخرى ديموطيقية تمت کتابتها على الوجه المحدب، في حين أن الظهر المقعر فارغ. وهو عبارة عن إيصال غلال يقر فيه اثنان من دافعى الضرائب بأنهم دفعوا خمسة وسدس أردبات من القمح إلى مسئول الغلال والذى اسمه غير مقروء. يحتوي المستند على بعض الإشکاليات في القرءة في اسم العلم في بداية السطر 2 واسم العلم فى السطر 4. الوثيقة الثانية هي رقم 20 ب ويبلغ عرضها 5.1 سم × 8.7 سم فى الطول. وقد احتفظت بسبعة أسطر کاملة في حين أن الظهر فارغ. تشير هذه الوثيقة بوضوح في السطر الثانى إلى أن المکان الذي تنتمى إليه هو مدينة أسوان. وهو عبارة عن ايصال خزانة غير مؤکد؟ حيث أن جميع الوثائق المشابهة تقريبا التي لها نفس الصيغة أو قريبة منها هى عبارة عن إيصالات الخزانة. الکاتب يبدو انه مدرب جيدا والنص تقريبا واضحا باستثناء الکلمة الأخيرة في السطر 6. في هذا النص ، يعلن باتابس أنه دفع مبلغا من المال لمسؤول اسمه أو وظيفته غير واضحة في النص، ومع ذلک فهو في الغالب المصرفى الخاص بالقرية. الوثيقة الثالثة هي رقم 6أ ويبلغ عرضها 13 سم × 12 سم طولا. احتفظت قطعة الفخار هذه بأربعة أسطر کاملة على والوجه ، في حين أن الظهر فارغ. وهي عبارة عن «مجموعة من سائقى الجمال» في قائمة «ديکانيا قصيرة"»التي تحمل الرقم «25» والتي ربما أعطيت لکل مجموعة من ديکانيا. الوثيقة الرابعة هي رقم 20 أ ويبلغ عرضها 9.2 سم × 6.5 سم طولا. لقد احتفظت بثلاثة أسطر کاملة مکتوبة على الوجه بينما الظهر فارغ. إنها «اسم شخص!» من غير المعتاد أنه تم کتابة اسم شخص واحد على قطعة من الشقافة. هناک عدد من الاقتراحات لوجود هذا الاسم بمفرده: إما بسبب أهمية هذا الشخص ، حيث تم ذکره واسم أبيه واسم جده ، أو أنه کان رئيسا لـمجموعة ديکانيا « ديکانوس».

The aim of this paper is to present an action research project focusing on refugee children’s integration to the formal Greek education system as it relates to their mothers’ Greek language learnin...

Resumo: Para estabelecer a relacao entre Grecia e sertao , neste artigo, dedico atencao especial as vocalizacoes dos cavalos, tanto na Iliada quanto na literatura ficcional de Joao Guimaraes Rosa, mas tambem nas notas que o autor fez da leitura da poesia epica grega e no diario que ele escreveu na Alemanha durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial. Pretendo, com isso, demonstrar, por um lado, a recepcao de um material antigo pela ficcao de Rosa, que e incorporado a sua propria tradicao literaria, forjando uma nova. Por outro lado, como nao posso afirmar (mas vou sugerir) que o autor brasileiro teria lido os verbos no idioma grego, veremos a capacidade que um “classico” apresenta de participar de nossa historia para alem de caminhos verificaveis. Palavras-chave: cavalos; guerra; Iliada ; Joao Guimaraes Rosa. Abstract: In order to establish the relationship between Greece and sertao , in this paper I devote special attention to the vocalizations by the horses both in the Iliad and in the fictional literature by Joao Guimaraes Rosa, but also in the notes the author made from his reading of the Greek epic poetry and in the diary he wrote in Germany during the Second World War. I aim to demonstrate, on the one hand, the reception of an ancient material by Rosa’s fiction, which is incorporated into its own literary tradition, forging a new one. On the other hand, because I cannot affirm (but I will suggest) that the Brazilian author would have read the verbs in Greek language, we will see the potential a “classic” presents to participate in our history beyond verifiable paths. Keywords: horses; war; Iliad ; Joao Guimaraes Rosa.

Voice loss constitutes a crucial disorder which is highly associated with social isolation. The use of multimodal information sources, such as, audiovisual information, is crucial since it can lead to the development of straightforward personalized word prediction models which can reproduce the patient’s original voice. In this work we designed a multimodal approach based on audiovisual information from patients before loss-of-voice to develop a system for automated lip-reading in the Greek language. Data pre-processing methods, such as, lip-segmentation and frame-level sampling techniques were used to enhance the quality of the imaging data. Audio information was incorporated in the model to automatically annotate sets of frames as words. Recurrent neural networks were trained on four different video recordings to develop a robust word prediction model. The model was able to correctly identify test words in different time frames with 95% accuracy. To our knowledge, this is the first word prediction model that is trained to recognize words from video recordings in the Greek language.

In the research on borderscapes, particularly in the Albanian-Greek borderland, explorations of identities and fluidity of socio-cultural boundaries play a key role. Based on several ethnographic interviews and participatory observation during short-term fieldwork in the Konitsa region of North-Western Greece, this study aims to explore the metalinguistic narratives of the local people coming from Albanian/Arvanitika-speaking families. We observe how Albanian and Greek language use is narrated across several generations of these families, shaping narratives of place-making and belonging. Drawing upon the theory of cultural intimacy, studies of linguistic ideologies, and discourse analysis, we examine the multiple controversies in our research participants’ metalinguistic narratives and indexical signs such as code-switching. Using an anthropological lens, we also trace how these people’s personal stories are affected by national discourses, and how the state’s discourses infiltrate local peoples’ metalinguistic narratives. As previous studies have shown, in a situation of heteroglossia, the low-prestige language is perceived “through the eyes” of the dominant language. Nonetheless, when subversive heteroglossiaoccurs, the dominant linguistic ideology is also internalized by the speakers, but it is deviated and reassessed in the attempt to build spaces of cultural intimacy.

Social Networking Sites (SNSs) number at least 3.81 billion users worldwide, while in Greece, 74.7% of internet users resort to SNSs. However, there is no instrument adapted to the Greek language that assesses addiction to SNSs. The Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale is a short 6-item questionnaire that assesses social media addiction. This study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Greek version of the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale. The sample consisted of 325 University students (mean age 21.6 years, SD=5.26). Confirmatory factor analysis was performed that supported the one-factor model. The reliability of the tool was tested with various indicators and was found to be satisfactory. The regression analysis identified gender, time of SNSs use, number of SNSs held by an individual and stress as statistically significant predictors of SNSs addiction. Positive correlations were found between SNSs addiction and stress, depression, anxiety and loneliness, while negative correlations were observed between SNSs addiction, self-esteem and age. Stress fully mediated the relationship between depression and SNSs addiction. The findings of the present study indicate that the Greek version of the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing SNSs addiction. The relationship between SNSs addiction and the biopsychosocial model was confirmed.

Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) have been utilized in the educational process, enriching and enhancing the traditional teaching methods. The purpose of the current study was to explore the potential of utilizing ICTs as an educational and therapeutic tool in preschool children with speech and language difficulties in the Greek language, as part of an individual or group-based intervention program. The intervention included the use of specific therapeutic tools whether paper-based or applications for each child or group. The improvement of phonological processes and the enrichment of vocabulary, and literacy after intervention were evaluated. The results revealed that ICTs could be used to improve phonological awareness and vocabulary for the specific group of children. This finding is very important especially in times of pandemic conditions such as that of Covid-19 whereas social distancing is needed.

Η μετάβαση της Διοίκησης Ολικής Ποιότητας (ΔΟΠ) από το επιχειρηματικό πεδίο στην εκπαίδευση ξεκίνησε το 1994 με σκοπό να ενισχύσει τον ανθρωποκεντρικό χαρακτήρα της εκπαίδευσης και να βελτιώσει την ποιότητα παροχής υπηρεσιών με τη συμμετοχή όλων όσων εμπλέκονται στο έργο της σχολικής κοινότητας με βάση τα χαρακτηριστικά της εκάστοτε χώρας. Η Κύπρος αναγνωρίζεται, ότι έχει αναπτυγμένη παιδεία και τα μεσογειακά κράτη παρακολουθούν και ακολουθούν το εκπαιδευτικό της σύστημα ως πρότυπο. Τα ποιοτικά χαρακτηριστικά της κυπριακής εκπαίδευσης είναι εύκολο να εντοπιστούν στις νέες νομοθετικές ρυθμίσεις και τα μέτρα που λαμβάνονται για να ενταχθεί η Κύπρος στο Ευρωπαϊκό Δίκτυο Διασφάλισης της Ποιότητας. Στον ευρύτερο ελλαδικό χώρο, ανασκόπηση της βιβλιογραφίας δείχνει, ότι δεν φαίνεται να έχει διεξαχθεί ακόμη μελέτη ανασκόπησης που να καταγράφει την εφαρμογή της ΔΟΠ στην Κύπρο η οποία παρουσιάζει κοινά στοιχεία με την Ελλάδα ως προς τη χρήση κοινής γλώσσας, αλλά διαφέρει κατά πολύ ως προς τη διάρθρωση του εκπαιδευτικού συστήματος που εφαρμόζεται. Σκοπός της διδακτορικής διατριβής ήταν να εξετάσει τον σχεδιασμό, την εφαρμογή και την αξιολόγηση της ΔΟΠ στην Α/θμια και Β/θμια εκπαίδευση της Κύπρου, προκειμένου η εργασία να αποτελέσει μία μελλοντική βάση αναφοράς όλων των εφαρμογών εκπαίδευσης της ΔΟΠ, παρέχοντας μια συνολική εικόνα. Πραγματοποιήθηκε μία συστηματική ανασκόπηση των άρθρων που αφορούσαν τον σχεδιασμό και την εφαρμογή της ΔΟΠ στην εκπαίδευση με τη χρησιμοποίηση ηλεκτρονικών βάσεων δεδομένων και αντίστοιχες λέξεις κλειδιά που περιλάμβαναν συνδυασμούς των εννοιών της εκπαίδευσης και της ΔΟΠ καθώς και των έξι παραγόντων που καθορίζουν την ποιότητα στην εκπαίδευση. Η επιλογή και αξιολόγηση αφορούσε δημοσιευμένα άρθρα γραμμένα μόνο στην αγγλική ή ελληνική γλώσσα, σχετικές διδακτορικές διατριβές και περιλήψεις σε συνέδρια των τελευταίων 20 χρόνων οδηγώντας σε συμπεράσματα και προτάσεις εφαρμογής της ΔΟΠ. Η Κύπρος, επικεντρώνεται πλέον στη συνολική αξιολόγηση για την εφαρμογή της ΔΟΠ με βάση την καινοτομία και τη βελτίωση της ποιότητας στην εκπαίδευση, τη διαφοροποιημένη και ‘εικονική’ διδασκαλία, τη δια βίου μάθηση, την ανάδειξη της διαφορετικότητας, την ένταξη των μαθητών με αναπηρίες και την πρόσληψη νέων εκπαιδευτικών που θα υλοποιήσουν την ολιστική προσέγγιση προώθησης της ποιότητας μέσα στα σχολεία.

Research on aesthetic descriptors of art in different languages is scarce. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the conceptual structure of aesthetic experiences of three forms of art (music, visual arts and literature) in the Greek language, which has not been explored so far. It was further aimed to study if biological and cognitive factors such as age and gender might produce differences in art appreciation. A total of 467 younger and older individuals from Greece were asked to generate verbal descriptors (adjectives) in free word-listing conditions in order to collect terms reflecting the aesthetics-related semantic field of art. The capacity of verbal memory was controlled by using a battery of neuropsychological tests. Analysis of generated adjectives’ frequency and salience revealed that ‘beautiful’ was the most prominent descriptor that was selected with a distinctive primacy for all three forms of arts. The primacy of ‘beautiful’ was significantly more pronounced for visual arts relative to music and literature. Although the aging-related decline of verbal capacity was similar for males and females, the primacy of ‘beautiful’ depended on age and gender by being more emphasized for young females than males, and for old males than females. Analysis of secondary descriptors and pairs of adjectives revealed that affective and hedonic experiences are essentially fixed in the semantic field of art reflection. It is concluded that although the concept of the aesthetics seems to be diversified and rich, a clear primacy of beauty is found for the Greek cultural environment and across different forms of art. The results also highlight the presence of complex influences of biological and cognitive factors on aesthetic art experiences.

A woman’s life can be theoretically divided into certain periods: children’s, adolescent, reproductive and ageing. The latter is also called menopause. Everything related to ageing is usually associated with negative expectations and a pessimistic disposition. But if it is remembered, the word «climax» comes from the Greek language, meaning «staircase». Thus, menopause presents a culmination of a «female career». Each period is marked by its physiological characteristics, and menopause is no exception. The completion of the reproductive system functioning is often accompanied by the formation of a number of estrogen-deficient conditions. The latest modern insights, ranging from hormonal substances to alternative compounds, can effectively solve the problems of menopause.

The study explored the inflectional morphological awareness of Greek-speaking children with dyslexia in grade 3. The sample consisted of 24 dyslexic children and 32 chronological age-matched typically developing readers. All participants completed two oral experimental tasks of inflectional morphological awareness (i.e., verb inflections and noun-adjective inflections). The noun-adjective inflection task assessed children's ability to produce the plural of articles, adjectives, and nouns in the context of a sentence. The verb inflection task required children to change the tense of the verb in a sentence. Furthermore, phonological awareness and oral receptive vocabulary were assessed. Greek-speaking children with dyslexia faced difficulties in both inflectional tasks and in receptive vocabulary. They appeared to have greater difficulty in elicitation of non-past tense from past tense. Binary logistic regression targeted at understanding whether dyslexia can be predicted based on phonological and non-phonological oral language skills revealed that phonological awareness had a significant effect on distinguishing dyslexics from typically developing readers. Overall, our findings lead us to suggest that in an alphabetic language with a shallow orthographic system and rich morphology, children with dyslexia appear to have impaired inflectional morphological awareness and impaired vocabulary in comparison to their peers. Moreover, these results suggest the significance of teaching morphological skills in improving reading skills. However, further research is needed to substantiate these findings.

Esta é uma entrevista realizada recentemente com o escritor e tradutor Donaldo Schüler. Ele é professor emérito em Língua e Literatura grega da UFRGS, além de ser poeta e ensaísta. Sua carreira como tradutor conta com traduções de tragédias gregas, a Odisséia de Homero e Finnegans Wake de James Joyce. Sua tradução da última obra de Joyce lhe rendeu o prêmio Jabuti em 2004. É principalmente sobre sua experiência como tradutor de Finnegans Wake, um dos livros mais desafiadores da literatura ocidental, que essa entrevista se propõe dedicar maior atenção.

In the process of scientific research, it has been established that the Greek education system remains a highly centralized system, since the main competences for educational policy and management are centralized under the responsibility of the Minister of Education, Research and Religion. The main directions of educational policy of Greece are analyzed. The most important questions about the organization and management of education in various branches and sciences in Greece are highlighted. The contents of vocational training, in particular pedagogical, and adult education in Greece are revealed. The Greek higher education system is purely state-owned and decentralized. It has been found that the purpose / employment of teachers is based solely on rating lists. Account is also taken of academic qualifications, social criteria and the actual preliminary pedagogical service. It is determined that the general requirements for the selection of persons to receive a pedagogical education are the citizenship of the Hellenic Republic; good knowledge of the Greek language; moral purity Accordingly, the specific requirements for the selection of persons to receive a pedagogical education are full secondary education; entrance exams. The prospect of further scientific research in this area may be the study of the organizational and pedagogical basis for the professional training of future teachers at the faculties of education of the universities of the Hellenic Republic.

The article deals with Nikos Kazantzakis’s creative style, and how, in what ways and to what extent the writer's style is adequately reflected in the translation. The factors that determine Kazandzakis' creative style are outlined, in particular a few key points from his biography, which has led to the development of a writer 's outlook and writing habits, without which it is difficult to ascertain the true meaning of translation. Based on the contrasting analysis of Nikos Kazantzakis's novel " Zorba the Greek" and his Georgian translation, we tried to find out how the translator adequately understands the nuances of the original ethnical consciousness, which is one of the characteristics of the Kazantzakis’s style and how properly the translator managed to translate them. Nikos Kazantzakis’s language is always interesting for researchers and it provides them with various material. The writer’s special approach to language is evident in all his works, except for the abundance of his native Cretan dialect, the writer abundantly uses his own fictional neologisms in his works, complicating the process of translator’s work. Ethno-linguistic specifics such as dialect expressions and neologisms clearly show the specifics of ethnical mentality. In order to understand ethnical consciousness and mentality properly and to translate it further, it is necessary to take realies and the background knowledge into account. In the present article we will try to analyze if the translator takes all of these components into account in order to obtain an adequate translation.

Various articles have been written about the hymns in the Revelation, focusing on their cultural background or their specific function within the narrative of the entire book. The present paper has the purpose of emphasizing the use of verbal tenses and moods in the poetic texts of the Apocalypse in order to demonstrate that the author uses grammar to communicate his theology and his world-view. John the seer, in fact, makes semantic changes to the Greek language, especially in using the present and aorist tenses in a proleptic and futuristic sense. This verbal function shows a Semitic influence on the Apocalypse and it offers an opportunity to describe the idea of “already and not yet”, typical of some eschatological realities. Even through the other tenses and moods, the Apocalypse expresses its own concepts linked with its theological plan. In this way, the poetic compositions of the Apocalypse appear as an integral part of the book and they serve to “sing” the main subjects that the author presents in his work.

The article is devoted to the evaluation of the activities of the Hellenic Cultural Center in Russia in recent years. The authors point out that the Center has become the center of the proliferation of the Greek language and culture inRussia. Annually the HCC hosts differentevents of the most diverse subjects, including the international level of cultural cooperation, which makes an invaluable contribution to the development of Russian-Greek relations and serves the high goal of strengthening the friendship between Russia and Greece.

The present didactic intervention aims to highlight the effective use of Electronic Text Corpora in the teaching approach of the Ancient Greek course. In particular, the teaching of a unit found in the school textbook of the 3rd grade of lower secondary school is examined at its vocabulary and semantic level, using the Digital Resources (http://www.greek-language.gr/digitalResources/) for the Greek language and the Portal for the Greek language (http://www.greek-language.gr/greekLang/index.html). Using Electronic Text Corpora, students take part in the learning process through a critical way by building an interactive and communicative learning environment. The dynamic use of ETC in the teaching process can constitute the bridge between traditional and new literacy in the Information Society and Communication. Article visualizations

This paper describes the GLAUx project (“the Greek Language Automated”), an ongoing effort to develop a large long-term diachronic corpus of Greek, covering sixteen centuries of literary and non-literary material annotated with NLP methods. After providing an overview of related corpus projects and discussing the general architecture of the corpus, it zooms in on a number of larger methodological issues in the design of historical corpora. These include the encoding of textual variants, handling extralinguistic variation and annotating linguistic ambiguity. Finally, the long- and short-term perspectives of this project are discussed.

The objective of this paper is six-fold. First, a brief review of the state of the art of the Greek NooJ Module is outlined, in which the need for specific primary lexicographical resources is pointed out. Second, a corpus compilation using the entire text databank of the Centre for the Greek Language is described. Third, a dictionary of simple nouns and an integrated inflectional grammar, which are the outcome of the linguistic analysis of the new Greek NooJ corpus, are presented, with an emphasis on the full alignment of the latter with the inflectional codification of the Dictionary of Standard Modern Greek. Fourth, the compilation of a manual comprising guidelines for inflectional grammar editors is presented. Fifth, the validity of the aforementioned work has been tested through the processing of unknown word forms from the corpus. Sixth, future work is proposed in terms of the educational employment of the Greek NooJ Module and its implementation.

This paper opens with the first reporting of the COVID-19 pandemic in China in late 2019/early2020 and closes with the importance of the Chinese language for access to Chinese knowledge and culture; it reviews the scale of the pandemic after 12 months compared to earlier pandemics at the advent of the Chinese New Year on12/2/221; it comments on recent very close Great Conjunction of planets that had in the past been thought to be a source of human illness, on the impact of medical science (and vaccination) in control or elimination of disease and human suffering, on the "explosion" of scientific method in the Enlightenment and on Halley's observation of "his" comet and the calculation of its periodicity using Newton's maths, on the interest of the Greeks, Romans and Norsemen in the night sky, on human endurance and isolation in the face of illness and in pandemic and in literature (modern and much older, touching on the Great Plague 1665 and Daniel Defoe); it moves to the use of Greek literature by Schliemann in discovering Troy and then Mycenae, and on his inspiration of Arthur Evans in the discovery of Knossos, on the use of tree rings (and ice cores) by Professor Bailee to discover historical catastrophe coinciding with the collapse of Troy (1159BC) (and possible coincidence with Biblical Exodus (1628BC), the dawn of the Dark Ages in Europe (540AD) and the collapse of Chinese dynasties), and on his use of Chinese literature (and Irish mythology) to seek to correlate historical tales with facts, and likewise with the possible link of catastrophe in 540AD with Beowulf (effectively a method akin to Schliemann's use historical literature, the Iliad to discover Troy); it addresses Professor Bailee's initial theory of the correlation of severe volcanic eruption (notably Santorini) but moreover close cometary pass (or impact) with catastrophe (and perhaps consequent social and economic collapse and illness); it touches on notable observations of Halley's comet (at the collapse of Troy, at the time of the Great Plague in London 1664 (incidentally at the Battle of Hastings 1066)), on the huge, important catalogue of observations by the Chinese of the night sky going back 2,000 years or more (including 30 observations of Halley's comet); it touches lightly on other possible real effects of conjunctions (tidal effect at the time of Titanic), and throughout on the importance of language and books in the storing and transmission of knowledge and culture; it then looks at the spread of English as the global lingua franca (from 1945), on events and change in the English language at the time key literature (540AD Beowulf, 1175AD in Malory's Morte d/Artur (at the time of murder to Thomas A Beckett at Canterbury), in the Pardoner's Tale in Chaucer's Canterbury Tales (and Chaucer's experience of pandemic in the Black Death (14th Century)), overall on books to read and knowledge to absorb whilst in COVID-19 lock down (inc references to the City of London where Chaucer lived for a time (in the Aldgate), where Pepys lived (Seething lane), where Pepys had observed the Great Plague and cometary pass, where Daniel Defoe describes the Great Plague and refers to comet, and close by where Dickens had observed the great maritime and business world (Dombey & Sons in 1846). Throughout the paper there are references to books to read in pandemic and lockdown for the power of the language (Moby Dick), for the extraordinary skill of brevity (the Old Man and the Sea), for the seminal description of modern plague (Camus, La Peste), for the magical quality of the tale (le Petit Prince, with its curious solar theme and 50 translation into Chinese), for the remarkable tale of Longitude (Dava Sobel), the link to the planets and the stars and the impact of Harrisons' clock's. It concludes with a light observation on the importance and durability of knowledge and ideas and the importance of learning Chinese, with a small comparison of the huge impact of ideas from the Greek classical world and its accessibility in the Greek language. A full set of references is provided.

The notion of ethics comes from the Greek language, from the noun “ethos”, which has the meaning of “character or habit, custom”. According to Craciun (2004), business ethics is a current that originates in the North American society and in Romania, this area becomes of interest with the transition to a democratic, capitalist society.

The semistructured Schedule of Clinical Interview for Personality Disorders (SCID-II) is a useful tool for measuring personality disorders according to DSM criteria. Personality traits and their assessment are culturally sensitive. Because of this, it is important for clinicians and researchers to have a clearer view of the performance of such instruments in their own culture. Despite the fact that the SCID-II interview has been translated to the Greek language, the psychometric properties of this version have yet to be tested. To address this need, we conducted this study to assess the validity and reliability of the SCID-II interview in its DSM-III-R version in the Greek population. A total of 32 patients, 13 men and 19 women, were involved in this study. Sixteen patients were interviewed three times by three different interviewers. The first two interviewers used the Greek version of the SCID-II, and the third interviewer used the International Personality Disorder Examination (IPDE), which was used as the gold standard. Of the remaining 16 patients, 14 were interviewed with the SCID-II by two interviewers, and 2 were unable to complete the interview and were excluded from the study. A total of 69 interviews were performed. The internal consistency of the interview was acceptable, with a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.623. The SCID-II also demonstrated good reliability. Cohen's Kappa score ranged between 0.375 for histrionic disorder and 1.000 for defeatism and antisocial personality disorder. Pearson's correlation coefficient was also very strong for both the individual criteria score and the overall diagnosis between the interviewers. There was an exception for the not otherwise specified personality disorder, where there was no agreement in any of the reliability measures between the interviewers. The interview validity was high when measured against the gold standard. The specificity of the SCID-II ranged from 79-100%, with the expectation of not otherwise specified personality disorder being 66%. The overall sensitivity was moderate and ranged from 0-100%. The Greek version of the SCID-II is a reliable, valid and easy-to-use instrument that can be adopted by various mental health professionals for clinical as well as research purposes.

OBJECTIVES: The present study investigated how children with cochlear implants (CIs), with optimal exposure to oral language, perform on sonority-related novel word learning tasks. By optimal oral language exposure, we refer to bilateral cochlear implantation below the age of 2 years. Sonority is the relative perceptual prominence/loudness of speech sounds of the same length, stress, and pitch. The present study is guided by a previous study that investigated the sonority-related novel word learning ability of a group of children with CIs, in the Greek language, of which the majority were implanted beyond the age of 2 unilaterally. DESIGN: A case-control study with 15 Dutch-speaking participants in each of the three groups, i.e., children with CIs, normal-hearing children (NHC), and normal-hearing adults, was conducted using a sonority-related novel "CVC" word learning task. All children with CIs are implanted before the age of 2 years with preimplant hearing aids. Thirteen out of the 15 children had bilateral CIs. The CVC words were constructed according to four sonority conditions, where N is nonsonorous and S is a sonorous phoneme: NSN, NSS, SSN, and SSS. Outcome measures were accuracy and reaction times (RTs). In addition, the Peabody picture vocabulary test and the digit span forward test were administered to the children. RESULTS: There were no statistical differences in accuracy or RTs between the children groups on the overall score and across the different conditions. However, children with CIs, unlike NHC, scored statistically less accurately and with longer RTs relative to normal-hearing adults, on the overall task. Within-group comparisons showed that none of the groups performed statistically differently on any of the conditions. The NHC showed higher receptive vocabulary scores relative to children with CIs. In addition, the group of children with CIs entailed a statistically significantly higher number of children with "weak" short-term memory. CONCLUSIONS: Children with CIs who have optimal oral language exposure showed age-appropriate sonority-related novel word learning abilities and strategies relative to their NH peers. However, children with CIs continue to show lower receptive vocabulary scores than NHC, despite the equivalent novel word learning ability. This suggests that children with CIs may have difficulties in retaining newly learned words. Future work should look into possible causes of the gap in performance. This would eventually aid in rehabilitation tailored to the needs of the individual. ispartof: Ear And Hearing vol:41 issue:6 pages:1715-1731 ispartof: location:United States status: published

Background MNREAD is an advanced near-vision acuity chart that has already been translated and validated in Greek language. Considering that no validated Greek digital near-vision test exists, our primary objective was to develop and validate a digital near-vision reading test based on the fundamental properties of the Greek printed MNREAD (MNREAD-GR). Methods This is a prospective, comparative study. A digital near-vision chart was developed (Democritus Digital Acuity Reading Test – DDART) with text size calibration, audio recording for automatic reading timing, as well as automatic calculation of reading acuity (RA), maximum reading speed (MRS), critical print size (CPS) and reading accessibility index (ACC). Normal and low vision subjects participated in the validation process, responding to MNREAD-GR and DDART at the same day, at a 40 cm viewing distance. Differences in all parameters between the charts were compared with t-test and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). Within 15 days, all participants responded again to DDART in a different set of sentences to assess its test-retest reliability. Results One hundred patients (normal vision group - NVG: 70 patients; low vision group - LVG: 30 patients) responded to both reading tests. Non-significant differences were detected for all parameters between DDART and MNREAD-GR except for MRS and ACC that were significantly higher in MNREAD-GR in NVG (p Conclusions The proposed reading test presented comparable validity and repeatability to MNREAD-GR suggesting that it can be used both in normal and low vision Greek patients. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04242836. Registered 24 January 2020 – Retrospectively registered.

The meanings of words change over time, reflecting changes in language and society (political, economic or cultural). This study focuses on the more recent form of modern Greek, i.e. Demotic, also known as Dimotiki, aiming to trace semantic shifts of Greek words between consecutive time periods. We develop a systematic framework that gathers free online Greek digitized literature books and analyzes them using natural language processing tools to learn representations of human language. Then, we conduct an experimental analysis to evaluate the quality of our trained models as well as their ability to detect semantic shifts. We present representative results of actual semantic shifts in Greek words in the period 1980 to 2020.

The quality of linguistic resources determines the robustness and efficiency of language processing models to a great extent. This is especially evident with less represented languages, where dataset availability is scarce, preventing the development of state-of-the-art natural language processing algorithms. In this paper, we attempt to partially remedy the situation for the Greek language by introducing a dataset focused on named entity recognition (NER), coined as elNER. Motivated by CoNLL-2003 and OntoNotes 5 datasets in English, two versions of elNER are described, namely elNER-4 and elNER-18, respectively. Current state-of-the-art NER models are trained on these datasets. The performance metrics disclosed here are comparable to those achieved by the respective approaches in English.

The paper focuses on a strange variant of the se vivo expression which can be found mostly in Moesia Inferior: the vivo suo fecit formula. It appears only in twelve inscriptions, but that makes up one third of all the occurrences of the se vivo fecit expression in this region. How can we account for this formula, which cannot be explained by the classical Latin grammar? This intriguing form has attracted the attention of Giovanbattista Galdi, who in 2002 dedicated a paper to the possible origin of the formula. In this paper, he claims that the vivo suo form is the result of the interconnection of the Latin and Greek languages in Moesia Inferior, since the expression usually occurs in areas populated by Greeks. Galdi attributes the emergence of the formula to the fact that the Greek language does not have a possessive pronoun (like the Latin suus), but uses the genitive case of the reflexive pronoun (ἑαυτοῦ) to express the possessive relation. According to this theory the bilingual environment in Moesia Inferior, and more specifically the aforementioned Greek structure caused a confusion in Latin in the use of the possessive pronoun (suus) and the reflexive pronoun (se). The aim of my paper is to examine Galdi’s argument and to point out the problematic elements of this theory.

This article presents data collected during a web-based survey on expressions used to describe thermal sensation and comfort in the Greek language. The survey used a structured questionnaire and delivered through Google Forms. The survey was promoted through social networks and conducted in spring 2019. The data presented herein comprise of the participants’ responses to the questionnaire. A total of 359 questionnaires were completed. The participants were Greek speakers, older than 12, with at least a basic knowledge of the English language. The participants were asked to: (a) select the most appropriate translation, from English to Greek, of the nine-point ISO 10551 scale of perceptual judgment on personal thermal state, (b) formulate five, seven and nine-point thermal sensation scales, (c) report the category of the thermal sensation scale that signifies thermal comfort and (d) to assess the relative distances between the thermal sensation categories of the five, seven and nine-point thermal sensation scales. For the translation of the ISO 10551, the respondents were allowed to choose from a list of 30 Greek wordings. The data have been analysed in the research article entitled “Native influences on the construction of thermal sensation scales” [1] .

A close examination of the lists of planetary exaltations given by two of the earliest known Sanskrit authors on horoscopic astrology – Mīnarāja and Sphujidhvaja – solves the confusion surrounding Mīnarāja’s idiosyncratic assignment of degrees and suggests that both authors, and indeed all later Indian astrological literature, depended for this doctrine on a single, Greek-language source.

This study investigated working memory skills in a small group of 13 nine-year-old Greek children facing reading difficulties and a group of 14 age matched typical Greek readers. The children were assessed on working memory tasks measuring separately the four components of the working memory model of Baddeley and Hitch (1974) as revised by Baddeley (2000): the phonological loop, visuo-spatial sketchpad, episodic buffer and central executive. Both groups completed tests of accuracy of reading, speed of reading and text understanding. The children with reading difficulties performed significantly more poorly than typical readers on all aspects of working memory apart from visual-spatial short-term memory. These results indicate a similar verbal working memory impairment in Greek children with reading difficulties as in their English peers, despite the fact that they are learning to read a language with a transparent rather than an opaque orthography.

3D printing technology is an established industrial practice for rapid prototyping and manufacturing across a range of products, components and commercial sectors and at the same time possesses great potential for every-day life applications to be invented, explored and developed by the coming generations of scientists and engineers. A 3D printer installed in a school setting and complemented by well-designed educational activities can: stimulate the interest and curiosity of students; engage and motivate them into studying science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) subjects, that they may choose or consider as career options; give the opportunity to teachers to achieve content and concept learning in an innovative way. In this paper we present an interdisciplinary science course that was developed for high school students and was implemented in an actual science classroom. The objectives of the course were both to spark the interest and creativity of students and teach them certain curriculum units the content knowledge of which is reached or utilized in an unconventional way. Students are gradually introduced into the 3D printing technology, its application and potential and are assigned a challenging collaborative project in which they have to study, analyse, design and build, using the 3D printer of their school, an operational model of a renown ancient artefact, the so-called Antikythera Mechanism. The mechanism is a 2100-year-old computer and is internationally known as an artefact of unprecedented human ingenuity and scientific, historic and symbolic value. The course involves the teaching of STEM curriculum domains of physics, astronomy, mathematics/geometry, informatics and technology related content and also non-STEM subjects like history and Greek language, both ancient and modern. We give an overview of the course, discuss its various phases and highlight its outcomes.

In September 2017, Odyssey Charter School (OCS) introduced an innovative English-Greek dual language immersion (DLI) program; the implementation began in kindergarten and will expand one grade every year. Immersion students are expected to follow the same standards-based curriculum as non-immersion students. To this aim, an integrated English and Greek language and math curriculum was designed. The aim of this chapter is to present the rationale of its design as well as its theoretical principles. The curriculum was based on the Common Core State Standards and the World-Readiness Standards for Learning Languages, as these have been aligned by the American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages. An important innovation introduced in the particular curriculum is its exclusive focus on kindergarteners’ oral skills; this is expected to allow them time to familiarize themselves with the phonological features of the Greek language but also to build some lexical knowledge and basic communication skills before the introduction of literacy.

The present application translates German financial terms to the Greek language aiming to maximize the translation quality. The demand for better translation increases the need for more MT systems, journalists or professionals in the banking sector require accurate translations. A novel statistical method of MT is presented, where we use a probability distribution over sentence pairs from a parallel corpus (German-Greek). Both the MT System and the parallel corpus was built from scratch. The present application combines parameters in a new way and estimates the probabilities that extract the best translation.

Sentiment Analysis is a computational method aiming to extract opinions/evaluations of individuals for an entity such as a product, a service etc. In social media networks and other online sources, as for example the food websites, sentiment analysis is able to identify all possible terms, such as simple words, combinations of words, or phrases (pre-processing stage) that can be used to express the feelings of a user for a specific entity. Then, by considering the characteristics of these media, such as time sensitivity, text size limitation and unstructured expressions, converts them giving a positive or negative significance. For the analysis, a set of linguistic, statistical and machine learning techniques are usually considered to structure the information contained in text sources. The main purpose of this paper is twofold. First is to provide a literature review of the sentiment analysis techniques and second is to design a sentiment lexicon as a preliminary step to further analyze the customers’ reviews of some leading companies in the Greek Food and Beverage industry as they uploaded in the most common Opinion Social Networks in Greece (fb). Existing research has focused mainly on the recognition on English characters, while to our knowledge, limited research papers have been published so far concerning the Greek language, concentrating mainly on the banking and financial sector, neglecting contributions on food industry. Note that since significant portion of online text-based Greek communications ignore the rules of spelling and grammar the study takes into account this trend and improves the calculation of a sentiment score accordingly. As appears, the findings are expected to contribute in the design issues of a sentiment lexicon particularly devoted to the Greek food and beverage industry and to be used for further analysis.

Greece and the Greek diaspora represent very dynamic contexts for language diversity in society and education. In a relatively short period of time, Greek society has been transformed by ongoing emigration and immigration waves to and from Greece. Currently, various culturally and linguistically diverse groups, such as immigrants, repatriates, Muslims, Roma and refugees constitute dynamic research fields and at the same time significant educational challenges. In the last decades, there has been an accumulated expertise in regard to these groups (mainly in reference to the Greek language) which remains to be discovered by an international audience.

This chapter aims to show how the concept of the soul gradually emerged in the Greek language as popular knowledge of human nature. It demonstrates that the body and the spirit, and their relationship to the world, have constantly been a subject of reflection. The pre-Socratics elevated this reflection to an abstract level. But it was with Aristotle that the more popular understanding of the soul changed and gained specific philosophical content. This takes place when Aristotle shows how the soul can be the source of true knowledge. Hence, it is a basic claim and premise for this study that Aristotle has this clear purpose for writing his dissertation on the soul. There are two main arguments for this premise. He begins his dissertation by rejecting the pre-Socratics’ perceptions of the soul. Also, in his introduction, he states that the purpose of his dissertation is to find the source of true knowledge. The latter assumption makes this dissertation a philosophical project.