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The goal of this study paper is to look out for “Bilateral trade and labor migration in Pakistan a gravity estimation model. Trade among two states is known as bilateral trade. This paper analyzes the trade among Pakistan and 11 partners’ countries. Pakistan and 11 partners countries export and import goods for trade. Pakistan and partner countries sign different agreements for trade and the free trade agreement is one of the best agreements. For this research paper, we take the data from 2004-2019 in form of panel annual data for different countries taken from different sources these variables are used for this study Trade, gross domestics product distance, capital endowment , population scale , land endowment and relative importance of trade . Trade is a dependent variable GDP_dis, Cap_end, Pop_scal, Land_end, and RIMT are independent variables. Panel ARDL technique used for the estimation of results.

The objective of this research is to examine the monetary policy's impact on economic growth. Variables of study are Gross domestic product, Inflation, rate of interest, Exchange rate, Money supply, Investment, and Consumer Price Index and time series data is collected from. Gross domestic product is a dependent variable and all other variables are independent and have a great effect on the explanatory variable. In this study, the Augmented dicky fuller test is used to check out the stationarity of our selected variables and after that autoregressive distributed lag model co-integration technique is applied to estimate the parameters of the model. The result shows that inflation, interest rate, and consumer price index show a negative impact on gross domestic product. While other variables such as exchange rate, money supply, and investment show a positive impact on GDP. The study recommended that the desired level of output and employment can be attained by adopting sufficient strategies that reduce inflation in the economy.

The current estimation is involved to regulate the efficiency analysis between Islamic banking and conventional banking by reference to GDP growth, total reserve as dependent variables, and total assets, total deposits, total investment, and total liabilities as autonomous variables. Time series data is collected from 1990 to 2019, Islamic banking has increased facts and lending in Pakistan. Most people believe in Islamic banking philosophy as it is Islamic shariah based with full reserves, total assets, total deposits, total investment, and total liabilities, Considered the descriptive variables independent variable in which the coefficient of the total assets, the total deposit had a highly significant impact on GDP growth rate. Pakistan had a dynamic role regarding the banking sector when assets of the banking sector increases and GDP Growth also increased in Pakistan. Autoregressive lagged estimation model and economic effectiveness on the supply side and Islamic banking relationship in Pakistan, GDP growth is positive and significant.

This study investigates the impact of Exchange Rate (Rupees Vs US $) and oil prices (Pak. Petroleum) and on the inflation rate in Pakistan by applying the Co-Integration technique to the monthly data for all the three series ranging from January 2004 to January 2019. Unit root testing results provide strong statistical evidence for each of the series to be non-stationary at the level and stationary at first difference. Co-integration testing results confirm the existence of Cointegration among the selected time series. Moreover, the empirical results of the regression of inflation on the exchange rate and oil price also lead to conclude that both the series have a strong statistical significant impact on inflation in Pakistan.

In economic policy, construction Inflation is a core variable to be considered that determines the economic activity. To make a suitable monetary policy, it is very essential to check the price level and later on, many other variables are considered to achieve the goal. This study aims to reveal the affiliation of inflation on the growth of economic activities in Pakistan. Time series data set for the period 1989-2020 was used to have the empirical estimates. Augmented Dickey Fuller Unit Root Test is employed to check the unit root of the time series and Auto Regressive Distributive Lag techniques are used for empirical estimates. The present research uses Inflation as a dependent variable and Gross Domestic Product, Interest Rate, Money Supply, and Exchange Rate as the explanatory variables of the study. The findings of this analysis reveal that there's an antagonistic relation between Inflation and GDP.

This study intended to explore the linkage between education, poverty rates, and economic growth in Pakistan. Data for various variables have been collected from 1973 to 2017. After establishing the stationary process by utilizing the Augmented Dickey-Fuller Test the research used the (ARDL) Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag methodology to estimate the empirical relationships. This study took GDP as a dependent variable whereas independent variables are literacy, health, inflation, headcount ratio, export. The result concluded that Inflation and poverty are the determinants to hinder economic growth while Health, Exports, and literacy are statically significant and have a positive impact on economic growth. It is suggested that a keen focus should put to enhance the educational and health facilities so that higher growth can be achieved. Anti-poverty policies must be made that make them more productive so this will lead to the growth process.

This research paper is an attempt to analyze the effect of rupee depreciation on total tax col-lection and on types of tax collection. This study employed ARDL methodology on empirical data of Pakistan for the period of 1990 to 2018 and found that depreciation of Pak rupee negatively affects overall tax collection both in short term and long term. Its effect is particularly detrimental in case of income tax and custom duty. In case of income tax it deteriorates tax collection by reducing real income of persons and businesses and in case of customs it reduces tax collection by making imports costly. It is also found that depreciation of currency negatively effects tax collection from agriculture, industry, services and imports whereas it positively effects tax collection from consumption, CPI, remittances and interest rates.

Economic growth is not a new phenomenon; empiric is filled with studies from the preceding two centuries that examined growth. The new thing in this analysis is that this study considers growth determinants for south Asian economies. The reason behind this selection is that most of the studies didn’t consider a combined analysis of these states. In this regard, this paper has examined seven explanatory variables that are unemployment, Access to electricity, domestic credit to the private sector, foreign direct investment, inflation, and total debt while gross domestic product as a dependent variable has been examined. To prove these determinants' role statistically, PMG/ARDL (Pooled Mean Group Auto-Regressive Distributed Lagged Model) test has been utilized. Estimates provoked a statistically significant role of these determinates in economic growth determination.

This study is related to recognize the effect of inflation on economic growth in the case of Pakistan. Inflation is a state when the general price level moves to increase. A large number of people say that if unnecessary money pursues meager goods this state is called inflation. This analysis is comprised of data from 1981 to 2014. Selected variables are Gross Domestic Product growth rate, Inflation, Child labor force, Unemployment, and Gross fixed capital formation. The inflation will work only if the rising price process prevails in the country and increases in wages, devaluation of the currency, an increase in oil prices, and an increase in indirect taxes. This finding fails to provide credibility in the direction of observation that developing countries are confronting a persistent decline in the gross domestic product due to the devaluation of the currency. ARDL technique and unit root test are used to find stationary. There is no single solution to the conflict. So, the Government should accept those measures such as monetary and non-monetary to fight it. These measures can be classified as under monetary measures, Fiscal measures and General measures. Credit rationing put to get a better gross domestic product. Policy commands that Pakistan should adopt an energetic plan for encouraging gross domestic product utilizing exceeding channels.

This study examined the impact of monetary policy on unemployment in Pakistan. The time-series data for 1977 to 2019 was taken and the ARDL technique is used for estimation. Unemployment was used as a dependent variable along with other control variables while the money supply was the core independent variable of the research. It was concluded that money related arrangement not just contributes to observing past patterns and additionally future projections of superficial factors of real factors also. The outcomes show that there is a critical and negative connection between spending Deficit and unemployment. The gross domestic product development rate is decidedly identified with unemployment. Populace development rate is adversely identified with unemployment. The consumer price index is contrarily identified with unemployment.

Purpose: The research aims to build a suitable model for the conditional mean and conditional variance for forecasting the rate of inflation in Pakistan by summarizing the properties of the series and characterizing its salient features. Design/Methodology/Approach: For this purpose, Pakistan’s Inflation Rate is based upon the Consumer Price Index (CPI), ranging from January 1962 to December 2019 has been analyzed. Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) test that was used for testing the stationarity of the series. The ARIMA modeling technique is a conditional mean and GARCH model for conditional variance. Models are selected on AIC and BIC model selection criteria. The estimating and forecasting ability of three ARIMA models with the GARCH (2,2) model has been compared to capture the possible nonlinearity present in the data. To depict the possible asymmetric effect in the conditional variance, two asymmetric GARCH models, EGARCH and TGARCH models have been applied. Findings: Based on statistical loss functions, GARCH (2,2) model is the best variance model for this series. The empirical results reveal that the performance of model-2 is best for all the three variance models. However, the GARCH model is the best as the variance model for this series. This shows that the asymmetric effect invariance is not so important for the rate of inflation in Pakistan. Implications/Originality/Value: The current study was based on the least considered variables and the pioneer in testing the complex relationship through the ARIMA model with GARCH innovation.

This study reported the returns to Human Capital in Pakistan. The main purpose of this study is to estimate the returns to human capital. In Pakistan, the level of output is dependent on manpower. Human Capital is a significant contributor in the way to betterment in the economic condition. In this study, time series data is used, and co-integration is applied for the empirical estimation. Gross Domestic Product (GDP), education, mortality, enrolment, unemployment, and age are the core variables of the research. Education has a positive impact on productivity. An increase in education level raises the female labor force participation in Pakistan. The presence of children decreases the early age participation in the labor market. The result shows that when the education level is increased, it boosts the economic activity, and the female labor force participation is the main reason that is increasing its likelihood. It is recommended that government should provide better facilities of education to enhance the female force participation in the labor market in the case of developing countries, by providing the best grades and tasks to the human beings both male and female, thus the level of returns by human capital utilization may increase.

English as an additional language is inevitable in the Saudi Arabian education system. This study is an analysis of some of the causes of English learning problems. The goals of the study were to find out the root cause of the problems in learning English; to find out if there was a significant difference in the causes of the problems that students were comparing due to various attributive variables such as gender, location, habit of reading English daily newspapers, and a habit of listening to English news. The methodology for collecting information was a survey method. The sample consisted of 500 students with 307 boys and 193 girls. The data collected was analyzed. The result of this study showed that the environment was the main cause of learning English. Boys had more problems compared to girls. Another important finding was that rural students felt more problems than urban students.

Purpose: In developing countries foreign lending becomes a problem now a day instead of spend this lending for the development purposes. Ultimately this problem causes poverty in these countries where usage of foreign lending is not in proper ways. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of IMF and World Bank lending on poverty in Pakistan, India and Bhutan. In this study corruption, GDP, unemployment, secondary enrolment, and external debt are used as independent variables and poverty headcount ratio as dependent variable. Study finds out the relationship of corruption, unemployment and external debts with poverty and showing the positive relationship while secondary enrolment and GDP showing negative relation with poverty. Moreover study finds out that lending of IMF and WORLD BANK mostly causes poverty in these developing countries instead of reducing poverty because of corrupt government's weak policies for the distribution of loans. It is examined that the countries with strong policies and non-corrupt government can take full advantage of these lending for poverty reduction. But it is noticed that the countries which are the members of IMF structural adjustment programs are facing more poverty problems as compare to those countries which are not involved in these programs or even have less numbers of lending. Those countries are much better than the countries involve in structural adjustment programs.

This Empirical study Explores the Influence of trade openness and external debt on economic growth by using time series data from 1974 -2016. Gross domestic Product (GDP) as dependent variable while Foreign Direct Investment, Inflation, External debt, Capital formation and Trade as explanatory variable are used. Unit Root Test applies to check the stationary of data in which GDP & INF are integrate at level 1(0) while the channel of variables like FDI, T, ED, CF are integrate at 1stdifference. Auto-regressive distributed lagged model (ARDL) technique applies for estimation. The study finds out the relation between channels of variable that how these variables are interrelated. The findings indicate that External debt and capital formation has Inverse influence on Economic growth while Trade Openness, Inflation, foreign Direct Investment has positive impact on economic growth.

Remittances are considered as the cash inflows to the economy and are imperative international source of revenue for most of the less developed countries (LDCs). For data analysis, the Ordinary least square estimation technique was employed to the time series data for the years 1981 to 2010. This research comes with the conclusion that level of GDP is positively associated with the worker's remittances and the findings also support the optimistic view of remittances. It is suggested that govt. should take serious steps and proper measures to utilize the workers' remittances so, that the economy will be on the right track towards the development.

Rate of exchange is a significant monetary variable that control balance of trade. J curve theory explains that depreciation in domestic currency wills sure that foreign goods costly for the domestic persons and domestic goods are inexpensive for the other country. In this result, imports will reduce and exports will rises. Therefore, trade balance would be improved. This theory proved that J curve have no exist in Pakistan because imports of Pakistan contains a large numbers of necessities and this imports present no movement in exchange rate. Therefore, rate of exchange and balance of trade both have negative relationship. Debt and GDP have positive related with each other because Government of Pakistan takes the debt to promote the economic growth. This study opens new perspectives for the decision makers.

Objective: The aim of the study is to check the associated deformities due to of bike riding.Study Design: Observational study.Sample Size: 30 Participant meeting the inclusion criteria were enrolled.Sample population: Undergraduates of Ziauddin College of physical therapy and physiotherapist of Ziauddin hospital.Method: Every participant was asked to stand in a quiet room with air condition at 26 degree and proper lightening. We informed the participant about full procedure and distribute the consent form among all participants. Each participant attended an experiment on different stations to measure different deformities. Each session consisted for 15-20 minutes. Participant voluntarily responded the pre survey questionnaire before experiment. Afterward physical examination is done i.e. height and weights of participants are taken. During session scoliosis, kyphosis, bilateral shoulder shift and lumber lordosis are measured at each station and then participants are allowed to rest there for 5 minutes.Result: Result showed that there is a significant effect of having pain due to prolong riding and faulty posture.Conclusion: There was no significant effect on life style, type of bike use, duration of riding bike from years to years, estimated time of riding, localized pain, pain spread, numbness after riding, feeling pain in sitting or standing on cervical, thoracic, lumber spine, shoulder and neck.But there was a significant effect on cervical, lumber and thoracic spine in bike rider which having pain while riding, prolong riding time and faulty sitting posture.