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Ivan the Terrible's 1558 invasion of Livonia plunged the eastern Baltic into military crisis. The ensuing conflict has most often been examined in terms of competition between the burgeoning powers that, by 1561, had occupied and partitioned the territories of the Livonian Confederation. The present study instead explores the fiscal and military responses of the Livonians themselves. An institutional approach to the dissolution of Old Livonia is eschewed in favor of one that foregrounds shifting networks of regional power holders endeavoring to defend their interests against a messy backdrop of mercenary warfare, military enterprise, factional rivalry, personal ambition, ad hoc negotiation, and desperate expediency. The Livonian experience reveals much about the struggles of small European polities and regional elites faced with the escalating financial demands of warfare in an age of emerging states.

The liberal international order is a fragmented institutional complex, comprising often disparate elements. One of these is a distinctive institutional approach to the global organization of cultural difference. This approach combines universal Westphalian sovereignty (and the pluralist interstate order it facilitates) with international human rights norms that seek to protect the cultural freedoms of individuals. I term this institutional amalgam “global pluralism”. Like many elements of the liberal order, such pluralism is now under challenge, confronted by resurgent ethno-nationalism, politicized religion, and civilizational chauvinism. The key question is whether global pluralism has the adaptive capacities to withstand such challenges. This article develops a theoretical framework for comprehending these institutional capacities. Conceiving global pluralism as a “diversity regime,” I argue that such regimes always rest on social “recognition contracts,” and that these give them certain structural characteristics: configurations of political authority and modes of cultural recognition. Focusing on these characteristics, I compare global pluralism with past Western and non-Western diversity regimes, and clarify the adaptive strengths and weaknesses of different institutional forms. This contractual-structural analysis exposes the historical uniqueness of global pluralism but also its structural vulnerabilities. While global pluralism has distinct advantages over past diversity regimes—principally, that it does not itself generate unstable cultural cleavages and hierarchies—it requires complex forms of social contracting to sustain, and its individualist mode of recognition struggles to accommodate collectivist cultural claims. Such contracting is essential, however, if global pluralism is to withstand current challenges, all of which involve collectivist claims.

Subject. The article discusses the role of the controlling function of governance as part of the evaluation of State-financed institutions' performance. Objectives. The study substantiates institutional aspects of the concept Control with reference to State-financed institutions and the specifics of their finance. I also carry out the theoretical examination of the need in controlling their performance. Methods. The study involves general scientific methods. Drawing on the systems approach and logical generalization, I sorted prevailing views on the analyzable categories. The abstraction was applied to summarize the main conclusions. Results. Scholars still interpret financial control differently. Furthermore, regulatory documents, which are adopted by both the legislature and the government, are not consistent with the existing views on financial control. Some interim types of financial control may possibly be something else, which shall be further studied. In my opinion, any activities associated with financial flows shall be qualified as financial. Therefore, the respective control is financial. governmental budgetary control is subdivided into control over budgetary and extrabudgetary finance due the specifics of budgetary institutions' finance. As the performance of State-financed institutions is evaluated in terms of the efficiency of budgetary spending on governmental functions, control should pursue the evaluation of State-financed institutions' performance by source of finance. Conclusions and Relevance. Governmental financial control includes several interim types, including budgetary and extrabudgetary activities. The performance of State-financed institutions shall be monitored by the two aspects so as to evaluate whether budgetary funds are efficiently spent on governmental functions. The findings are designated for unfolding theoretical views on the control over State-financed institutions' performance as a crucial tool for administration. The findings can be used for scientific and practical purposes in accounting and control.

The subject of the study is theoretical, methodological and practical aspects of the formation, development and functioning of the accounting compliance system as an appropriate institution for ensuring the quality of enterprise accounting information. Methodology. The methodological basis of the study is general scientific and special methods of cognition. In the course of the study, the following methods were used: abstract-logical method was used for the cognition of the essence, approaches, clarification of the concept of “compliance”, “accounting compliance”; bibliographic method was used for the study and development of scientific works devoted to the definition of the essence of the term “compliance”; graphic method was used for the design of the described processes using logical block diagrams; system-structural analysis was used to improve the mechanism for the formation and implementation of the accounting compliance system as an institution for ensuring the quality of accounting information. The objective of the study is to consider the essence of the concept of “compliance”, “accounting compliance”, to establish and define the role of accounting compliance in ensuring the quality of accounting information, to substantiate methodological approaches and practical recommendations for its formation and implementation at the enterprise. Results. The study has established that the definition of “compliance” should include an institutional approach, i.e. “compliance” should be understood as an institution of the internal control and corporate ideology system, which, using a system of regulations and a set of control mechanisms, forms the company’s ability to comply with established norms, standards, rules and procedures; a means of propaganda aimed at promoting the requirements for compliance with internal regulatory documents and generally accepted social values of the enterprise; a set of measures aimed at identifying risks accompanying the activities of the enterprise and eliminating their adverse consequences. “Accounting Compliance” is an institution of the internal control and corporate ideology system of the enterprise, which with the help of a system of measures and a set of control mechanisms provides the ability to track, monitor, evaluate and comply with the requirements of regulatory documents, regulations, instructions in the accounting system. It must be necessarily aimed at identifying, reducing and eliminating the risks of distortion, misrepresentation and falsification of accounting information. It has been substantiated that the accounting compliance system, as an appropriate institution, should be formed in stages, based on a set of specially developed internal methods, rules and procedures. It has been proved that most of the actions of the compliance system are aimed at identifying, analysing and assessing risks in the accounting system, and a significant number of documents defining its normative content are closely related to the implementation of the risk management function. Practical implications. In order to ensure the identification of compliance risks in the company’s accounting system and determine their impact on the formation and quality of accounting information, the grouping of risks by type is presented. To implement the functions of accounting compliance, it was proposed to develop and approve a number of internal standards and regulations, which will guide the employees of the Compliance Department in their work. In order to ensure the quality of accounting information to users necessary for making effective management decisions, the organizational and economic mechanism of the accounting compliance system has been developed. Conclusion of the study. Thus, accounting compliance, as an institution for ensuring the quality of accounting information at an enterprise, should be focused on finding, identifying, assessing, analysing and taking measures to minimize compliance risks in the accounting system arising from non-compliance with established rules, standards and procedures for organization and maintenance of accounting. Substantiated methodological foundations and recommendations for the formation and implementation of accounting compliance will not only ensure the quality of accounting information, but also guarantee business purity, a high level of corporate culture. The latter will contribute to improving the efficiency of economic activities and sustainable development of the enterprise.

PurposeThis paper aims to examine how regulatory legitimacy and moral legitimacy influence biased performance evaluations on female chief executive officers’ (CEOs) dismissal.Design/methodology/approachThe final sample contains 10,780 firm-year observations from 2004 to 2013.FindingsThis paper finds that the negative relationship between firm performance and CEO dismissal is weakened when the firm has a female CEO. In addition, the regulatory legitimacy pressure and moral legitimacy pressure can disrupt the biased performance evaluations in the board.Originality/valueThis study enriches female leadership literature regarding gender stereotype issues by incorporating institutional approach and organizational legitimacy literature. By focusing on regulatory legitimacy and moral legitimacy, this work also helps to further understand gender-related organizational behaviors and outcomes.

The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the activity of various state bodies which by implementing the law and bylaws protect the rule of law, democracy and human rights, honesty and social justice, and how these bodies are influenced by factors of various aspects of corruption, such as incompatibility between holding public office and carrying out profitable activities for officials, restrictions on the acceptance of gifts related to the performance of official duties, supervision of their assets and persons in close contact with them. Although corruption is widely and publicly discussed, the clearest definition is that corruption constitutes an abuse of office for private gain (The World Bank Group, 1997). To analyze this phenomenon, we will analyze the data published by the Anti-Corruption Agency (ACA), the data published by the Kosovo Special Prosecution Office, the data published by the EU progress report on Kosovo, as well as the published data by the Courts. Data analysis concludes on descriptive statistics, tables, and graphs of criminal reports, processed cases, and court decisions. Given that, corruption is severely damaging the country, we believe that corruption is the main obstacle for Kosovo to move forward in the dialogue on visa liberalization and get a positive response regarding the Stabilization and Association Agreement (SAA) (Transparency International, n.d.). The study concludes that corruption is widespread in the main institutions of the country and its high presence in the judiciary is a very worrying issue. This paper is of great importance for policymakers, officials, scholars as to the processing, publication, and sanctioning will enable this phenomenon that has become a new way of governing to be stopped and the state to be built for society and to belong to society (Bekim, 2017).

This paper highlights how institution quality plays an important role in the financial development and economic growth nexus in six developing Arab countries. Several estimations were calculated using the generalized method of moments (GMM) covering the period from 1990 to 2016. The results for the selected countries show that the institutions’ quality is responsible for diffusion between financial and real spheres. Thus, the financial system needs good institutional quality presented by better socio-economic conditions, corruption control and a well-respected legal framework to accelerate economic growth.

The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada (RCPSC) has begun the transition to Competency by Design (CBD), a new curricular model for residency education that 'ensure[s] competence, but teaches for excellence'. By 2022, all Canadian specialty programs are anticipated to have completed the CBD cohort process which includes workshops facilitated by a Royal College Clinician Educator. Queen's University in Ontario, Canada, was granted approval by the RCPSC to embark upon an accelerated path to competency-based medical education (CBME) for all our postgraduate specialties. This accelerated path allowed us to take an institutional approach for CBME implementation and ensure that all specialities were part of a system-wide change. Our unique institution-wide approach to CBD is the first of its kind across Canada. From both a theoretical and practical perspective we undertook CBME using a systems approach that allowed us to build the foundations for CBME, implement the change, and plan for sustainability. This has created opportunities to bridge and connect the various programs involved in the implementation of CBME on Queen's campus. The systems approach was an essential part of our strategy to develop a community dedicated to ensuring a successful CBME implementation.

This paper examines the organization and role of the National Anti-corruption Commission as an anti-corruption institution in Cameroon and the extent to which it can successfully fight corruption. It was carried out by comparing it with other anti-corruption institutions. A qualitative research method was adopted to analyze the case in this study. This study holds that the Commission is not independent as it is directly responsible to the Head of State. It contends that its independence and the way of appointing its members should be reviewed to fight corruption. It should equally be decentralized and given Judicial Police powers.

Este trabalho se propõe a realizar uma interlocução entre a teoria e práxis de Nise da Silveira no que tange ao acolhimento institucional da psicose e as teorizações de Freud e Lacan quanto as possibilidades de estabilização frente à Verwerfung. Defendemos que Nise da Silveira, embora não fosse psicanalista, atuava em conformidade à ética psicanalítica ao assegurar ao psicótico a livre expressão.

Socio‐economic protests in South Africa are increasingly violent with citizens demanding their constitutionally guaranteed rights whilst ignoring the rule of law. The weakening of the rule of law holds serious implications for democracy in South Africa. This paper explores the rule of law, socio‐economic rights and violent protest in South Africa. The realisation of socio‐economic rights, the reasons for violent protest and the weakening of the rule of law are investigated. Two conventional methodologies for strengthening the rule of law, the institutional approach and the neocultural interventionist approach, are explored. This paper argues that violent citizen protest highlights the urgent need for reform to strengthen the rule of law in South Africa. Such reform can be found in the acknowledgment that the realisation of socio‐economic rights form part of the substantive components of the rule of law. This acknowledgment allows for an integrated and problem‐solving approach to the rule of law; focusing on problems experienced by end users of the law system. A problem‐solving approach to strengthening the rule of law allows the courts, legal scholars and legal practitioners to provide opportunities for communities to realise socio‐economic rights and thereby fulfilling the substantive components of the rule of law.

This paper titled Policy institutional approach to transport failure in Nigeria, Encapsulating the fundamental issue and challenges that initiated transport system failure in Nigeria, despite transport sectors having immense potentials to contribute to the growth and development of the national economy. This paper examines the challenges and failure of all forms of transport system in Nigeria with a view to digress from aged long theoretical and conceptual framework to a more practical approach, in order to reduce the existing transport problem. This has been done by looking at the institutional framework and policies from post independent till date. The author researched on the paper with dependence on primary data, secondary data, textbooks, reliable internet websites and operational case study since there is a scarcity of professional material in the subject area. At the end of the paper, the presenter proposed a number of recommendations among which is the involvement of trained transport professional intransportpolicies, training, and practice, cou- pled with frequent review and approval of transport policy papers to reflect social, economic and environmental challenges of the country. It is believed that this research will be useful for transport policy formulator, students, researchers and also stakeholders in transport practice.

El artículo analiza, desde el enfoque institucional, por qué era necesario hacer la reforma de la Constitución cubana, y los retos que debía tener presentes para garantizar la protección de los derechos de toda la sociedad cubana, así como la implementación de las principales transformaciones socioeconómicas realizadas por el gobierno cubano para garantizar la permanencia del sistema socialista cubano, y seguir reforzando las relaciones bilaterales con la UE. De hecho, con la firma y puesta en funcionamiento del primer Acuerdo de Diálogo Político y de Cooperación UE-Cuba del 2016, se puso en marcha un nuevo modelo político en la relación de la UE con Cuba. Por esta razón, en los tres apartados del artículo se demuestra cómo la reforma constitucional cubana respalda y brinda continuidad al proceso de modernización realizado en la estructura social, económica y política en Cuba, para garantizar la aplicación provisional del Acuerdo con la UE desde 2017 hasta 2019. From an institutional approach, the paper analyzes why it was necessary to reform the Constitution of Cuba, and the challenges that had to be taken into account to ensure the protection of rights of the Cuban people, as well as the implementation by the Government of Cuba of the main socio-economic transformations to guarantee the continuation of the Cuban socialist system and reinforce the bilateral rapport with the European Union (EU). In fact, the signature and implementation of the first EU-Cuba Political Dialogue and Cooperation Agreement, in 2016, prompted a new political model in the relationship between the EU and Cuba. For this reason, in the three sections of the paper, we prove how the reform of the Constitution of Cuba offers support and continuity to the process of modernization of the social, economic and political structure of Cuba, in order to ensure the provisional implementation of the Agreement with the EU from 2017 to 2019. Available from: https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-1109

This article discusses the role of mandements joyeux or joyful writs in the novel Rabelais ressuscité (1611) by the little-known French author Nicolas de Horry. The article first provides insight into the tradition and parodic nature of joyful writs. In a next step, the joyful writs in Horry’s text are identified, and the functions of these parodic passages in the narrative structure of the novel are analysed. Finally, the article demonstrates how an institutional approach to this Early Modern novel, concentrating on the identification of possible readers of the text, can contribute to a better understanding of the critical content of the joyful writs.

This article continues the discussion about the results and prospects of applying the institutional approach to the study of economic development, which was initiated by R. Kapeliushnikov (Voprosy Ekonomiki, 2019, No. 7—8). The focus is on the balance of interests and ideas in the light of economic growth, the question of the existence and protection of property rights in various social orders, taking into account the role of the state, the characteristics of institutions in the light of the problem of efficient resource usage, the refraction of the theory of social orders through the prism of objects left outside of the study by North, Wallis and Weingast, on the one hand, and Acemoglu and Robinson, on the other hand. An assessment of the adequacy of the conclusions regarding the pan-institutional nature of the North et al.’s approach is presented, as well as directions for the development of research in the context of a new institutional economic theory.

Since 2016 when the government of Uganda announced its intention to enact a policy about regulating religions and faith-based organizations, there have been contrasting responses from those this policy intends to regulate. The mainstream religious groups especially; the Moslem community, Anglican Church of Uganda, the Seventh-Day Adventist Church, Roman Catholic Church, Greek Orthodox church and generally all those that subscribe to the Inter-Religious Council of Uganda have welcomed the State's proposal. On the other hand, the proposal has met both stiff and liberal minded resistance from both the born-again churches and relatively newly founded religious faiths and groups. This is partly so due to the historical relationship between the State and Religious institutions which has been characterized by uncertainty at one time, and flowering at another. The contemptuous attitude of the born-again church towards the State’s proposed religious and faith based organisations policy (RFBOs) calls for renewed interest in analysing church-state relations in Uganda. Using the institutional approach, this paper analyses the historical relationship that has subsisted between the state and religious institutions in Uganda, over the years, showing how this influences reaction of religious institutions to a State's attempt to provide a regulatory framework over them. Key words: Born again, registration, regulation, religious policy, faith based organisations.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine considerations employed in decision-making processes by Israeli high school leaders, when implementing the “Courage to Change” reform. The reform gave schools large supplementary resources in the form of “weekly instruction time” and they decided how to exploit these additional hours.Design/methodology/approachQualitative analysis focused on data from interviews with staff from 19 high schools.FindingsThe research identified three types of consideration adopted by managerial staffs: “Hasty,” “Conservative” and “Path-breaking.” Findings contribute to theory concerning incremental decisions in schools concerning the allocation of resources, in line with the institutional approach, and also inform other schools coping with similar tasks.Originality/valueThe research is original both in its topic and context. Further conclusions and implications are discussed.

Purpose: to study the significance of small and medium enterprises for the functioning of the modern Russian transaction sector.Methods: the paper used General scientific research methods: analysis and synthesis, abstraction, generalization. The study used a comparative method and elements of economic analysis. The article also uses a graphical method of presenting information. The study was carried out on the basis of official statistical data provided by the Federal State Statistics Service of Russia.Results: to achieve this goal, the article solves the following tasks: 1) A review analysis of the current state of the domestic transaction sector based on the study of statistical data on the activities of Russian enterprises and organizations. This formed the basis for further research. 2) Analyzed indicators of small and medium enterprises in the transaction types of economic activity. This made it possible to identify their role in the functioning of the transaction sector. 3) Studied the statistical indicators of the financial condition of small and medium organizations of the transaction sector, which showed the problems of their activities.Conclusions and Relevance: currently, the transaction sector is a significant part of the domestic economy. This is evidenced by a General analysis of the statistical characteristics of the activities of Russian enterprises and organizations. At the same time, the majority of enterprises engaged in transactional activities have a private form of ownership. The study of the activities of small and medium enterprises showed that today more than half of them work in the transaction areas. In this regard, small and medium businesses can be considered an integral and very important part of the modern transaction sector. The flagship of the transactional activity in the business environment is small businesses. Their indicators significantly exceed the corresponding values of medium organizations. In addition, the main role of small enterprises is due to the immanent properties of small-scale companies. Nevertheless, the analysis of indicators of the financial condition of small and medium enterprises of transaction activities revealed their weak business and commercial efficiency, the presence of problems of solvency and financial stability. This threatens not only the viability of enterprises, but also the efficient functioning of the transactional sector. In this regard, there is a need to develop and conduct systemic activities aimed at supporting the development of Russian small and medium enterprises, as well as stimulating the development of the entire domestic transaction sector, consistent with the general strategy of economic development of Russia.

U radu se analizira koliko pripadnici različitih pravničkih profesija u Hrvatskoj i Srbiji imaju povjerenja u institucije pravosudnih sustava i koliko su zadovoljni funkcioniranjem njihovih važnih dijelova. U prvom dijelu rada predstavljaju se argumenti kulturalističkog i institucionalnog pristupa u objašnjenju temelja povjerenja u institucije, određuju se karakteristike “dobrog” pravosuđa u kontekstu koncepta demokratske vladavine prava i daje se društveni kontekst provedbe pravosudnih reformi u obje zemlje u posljednjih dvadesetak godina. U drugom, empirijskom dijelu rada daje se prikaz rezultata analize podataka prikupljenih online anketnim istraživanjem provedenim 2018. godine u Hrvatskoj i Srbiji. Rezultati u obje zemlje pokazuju i nisku razinu povjerenja u institucije pravosudnog sustava i duboko nezadovoljstvo općim stanjem u pravosuđu i funkcioniranjem njegovih važnih dijelova. Pokazujući povezanost između (ne)povjerenja u institucije i (ne)zadovoljstva njihovim radom, analiza ide u prilog pretpostavkama institucionalne perspektive. Zaključujemo da dobiveni rezultati ukazuju na “unutarnju” krizu povjerenja u pravosuđu u obje zemlje koja prati evidentnu “izvanjsku” krizu srpskog pravosuđa i latentne napetosti u i oko hrvatskog pravosuđa., In this paper we analyze attitudes of members of the legal professions in Croatia and Serbia with regards to the judicial systems – the trust in judicial institutions and satisfaction with their performance. In the first part of the paper we present arguments of the cultural and institutional approach to explaining the foundations of trust in institutions, then define the characteristics of a “good” judiciary in the context of the democratic rule of law, and present the socio-political context of judicial reform in both countries over the last twenty years. In the second, empirical part of the paper we analyze the data collected through the online survey conducted among members of the legal professions in 2018 in Croatia and Serbia. The results from both countries show a low level of trust in judiciary and deep dissatisfaction with the functioning of judiciary on a list of dimensions. Our analysis confirms the link between (dis)trust in institutions and (dis)satisfaction with their work and thus also the assumptions of the institutional perspective on trust. We conclude that the obtained results point to an “internal” crisis of trust in judiciary in both countries, which accompanies the evident “external” crisis of the Serbian judiciary and the latent tensions in and around the Croatian judiciary.

The article aims to illustrate and explore the rhetoric and institutional approach toward migrants – asylum seekers in particular – undertaken by Italy following the COVID-19 crisis. Through the account of the different “narrative phases” and the consequent institutional action undertaken, this article intends to demonstrate how the health crisis has sharpened and even intensified pre-existing attitudes and practices. The actions taken in the last year can be understood as a further step in the process of externalizing the borders. Through the instrumental use of rhetoric and illegitimate practices, a sort of de-territorialization has been implemented through the use of quarantine ships.

Courts and legislatures in Canada and around the world have struggled to respond effectively and efficiently to the challenges posed by the use of rapidly advancing and complex technologies. As a result, scholars have debated the appropriate role of each institution with respect to governing privacy in the digital age. This debate has provided foundational evidence upon which to develop a normative framework for governing digital privacy. Yet, the Canadian literature has only sparsely addressed the ability of Canadian legislatures to respond to the challenges presented by the use of digital technologies. This article begins to fill the gap in the literature by asking whether Parliament has been able to reply to the use of complex and rapidly advancing technologies in an efficient, coherent, and fair manner. I conclude that Parliament’s legislative framework for governing state intrusions into digital privacy has been patchwork and inconsistent. After comparing these findings to the literature on the relative institutional capacity of courts, I outline a general strategy for ensuring each institution tasked with governing digital privacy is working to its strengths, not its weaknesses., Les tribunaux et législatures au Canada et à travers le monde ont eu de la difficulté à répondre de manière efficace et efficiente aux défis posés par l’utilisation de technologies qui sont complexes et se développent rapidement. Par conséquent, les chercheurs ont débattu du rôle approprié de chaque institution dans l’encadrement de la protection de la vie privée à l’ère numérique. Ce débat a fourni des preuves fondamentales pour construire un cadre normatif pour la gouvernance du respect de la vie privée numérique. Néanmoins, la littérature canadienne n’a traité la capacité des législatures canadiennes à répondre aux défis présentés par l’utilisation des technologies numériques que de manière éparse. Cet article est un premier pas pour combler ces lacunes dans la littérature en analysant la capacité du Parlement à répondre à l’utilisation de technologies qui sont complexes et se développent rapidement de façon efficace, cohérente et équitable. Nous concluons que le cadre législatif du Parlement pour régir les intrusions de l’État dans la vie privé numérique des citoyens a été un assemblage décousu d’initiative législative. Après avoir comparé ces constats avec la littérature sur la capacité institutionnelle relative des tribunaux, nous présentons une stratégie générale visant à assurer que chaque institution chargée de réglementer la vie privé numérique s’appuie sur ses forces et non ses faiblesses.

The issue of protection of rights in a post-Brexit UK has been largely absent from either the final rounds of EU/UK negotiations or the internal UK debate, other than in regard to Northern Ireland and citizen rights. The UK will leave the EU with little certainty as to how various rights, now ‘brought home’, will be protected and enforced. The protection of rights in the UK has been dependent on a multi-layered framework including EU institutions. The UK’s withdrawal from the EU will produce gaps in this overall institutional framework. Rights protection is likely to be further diluted through Brexit’s unsettling of the UK’s constitutional arrangements within its current rights-averse political environment. This article adopts an institutional approach to assess the implications of Brexit for the UK’s protection of rights. It argues that even with some regulatory alignment between the EU and the UK, inadequate institutional arrangements risk undermining current levels of protection.

This final chapter of the book includes a brief summary and an interpretation and discussion of the book’s analyses. The quantitative studies indicate that the collaboration is very widespread in Scandinavia and that there is a very positive attitude towards associations and volunteers contributing to perform tasks for which the public sector is responsible. According to the institutional approach to explaining the collaboration it is primarily the context of organisations that explains the actions of the actors, that is rules, norms, culture and history that enable and limit actions. The book’s analyses show that collective co-production is influenced by at least five different contexts: the national context, the municipal context, the local community context, the organisational context and the welfare field context. Finally, the future of collective co-production is discussed.

Industrial revolution is the trigger of the growing demand from households for consumer services, and from the other institutional units for services improving the quality of production processes. The quality of services is the factor of the competitiveness of objects at different levels of the country’s economy. In turn, logistics mediates all the processes of building a service as an intangible product. The nowadays trend of digitalization of all economic spheres is particularly relevant for logistics of the service sector. The article shows the direct and cyclical inverse role of the service sector in the modern economy in terms of its impact on the competitiveness of objects of different levels. The classification of services relevant to the research goals is given. Features of factors of competitiveness of non-material production are revealed. The role of logistics forming the competitiveness of enterprises in the non-material sphere is shown. Criteria for the classification of digital technologies of industry 4.0 in logistics of the service sector are proposed. Digital technologies involved in the sector of consumer and non-consumer services of material impact on property are presented and justified.

This article examines various practices of settlement (collectively termed водворения in Russian historical sources) used by peasants looking to live in Siberia between the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The question of where exactly to settle in Siberia was of vital importance to peasants, as making the wrong decision could undermine their wellbeing and force them to return. The government introduced special regulations concerning the allotment of places for migrants: peasants could either found a new village or join an existing one (so-called old resident (Rus. старожильческие) villages). The regulations had both advantages and disadvantages, and the difficulties that were often encountered in the process of settlement, as well as other factors, brought about semi-illegal and illegal practices in solving the problem. The search for an appropriate place to live was complicated by a number of issues, including the lack of land in areas most suitable for living in Siberia, unauthorised settlements, and corruption among local officials. These issues provided fertile ground for conflicts and for violations of established rules. The article examines these aspects of peasant settlement and the relations that formed as a result. The understanding of challenges that peasants faced in the region will ensure an accurate evaluation of large-scale peasant settlement beyond the Urals during the period in question. The study is based on the historical-genetic method and the institutional approach, which are used to reveal settlement practices. The author concludes that there was a variety of ways in which decisions on settlement in particular places were taken, determining the reasons behind the emergence of semi-illegal and illegal solutions.

Haklai combines an institutional approach with complexity economics to analyse Roman legal environments during the High Empire; specifically, the institutional framework for using money in the private sphere. The chapter starts with the relationship between economics and complexity theory, gives examples of visualised complexity, and surveys visualisations previously applied in studying ancient economies. Haklai offers two complexity-oriented visualisations: The first diagram explores the complex mechanism of money in Roman law, acknowledging its abstract nature whilst accommodating a spectrum of its physical manifestations. The second is a causal loop diagram, which partially visualises the institutional environments of economic interactions carried out under coexisting legal systems: Roman, Greek-Egyptian, and Jewish. Both visualisations emphasise the self-adjustment of the institutional environment and the emergence of new practices and procedures.

An academic integrity policy usually specifies the university’s ethical principles and values, the forms of appropriate academic behaviour, the penalties for academic malpractice and the procedures for handling policy violations. However, the policy does not itself create academic integrity, but needs to be consistently and effectively communicated, implemented, and applied. This paper presents a case study investigating the extent to which students at Riga Technical University (Latvia) are informed about the university’s academic integrity policy. This quantitative research was performed by surveying two groups of respondents: domestic students in the first year of their bachelor’s studies and the heads of the corresponding study programmes. The results revealed a low level of students’ awareness of the university policy on academic integrity and a lack of systematic institutional approach to promoting academic integrity. The study results also indicated that students with a higher awareness of the university policy on academic integrity were less tolerant towards violations and perceived academic integrity as an essential aspect for both the academic community and student life. These findings establish a foundation for a more extensive discussion of academic integrity issues in Latvia. They can also serve as impetus for similar studies in other Latvian universities, as well as research taking an international comparative perspective.

The problem of corruption has many significant aspects. With the growth of powers of business and transition of powers from state to private entities problem of private sector corruption becomes more important. While states employ legal and social mechanisms to make an impact on corruption the private sector is usually left with lesser attention. As experience of Lithuania shows even when such attention is pointed towards the private sector and business it sometimes is not adequately judged. If such attention presents traditional institutional approach without proper understanding of the depth of the problem inadequacy and sluggishness prevail. This paper focuses on concepts of corruption in the private sector, the academic ideas, conceptual backings, also presents the difficulties of characterization, analysis of legal acts and shortcomings thereof. The legal tools employed in Lithuania to combat business corruption are analyzed. For the proper understanding of the problem author points out the major reasons behind the private sector corruption, presents the significance of economic motivation as well as the causal spectrum of private sector corruption. The significance of business ethics and self regulation mechanisms and various shortcomings related to them are analyzed.

En este ensayo se aborda el tema de la calidad en Instituciones de Educación Superior a la luz del enfoque institucionalista, teoría económica que surgió a mediados del siglo XX. A través de la presentación de un modelo sencillo y bajo supuestos que corresponden a una situación teórica, se derivan comportamientos óptimos que logran plantear buenos estándares en la calidad de la educación. Posteriormente, al considerar la presencia de algunas características que se observan en la realidad de estas instituciones tales como información asimétrica, oportunismo, problema de agencia, procrastinación, anomia y dificultad de medir el producto educativo, entre otras, se advierte sobre la amenaza, en ausencia de medidas correctivas, que exista una tendencia a que los funcionamientos de estos centros educativos deterioren su nivel de calidad.

In Capital in the Twenty-First Century, Thomas Piketty (2014) explains growing income inequality via the difference between the rate of return on capital and the growth rate of the economy: the “r ...

This paper provides a quantitative and qualitative evaluation of Serbia’s packaging waste management system, which is based on the Extended Producer Responsibility scheme (EPR). Additionally, it identifies and discusses the major challenges faced by the system. This paper strives to shed some light on the challenges posed by the implementation of an advanced and highly institutionalized approach to packaging waste management in the context of a European Union candidate country. The analysis indicates that Serbia is a country with an evolving administrative and institutional approach to packaging waste management, which can reach national recovery targets through its EPR system. The main challenges that must be addressed for the system to continue progressing in order to meet European Union’s recovery targets are: (i) increase the low supply of recovered recyclables from the municipal solid waste stream, (ii) close loopholes affecting recycling industry and work of National Recovery Organisations, and (iii) formalization of informal recycling sector’s role within the formal packaging recovery framework.

Workplace and industrial relations regulations are key sites for policy intervention to address Australia's gender pay gap, which, at 15.3 per cent, is almost as large as it was in 1997. In both the Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth) and the Workplace Gender Equality Act 2012 (Cth) the goal of equal pay has a more central place than it did in predecessor legislation. In particular, the Fair Work Act has the potential to deliver more gender-equitable wage structures through addressing systemic gender-based undervaluation at the industry level. Adopting a feminist institutional approach this article examines equal pay policy in the operations of workplace and industrial relations regulation to ask why, despite some recent successes, this potential appears unlikely to be realised.

EnglishCentral banking and financeThe Bank of England, the interest rate, and the Bank Act of 1844The literature on the Bank Act of 1844 commonly adopts the interpretation that it would have been a crucial step in the construction of central banking in Britain and the analytical framework that opposes rules and discretion. Through the examination of the monetary writings of the period and the interest rate policy of the Bank of England, and also through the systematic analysis of the financial aspect of the Act of 1844, the paper shows that such an interpretation remains fragile. Hence the present paper rests on the articulation between the monetary history and the history of economic analysis and also on the institutional approach of money and banking so as to assess the consequences of the Act of 1844 on the liquidity market and the relations between the central bank and finance. francaisLa litterature sur le Bank Act de 1844 adopte l’interpretation qui en fait une etape majeure dans la construction de la banque centrale en Grande-Bretagne et se laisse couler dans le moule qui oppose la regle a la discretion. A partir de l’etude des ecrits monetaires de l’epoque ainsi que de la politique de taux d’interet de la Banque d’Angleterre, a partir egalement d’une analyse systematique de l’aspect financier de l’acte de 1844, l’article montre qu’une telle interpretation s’avere fragile. Aussi le present article s’appuie-t-il sur l’articulation entre l’histoire monetaire et l’histoire de la pensee ainsi que sur l’approche institutionnelle de la banque centrale afin de mettre en lumiere les consequences de la loi de 1844 sur le marche de la liquidite et les relations de la banque centrale avec la finance.

Agriculture development dilemma always faced to classic problem, namely peasant society developing with limited anatomy. Peasant anatomy, such as many people, low education, limited land and poor, inefficient, limited technology and capital, and low productivity.On the other side, new alternative commodities which profit oriented like ornamental plant farm. This phenomenon ideal can to be managed and combined to overcoming the classic problem between peasant empowerment and urban region that have limited on economic chance and defend of agricultural country.Farm internalization can be done base on initiative building/group or institutional approach through institution which competent in building of peasant in the region. The policy is necessary to get performance of agriculture development (agribusiness) which narrow can be empower peasant and increasing export of agriculture product as a whole.

Learning process is the most important part in education as an effort to mature learners, The success of the learning process becomes a benchmark achievement of learning objectives. To know the achievement of the success of learning objectives, it must be done evaluation / assessment. In particular the purpose of evaluation to determine the progress of learning outcomes of learners after following the learning, as well as to determine the level of effectiveness and efficiency of methods, strategies that teachers use in learning. Evaluation of learning has an important and strategic meaning in education, because the learning process becomes meaningful, as well as its evaluation results can be used as a basis to determine the next step, for teachers, principals, institutions, parents, and government. The importance of learning evaluation can be seen from the approach of the learning process, the characteristics of professional educators, and the institutional approach, but it can also be seen from its purpose, function and principles and the validity and reliability of its evaluation tool.

Artificial life is concerned with understanding the dynamics of human societies. A defining feature of any society is its institutions. However, defining exactly what an institution is has proven difficult, with authors often talking past each other. This article presents a dynamic model of institutions, which views them as political game forms that generate the rules of a group's economic interactions. Unlike most prior work, the framework presented here allows for the construction of explicit models of the evolution of institutional rules. It takes account of the fact that group members are likely to try to create rules that benefit themselves. Following from this, it allows us to determine the conditions under which self-interested individuals will create institutional rules that support cooperation—for example, that prevent a tragedy of the commons. The article finishes with an example of how a model of the evolution of institutional rewards and punishments for promoting cooperation can be created. It is intended that this framework will allow artificial life researchers to examine how human groups can themselves create conditions for cooperation. This will help provide a better understanding of historical human social evolution, and facilitate the resolution of pressing societal social dilemmas.

The life project in a nursing home involves all the players concerned: first of all, the resident, then the caregivers, the families and the institution. This unifying tool, organised around the elderly, helps to develop collective competencies, favours the integration of new residents and reassures families. This article presents a nursing home's experience of setting up a life project.

This article discusses definitions of institutions and their terminological ambivalence. Such an ambivalence is the result of a lack of interest for the structural characteristics of institutions. This does not allow researchers to use the methodological potential of institutional approach adequately. To determine the behavioral features that characterize institutions as social artifacts, the article discusses their main social properties: regularity, alternatives, anonymity, importance, observability, reflexivity, effectiveness, arbitrage relations, internalization, cost-dependence, and action-dependence. The author emphasizes that institutional theories should analyze not only the processes of development or formation of institutions, but also their structural features. The article concludes that the study of social characteristics of the institutions is necessary to improve the quality of economic policy: only by understanding the limitations under which institutions are implemented in social space, one can offer policy measures that are able to transform people’s behavior.

A more nuanced understanding of the entrepreneurial intentions of individuals seems improbable without exploring the intricate interplay between individuals and the institutional context in which they are embedded. Accordingly, not only does this paper contribute to the paucity of studies that explore the multiple facets of institutional context in shaping entrepreneurial intentions, but it also further advances the current institutional approach by testing the ‘situational configuration’ of institutional and personal factors in the context of a developing country like Pakistan. To examine the influence of a multitude of institutional factors in a sequential way, a nested model was used. The findings revealed that the educational context in which students are embedded play a pivotal role in mitigating any adverse impact that their negative perceptions regarding the structural environment that surrounds them might have on their entrepreneurial intentions. These findings have important implications for educ...

Bureaucratic capacity in controlling the public-private partnership scheme is inadequate, so that the scheme does not protect the public interest. This paper uses the perspective of institutional approach to the market based government to help explain menggejalanya unpreparedness of government bureaucracy when it should be involved in the scheme of privatization policy in the management of shared water resources. This perspective requires the organizers to run the country together with a logic state power market participants. It is important to note that, in her involvement in politics and the logic of the market running, simultaneously also ongoing political interaction. Therefore, bureaucracy as the parties involved in the privatization scheme is important to analyze the attitude, position and political struggles.

The aim of this paper is to explain informal payments by patients to healthcare professionals for the first time through the lens of institutional theory as arising when there are formal institutional imperfections and asymmetry between norms, values and practices and the codified formal laws and regulations. Reporting a 2013 Eurobarometer survey of the prevalence of informal payments by patients in 28 European countries, a strong association is revealed between the degree to which formal and informal institutions are unaligned and the propensity to make informal payments. The association between informal payments and formal institutional imperfections is then explored to evaluate which structural conditions might reduce this institutional asymmetry, and thus the propensity to make informal payments. The paper concludes by exploring the implications for tackling such informal practices.

This article describes the factors influencing the development of the construction industry of the Khan- ty-Mansiysk Autonomous area - Yugra. from the point of view of institutional approach. In the article the analysis of federal and regional normative legal base regulating the relations of the "major players" in the construction industry, as well as the organizational structure and development institution of industry.

In a series of previous articles I have defended the claim that there are robust, theoretical justifications for concluding that corporations have human rights obligations and that those obligations are distinct from the larger set of human rights obligations that are properly attributed to states. Hsieh claims that corporations do not have human rights obligations. In this reply it is argued that even if one takes what Hsieh refers to as an ‘institutional approach’ to understanding the human rights obligations of states, corporations are nonetheless properly understood to have human rights obligations regarding those with whom they interact, such as workers, customers and community members.

The article deals with the issue of identifying and measuring institutions. As an example, reputation was taken into consideration. The analysis leads to the conclusion that reputation could be treated as an institution and could be measured in the context of its impact on economic outcomes. This measurement can be carried out at three levels of detail: micro, meso and macro, among these the third is the least recognised in new institutional economics. Publication of English-language versions of the volumes of the "Annales. Ethics in Economic Life" financed through contract no. 501/1/P-DUN/2017 from the funds of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education devoted to the promotion of scholarship.

Theory of mediatized war asserts that the study of contemporary wars must consider the role of the media in it. However, while the focus of the mediatization of wars is usually on the power dynamics between the military, the media, and the audiences, the institutional approach to mediatization invites us to consider the role of the media as educators and providers of moral orientation. Thus, the study of mediatized war needs to consider the moral work of news in articulating an ethical solicitation for spectators to reflect upon their responsibility to the suffering of distant others during wartime. Following Judith Butler’s call to reflect on the cultural frames through which ethical solicitation emerges, this article studies Al-Jazeera English’s coverage of the 2008 Gaza War and points to the discursive and performative means through which news constructs distant deaths as grievable and fosters cosmopolitan sentiment.