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In June 2005, three State University of New York (SUNY) campuses, namely Stony Brook University, the University at Buffalo, and Binghamton University, joined forces to provide a completely online electrical engineering program that would lead to a bachelor of science in electrical engineering (BSEE) degree. The program was put together to serve a nontraditional student body that is otherwise unable to achieve higher education in electrical engineering. The project was jump-started by an award from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation. This multi-institutional approach was an effective medium for sharing the resources and revenue of the online offering of courses. The Sloan Foundation grant initiated a big step toward the "Learning Anywhere, Anytime" vision for science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education. It helped to set up the infrastructure of an ambitious joint venture among the three SUNY campuses to collaborate on a jointly offered program.

Purpose: This study aims to discuss the buyout of joint ventures by one parent. Design/Methodology/Approach: Focusing on termination through acquisition by one parent, the paper suggests the testable proposition that explains a possible inverted U-shaped relationship between the likelihood of a focal parent acquiring a JV and the similarity of the JV to the focal parent. Findings: We propose that the likelihood of a focal parent acquiring a JV is likely to increase and then decrease as the JV similarity to the focal parent increases. Practical implication: This study can provide practical implications for firms from a more neutral standpoint. Firms that want to keep long-term relationships and operate JVs with their partners should be concerned about how JVs turn out over time. Originality/Value: This study can provide some normative implications for successfully maintaining JV relationships. Particularly in the case of international JVs, local companies that shake hands with aggressive foreign companies (often eager to obtain local market knowledge) face the situation in which they are forced to sell their stake to the foreign partner. Frequently, local companies are satisfied with a bit of advanced technology transfer from their partners and thus, foreign partners easily own the JVs. However, once the companies in JV relationships understand the dynamics of evolving JVs and the tendency of acquisition based on similarity, companies can make more careful strategies in raising their JVs.

The essence of the loan portfolio is considered. The place and role of the loan portfolio in the bank's credit risk minimization were considered. The purpose of this article is to develop a mechanism for managing the quality of the loan portfolio based on the analysis of the specifics and current state of lending in Ukraine. Therefore, the urgency of the problem of credit risk regulation was justified. The share of the loan portfolio in the assets of Ukrainian banks and the share of NPL banks in Ukraine. The state of the loan portfolio of banks in the public sector and key requirements for financial institutions are analyzed. It was determined that the control over the quality of the formation of the loan portfolio of the bank is related to the provision of conditions and objective standards of the NBU, as well as this part of the liability is a significant measure to guide the commercial bank. For the purpose of improving the loan portfolio, the algorithm for calculating the effective loan portfolio of the bank in modern terms. Considered the mechanism of loan portfolio quality management. It is determined that the guiding principles of credit policy, including in its basis for the formation of a quality loan portfolio, are built within the bank on the basis of decisions, methods and approaches to the conclusion of the joint venture.

The article examines major trends and prospects regarding the Indian direct investment in the economy of the Russian Federation. The authors comprehensively analyze key factors, the scale, regional and sectoral composition of the Indian direct investment in the Russian economy, scrutinize the evolution of sectoral and regional composition of the Indian FDI, as well as define main challenges and obstacles that investors from India face in Russia and identify medium-term prospects for the Indian capital in the Russian Federation. The research shows that in the current circumstances the significance of the Indian capital in form of direct investment for Russia is substantially growing; its regional presence is steadily increasing; the sectoral diversification of the Indian investment is intensifying. The important indicator in this case is the quality of the Indian capital, its gradually increasing high-technology component. Not only the scale of the Indian direct investment in the Russian economy is changing, but also there is the rise in number of companies investing in Russia. At the same time, if in the early 2000s those companies were mainly large Indian MNCs, nowadays there is an increased interest in Russia among small and medium-sized high-technology enterprises of India that promote innovative development of the Russian regions. Of utmost importance is the fact that the Indian capital is also invested in small-scale industry, promoting upgrade of technological equipment of small and medium-sized enterprises in Russia. These noticeable changes in the Indian capital movement will substantially contribute to enhanced economic cooperation between the two countries.

One of the most important goals in construction projects management is to complete the project in a certain time. Projects success can be considered as doing work at a reasonable cost, quality and at the right time and delay is one of the most important and frequent phenomena in construction projects and in terms of cost, quality and time has a negative impact on project success. From in-depth literature studies, twenty-three causes of delay were identified. Questionnaires were then developed and sent to 50 carefully selected construction industry stakeholders including: clients, contractors, and consultants in Faryab/Afghanistan. In this research, the causes of delays in construction of Maimana city urban asphalt road 32.805 km projects have been identified. Numerous factors such as: insecurity, corruption, low experience of the contractors technical team, late payment of invoices by the project owner, poor management and monitoring of the site by the contractor and Contractor's joint venture can cause delays in projects.

Today, the Indian pharmaceuticals industry is recognised the world over due to the quality and cost-effectiveness of its products. At present, globally it is one of the fastest-growing industries and contributes 2.4 per cent value wise and 10 per cent volume wise globally. India alone accounts for 20 per cent of global exports in generics. In 2016, the Indian pharma industry exported USD16.89 billion and is expected to touch USD40 billion by 2020. The present generics market has immense potentiality for foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows, and worth USD14.53 billion of FDI inflows came in between April 2000 and December 2016. We have witnessed that Indian pharma companies go for joint ventures with multinational companies, make strategic alliances and co-promotions, contract research and manufacturing services, export, acquisitions and mergers, focus on new markets other than the USA and Europe, buy offshore plants and increase stakes in other companies. India is also becoming an attractive investment for the clinical trials market. The objective of this paper is to analyse the Indian pharmaceuticals industry—opportunity and threats, strategies of the Indian companies particularly after trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights (TRIPS).

The institutional setting for transnational education has gradually evolved from practices that provide limited exposure to those that offer a globalized experience, such as branch campuses or join...

Purpose: This paper aims to present the advantages of a joint venture in the infrastructure development projects with a case study from Indonesia. Design/Methodology/Approach: The article used the normative approach by taking examples of joint ventures comparing them with other projects in infrastructure. Findings: Joint Operation is a model of cooperation between two parties, where the first party owns or provides facilities, and on the other party is the owner or provider of funds or having the ability or expertise to support the implementation of the work or project. Practical Implications: Joint Operation body can act and represented by the Board of Directors as in the case of a Limited Liability Company. Originality/Value: Joint Operation is not a formal legal entity, but as a quasi legal entity, because the formation of a Joint Operation body is based on mutual agreement, without having to obtain authorization from the authorities.

Los acuerdos de colaboración empresarial son contratos de índole mercantil empleados en Colombia tanto en el sector privado como en el sector público, con el fin de que quienes los suscriben puedan aunar esfuerzos, recursos y experiencias, que les permitan abordar proyectos, actividades o emprendimientos que de manera individual no sería posible. Con origen en el “common law” tienen características propias que los distinguen de otras figuras jurídicas en nuestro país, con lo cual, el estudio de sus elementos es relevante. En igual sentido, subyace la importancia de distinguir su tratamiento en el derecho público y en el derecho privado con consecuencias propias en cada uno de ellos. Regulados principalmente por el principio de autonomía de la voluntad, su contenido implica una mayor responsabilidad durante su elaboración, razón por la que es importante realizar reflexiones prácticas para su implementación. The business collaboration agreements are commercial contracts employed in Colombia, for the private and the public sector, and their main objective is allowing the members to combine their efforts, resources and experiences to address projects, activities or venture, that individually would not be possible for them. With roots in the common law, these agreements have their own characteristics that distinguish them from other legal entities in our country, which is why the study of their elements, is relevant. In a similar vein, the importance of distinguishing their treatment in public law as well as in private law is underline for its consideration. Regulated mainly by the autonomy will, its content entails a greater responsibility for the parties, that is why it is important to make useful practical reflections for its implementation.

Vistara—a joint venture between Tata Sons (India) and Singapore Airlines (Singapore)—is a full-service private airline in India that launched operations in January 2015. The airline has been growing at a steady pace and has already won a number of awards, but going forward it shall have a number of challenges to confront, especially on how to increase its market share in an industry dominated by low-cost carriers and prone to uncertainties emerging from external factors beyond its control (e.g., fuel prices and an uncertain political environment). To further complicate issues, Indian aviation, despite being among the fastest growing aviation markets across the world, is still making heavy losses. For Vistara, a lot is at stake considering that the airline is backed by two major reputable organizations. In the times to come, the airline will have to learn how to navigate the complex aviation environment and seeks ways to live up to its name, which means limitless expanse.

Using a series of laboratory experiments in the context of bilateral bargaining over whether and how to engage in a joint venture, this paper shows that fairness concerns result in failures to undertake profitable joint production opportunities. We find that framing an opportunity as an employment relationship rather than as a partnership significantly reduces these inefficiencies and increases subjects’ welfare. Consistent with the theoretical model developed in the paper, text analysis and a follow-up experiment demonstrate that the lower likelihood of an efficient outcome in the partnership frame is driven primarily by a concern for fairness generated by the perceived social relationship associated with partnerships, and not by differences in the economic structure, cognition, subject motivation, or changes in relative bargaining power.

Since independence in 2011, the Republic of South Sudan has witnessed growth in the financial systems and the overall economy. This has led to growth in the number of financial institutions in the country. There is however minimal research on their overall performance. Hence the current research sought to determine the effect of ownership structure, bank stability and the financial performance of commercial banks in South Sudan. The population for the study was all the 29 commercial banks in South Sudan. Secondary data was collected for the period 2012-2017 from audited annual financial reports of individual banks and the Central Bank of South Sudan reports while primary data was collected by the use of a semi-structured questionnaire. Collected data was edited, sorted and coded into SPSS 23 for subsequent data analysis using SPSS 23 statistical analysis tool. This research utilized both descriptive and inferential statistical methods in the analysis. Statistical tests to be utilized in the study included t-tests, f-test, regression models and ANOVA models. Findings of the research were presented using frequencies, percentages, means, standard deviation, correlation coefficients, charts, tables, and other statistical measures. Results of the study indicated there was a statistically significant moderating effect of ownership structure on the financial performance of commercial banks in South Sudan. This study recommends that the government should adopt better measures to safeguard public-owned commercial banks to improve their efficiency and performance.

The government is currently trying to realize Sustainable Development Goals/ SGDs. SGDs are not merely dreams that cannot be realized. The noble goal of SDG is to realize sustainable development for the better future that is in line with the concepts of CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility). One of the companies that participated in the realization of SDGS is PT Badak NGL. This study used descriptive analysis to provide clear descriptions or overviews of the object of the study. The study also used a case study of a MSME under the guidance of PT Badak NGL, namely Saputra Snack. Thus, the common goals between CSR, and SDGs is the spirit to realize sustainable development in terms of business strategies by implementing CSR programs. If all elements are committed to realize 17 SDG, so we can provide better future for our children - with low poverty, environment and earth sustainability, low levels of inequality in the economic, social and legal education sectors. Based on the observation and analysis, one of the keys of success to Saputra Snack was its high commitment. The high commitment did not only come from Saputra Snack itself, but also from PT Badak NGL Community Development party.

In modern conditions, the question of improving the system of foreign economic potential management in Ukraine, de ning approaches and tools for attracting foreign investments becomes a matter of special urgency. Creation of international joint ventures will be facilitated by only a positive investment climate. The current process of attracting foreign investment into the Ukrainian economy has a weak link with the priorities of its economic development and national interests.At the moment the Ukrainian policy of attracting foreign capital is uneffective. It is aimed at obtaining loans that bear the risk of non-payment, the implementation of unfavorable terms of lending, while improving the investment climate and promoting international cooperation will have positive long-term consequences, which is extremely important in Ukraine. In this case, contractual relations can be structured in such a way as to meet the priorities of economic development and national interests of the state. Therefore, it is imperative to develop and implement an active state policy in the  eld of revitalization and structural optimization of foreign investment in Ukraine, taking into account the strategic changes in its investment climate. The suggested recommendations about forming a mechanism for joint international entrepreneurship in Ukraine allow making informed managerial decisions on possible areas for developing a joint venture development strategy, taking into account certain problem areas (production, personnel, logistics,  nances, management and marketing), and grouping of routes improvement of the mechanism itself at different levels (internal organization, collegiate and national).

Del Monte, a global food and beverage company, entered into Indian market in 2008. Del Monte established Joint Venture with Field Fresh which at that time dealt in exports of agricultural fresh produce. Yogesh Bellani, CEO of Field Fresh had the responsibility of establishing the Del Monte brand in India. Yogesh faced lots of challenges as there was very little brand awareness of the company and also there were many established players in the market. Del Monte first launched canned pineapples to be followed by canned fruit juices. Yogesh started building Del Monte brand on quality and timely delivery. Yogesh targeted big quick service restaurants (QSRs) like Dominos, Sub Way, MacDonald, Pizza Hut and Burger King for supplying its products. This was a unique way of establishing the brand through B2B route. After having established the brand through B2B route, Yogesh targeted B2C market. Del Monte launched several new products like tomato ketchup, entire Italian category, and eggless mayonnaise through modern trade route. In initial years, Yogesh established the brand and created revenue for the company. Subsequently he focussed on improving the profitability. His current challenge was to manage both which are conflicting in nature. He was also thinking of brand repositioning for future growth.

This paper presents a case study of the ANA Cargo and Lufthansa Cargo strategic joint venture, the global air cargo industry’s first strategic joint venture between two of the world’s major air cargo-carrying airlines. The data gathered for the study was examined by document analysis. The strategic analysis of the joint venture was underpinned by the use of Porter’s Five Forces Model. The study found that the joint venture has provided synergistic benefits to both partners and has allowed the partners to access new markets and to participate in the evolution of the air cargo industry. The joint venture has also enabled both joint venture partners to enhance their competitive position in the Europe to Japan and Japan to Europe air cargo markets through strengthened service offerings and has provided the partners with increased cargo capacities, a larger route network, and greater frequencies within their own route networks. A limitation of the study was that ANA Cargo and Lufthansa Cargo revenues, or freight traffic data was not available. It was, therefore, not possible to analyse the business performance of the joint venture.

Little study on performance measurement has been conducted within sub-Saharan Africa, where international construction joint ventures (ICJV) have become an emerging trend in construction. Consequently, the reliability and comparability of existing performance measures in such a new region are unknown. This paper adds to the existing knowledge by identifying the relevant joint venture (JV) performance measures within the Ghanaian construction industry. Using a self-administered data obtained through a questionnaire survey by purposive and snowball sampling, respondents rated their perceptions of 20 performance measures identified from the literature. Factor analysis established the variables measuring aspects of the same underlying dimensions. A total of four key performance measures were identified and explained in terms of a cooperative relationship, financial measures, strategic and learning measures. The findings would enlighten JV stakeholders of the reasons underlying the choice of performance metrics, while in a broader picture assist in choosing the right measures to evaluate the extent to which the objectives of the newly formed JV have been achieved.

Transmission expansion projects might be subject to considerable delays due to financial obstacles. These delays can cause transmission congestion, which limits access for generation companies to load areas. This paper makes use of a model to involve the generation companies in transmission investment through a joint venture agreement. In this model, by conducting a cost-benefit analysis, the generation company identifies an appropriate sub-plan from a plan specified by a transmission system operator. The inflation and growth rate uncertainties are modeled by using the information gap decision theory. The problem is expressed for a risk-averse investor and a risk-seeking investor. The proposed formulations are solved by a multi-objective optimization algorithm to obtain the Pareto fronts. The model is applied to the IEEE 24-bus and IEEE 118-bus test systems.

This paper presents a case study of the Air France-KLM, Delta Air Lines, and Virgin Atlantic transatlantic joint venture, one of the world’s largest strategic passenger joint ventures. The study used a qualitative research approach. The data gathered for the study was examined by document analysis. The strategic analysis of the joint venture was based on the use of Porter’s Five Forces Model. The study found that the joint venture has evolved over time through the addition of KLM Royal Dutch Airlines, Alitalia, and Virgin Atlantic Airways to the original joint venture between Air France and Delta Air Lines. The joint venture has provided significant synergistic benefits to the partners and has allowed the partners to access new markets and to participate in the evolution of the transatlantic air travel market, one of the world’s major air travel markets. The joint venture has also enabled the venture partners to enhance their competitive position through strengthened service offerings, a comprehensive route network that offers customers a high level of connectivity, and greater flight frequencies within their own route networks, all of which creates value for the partners. A limitation of the study was that the annual revenue, revenue passenger kilometres performed, or passenger load factors data was not available. It was, therefore, not possible to analyze the business performance of the joint venture.

Gewaltkonflikte im Sudan, vor allem in Darfur, führten zu Beginn des 21. Jahrhunderts in den USA zu einem erhöhten Druck auf Unternehmen, ihre Investitionen aus dem Sudan abzuziehen oder zu beweisen, dass ihre Geschäfte in diesem Land nicht zu den Konflikten beitragen. In dieser Fallstudie von La Mancha, einem Unternehmen, das in den Jahren 2006 bis 2015 an einem Goldminen-Joint-Venture im Sudan beteiligt war, untersuche ich, ob und wie das Unternehmen öffentlich auf diesen Druck reagierte. Ich zeichne nach, wie die unternehmerische Verantwortung für anhaltende Schadensverursachung in öffentlichen Stellungnahmen des Unternehmens behandelt wurde, welche konzeptionelle Lücken darin erkennbar sind, und wie diese in USA-basierten Aktivistenkreisen (re)produziert wurden. Die Analyse zeigt die selektive Anerkennung von Verantwortung seitens des Unternehmens, welche auf der Perspektive externer Akteure beruht und gleichzeitig direkt von Schadensverursachung Betroffene ignoriert. Die Fallstudie bezieht sich auf Debatten sozialer Verantwortung von Unternehmen in Afrikas Rohstoffindustrie, insbesondere im Rahmen komplexer Unternehmensstrukturen, die sowohl staatliche Akteure als auch ausländische Investoren umfassen. Eine solche komplexe Unternehmensstruktur erschwert die Identifizierung von Verantwortungsträgern, stellt aber gerade deshalb eine besondere Notwendigkeit dar. Der Artikel legt nahe, dass ein Verständnis der Aushandlungsprozesse als Arena, in der sich verschiedene Akteure auf das gleiche Anliegen, aber nicht unbedingt aufeinander beziehen, die kommunikative Diskrepanzen innerhalb solcher Prozesse konzeptionell erfassen kann. Violent conflicts in Sudan, especially those in Darfur in the early years of the new century, led state and non-state actors in the United States to exert heightened pressure on companies to divest from Sudan, or to prove that their activities in that country do not contribute to the conflicts. In this case study of La Mancha, a company involved in a gold mining joint venture in Sudan from 2006 to 2015, I examine whether and how it reacted publicly to this pressure. I trace how corporate social responsibility (CSR) for the continuation of harm-production was treated in its public statements, what conceptual gaps are perceptible in these statements, and how they were (re)produced in US-based activist circles. On this basis, I highlight the selective acknowledgement of responsibility which is based on assessments of harm-production by external actors excluding those directly affected by it. More generally, the case study relates to debates on CSR in Africa's extractive industries, especially within the frame of complex business structures involving both state actors and foreign investors that make it difficult and nonetheless urgent to identify units of responsibility. I suggest that a communication disconnect during the process of identification can be adequately approached through a conceptualisation of this process as an "arena" of actors who relate to a common issue but not necessarily to each other.

Punishing those who refuse to participate in common efforts is a known and intensively studied way to maintain cooperation among self-interested agents. But this act is costly, hence punishers who are generally also engaged in the original joint venture, become vulnerable, which jeopardizes the effectiveness of this incentive. As an alternative, we may hire special players, whose only duty is to watch the population and punish defectors. Such a policelike or mercenary punishment can be maintained by a tax-based fund. If this tax is negligible, a cyclic dominance may emerge among different strategies. When this tax is relevant then this solution disappears. In the latter case, the fine level becomes a significant factor that determines whether punisher players coexist with cooperators or alternatively with defectors. The maximal average outcome can be reached at an intermediate cost value of punishment. Our observations highlight that we should take special care when such kind of punishment and accompanying tax are introduced to reach a collective goal., Comment: 11 pages, 7 figures, published in Applied Mathematics and Computation, Volume 417, 15 March 2022, 126797

Purpose: The paper proposes a research method for measuring strategic interactions between airline joint-venture alliances that compete with each other. Design/Methodology/Approach: The proposed method is based on the non-cooperative game theory with a Nash-Cournot equilibrium. It consists in the development of a model that compares economic performance of airline long-haul, intercontinental operations in two consecutive scenarios, before and after joining an alliance. Findings: A model of strategic interactions between airline joint-venture alliances can be successfully based on the logic of the Nash-Cournot equilibrium. Furthermore, the game theory is an effective tool for analysing economic performance of airline joint business agreements. Practical Implications: The method can be used in measuring bottom line performance of long-haul airline joint business agreements world-wide. For example, on the EU–US airline market, the method can be used in the analysis of the following alliances: United Airlines – Lufthansa Group; American Airlines – International Airlines Group – Finnair; Delta Air Lines – Air France KLM – Virgin Atlantic. Originality/Value: This is a novel approach to research of advanced airline alliance strategies., peer-reviewed

This chapter presents the current trends of Library on the web and the importance of the Librarian in the web-library as a webrarian (web-librarian). In the modern technological era, Ranganathan's five laws of the library may be extended to the web using information and communication technologies (ICTs). When the fundamental laws of library science are applied to the web, then the professional responsibilities and duties of a librarian will be enhanced in order to effectively and efficiently manage the web and serve the web users. Realizing the differences between the web and the library? An idea of the joint venture has been the practicalities of creating another platform for the both and the initiative is a library on the web which is well known as a web-library. Mostly libraries have their websites to organize information and resources and provide access to users for the collections of quality resources. The role of librarians is to adopt the Web technologies into the profession of librarianship. Librarians have been induced by technological developments to become more efficient as but not limited to the role of organizers, indexers, abstractors, archivers, data brokers, and webrarians.

Based on more than 10 years of R&D in research institutions as well as in full scale installations, our company has during the last 5 years developed a new type of multispecie recirculation farm for fish. In addition to produce high quality transparent water the emphasis has been put on developing a high performance industrial production system, simple management, process reliability, low investment costs and high technical quality. The system has been developed in Puraqs R&D prototype full scale facility near Alesund. Turbot has been used as a test fish. At Sintef, our company in a joint venture program now are testing the technology on sensitive marine larvae, primarily to develop a technique to increase the quality and survival rate of the fry, but also by the use of scientific methods to understand better the microbiology in recirculation plants and use this to improve the fattening farm recirculation technique as well.

Following the Warsaw Pact’s military reaction against the Prague Spring, quarrels between the leaderships of the SFRY and GDR soared too. Divergences between Yugoslav and East German socialism were once again emphasised. This resulted in a six-year pause concerning visits by both states’ leaders to the respective other state. The analysis of political and economic contacts between the SFRY and GDR in the period 1968-1974 nevertheless reveals that in this time interval, multiple remarkable forms of economic affiliations were set-up by Yugoslav and East German partners. In a period of complex political relations, Yugoslav and East German actors aimed for mutually beneficial economic cooperation and an alleged alternative to capitalist globalisation. &nbsp, Po vojaškem odzivu Varšavskega pakta na praško pomlad so se razvneli tudi spori med vodstvoma SFRJ in NDR. Razhajanja med jugoslovanskim in vzhodnonemškim socializmom so znova postala opaznejša. To je povzročilo šestletno prekinitev medsebojnih obiskov voditeljev obeh držav. Analiza političnih in gospodarskih stikov med SFRJ in NDR v obdobju 1968–1974 kljub temu razkriva, da so v tem času jugoslovanski in vzhodnonemški partnerji vzpostavili številne presenetljive oblike gospodarskih povezav. V obdobju kompleksnih političnih odnosov so si jugoslovanski in vzhodnonemški akterji prizadevali za medsebojno koristno gospodarsko sodelovanje in domnevno alternativo kapitalistični globalizaciji.

More than 90% of the water requirement for the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC/KKTC) was being supplied from groundwater resources, while the rest was being provided from surface waters and seawater until the 1990s. Due to excessive water abstractions above their natural feeding levels, most of the aquifers had salinization as a result of sea water interference with electrical conductivity (EC) value exceeding 7000 mmho/cm. In order to provide a permanent and long-term solution to the water problem in TRNC, a sea-crossing suspended water transmission pipeline (TRNC Water Supply) project has been developed for sustainable water transfer from Turkey to the Cyprus Island. While the initial feasibility and conceptual design studies have been prepared for State Hydraulic Works (DSI) in 1998-1999, the implementation projects and tender documents have been completed in 2006-2009, and the construction of the suspended marine pipeline has started in 2011 as commissioned by DSI. The engineering supervision and consultancy services of the project have been provided by a team from Istanbul Technical University (ITU). The project, which has been fully completed in October 2015 had a total cost of 1.6 x 109 TL (600 x 106 $), including expropriation costs. The unit cost of the water with flowrate 75 x 106 m3/year is calculated to be 0.6 $/m3 (n=15 x 50 years, i=0.08), and the investment is expected to be repaid in 5.3 years. In this article, design details of the suspended marine pipeline and its critical components of this unique project are presented. First, we would like to thank Prof Veysel Eroglu, the TR Minister of Forestry and Water Affairs of the time, for his great contributions in the realization of this unique project, and his bold vision. Due to the efforts and contributions in the project design, planning and construction phases, we are thankful to Alarko Contracting Group, Intec Engineering DV, Art? Project, Danish Hydraulic Institute (DHI), AES Engineering Ltd, Firat Plastic Inc., and Kalyon - Sigur Ros Joint Venture, together with all stakeholders working on design and construction of the land structures of the project. We also extend our gratitude to the managers & employees of the General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works (DSI) for their efforts in this project

This study aims to determine: (1) the effect of venture capital , length of business , and entrepreneurial attitudes on the income of batik craftsmen partially (2) the effect of venture capital , length of business , and entrepreneurial attitudes on the income of batik craftsmen simultaneously , (3) the effect of income on the welfare of batik craftsmen , and (4) the influence of venture capital, business duration, and entrepreneurial attitude towards the income of batik craftsmen through income variables . This type of research is quantitative descriptive research. The population is batik artisans in Danau Teluk Jambi city with 74 batik craftsmen. Data were collected with a questionnaire that was tested for validity and reliability. Data analysis techniques used are multiple regression analysis and path analysis. The results showed that: (1) there was a positive and significant influence of venture capital on the income of batik craftsmen, with a significance of 0.0 00

Colorado federal and state courts have considered whether joint venture interests offered to participants for oil and gas development are securities subject to regulation under federal and state securities laws. Most of these investments have been offered through unincorporated joint ventures treated as general partnerships or limited liability partnerships. In some cases the investments have been treated as co-tenancies. In Colorado, the most prominent, heavily battled, and long-lasting of these cases is Joseph/Rome/Chan v. HEI Resources, Inc., which has had a long life since the investment was originally considered in 2002.

The DoITPoMS (Dissemination of IT for the promotion of Materials Science) project was set up in 2000, as a joint venture involving the Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy at the University of Cambridge, and a number of other UK partner institutions. Over two decades, the project has developed open online educational resources in Materials Science and promoted their use. These resources include background information, digital video clips and photomicrographs, but the primary resource is a library of teaching and learning packages (TLPs), which are generally interactive and seek to make maximum use of the online medium to provide richer content than would be possible in traditional printed resources, which were the standard at the outset of the project. In addition to describing development of these resources, this chapter assesses how changes in technology and use patterns over 20 years have had an impact on their sustainability.

Policy makers encourage airline-high speed rail (HSR) cooperation to promote intermodal passenger transport. We study the strategic formation of airline-HSR partnerships (depending on sunk costs and firms’ bargaining power) and their effects on consumer surplus and social welfare. We assume that airline-HSR agreements serve to offer a bundle of domestic HSR and international air services. In a capacity purchase (CP) agreement, the airline buys train seats to sell the bundle, whereas in a joint venture (JV) agreement firms create a distinct business unit. We find that both agreements increase traffic in the network, and thereby may not reduce congestion at hub airports. We provide antitrust authorities with a simple two-tier test for the CP agreement to improve consumer surplus. Contrary to airline-HSR mergers, the JV agreement benefits consumers independent of hub congestion and mode substitution. Simulation results show that, in case of cooperation, public agencies should prefer firms to create a JV, unless the related sunk costs are far greater than the costs of the CP agreement.

This philosophical meditation, which deals with death as question, presence, and even teacher, begins with Ramchandra Gandhi’s (RCG’s) penetrating essay ‘On Meriting Death.’ What does it mean ‘to merit’ death? To provide an answer, I travel through RCG’s corpus, in dialog with contemporary theorists such as Sri Aurobindo, Daya Krishna, and Mukund Lath. RCG implies that the question about ‘meriting’ death, and life, is not and cannot be ‘personal’ or ‘isolated’. For X to die, is for his close and distant samāj a matter of losing him and living without him. Hence meriting death, as also life, is a joint venture which involves deep understanding regarding non-isolation as the heart of the human situation. RCG’s creative thinking, or svarāj in ideas, reaches its peak when he dares to offer an answer of his own to the piercing question kim āścaryam, ‘what is amazing?’ raised in the Yakṣa-praśna episode of the Mahābhārata. For RCG, the heart of the matter is not the ‘ungraspability’ of one’s unavoidable death, or the perennial search for ‘permanence’ in vain, but our failure to perceive ‘that in the martyā which is amṛta,’ i.e., a sense of solidarity in the face of death, connecting ‘I and Thou,’ which he derives from the icchā mṛtyu of his grandfather, the famous Mahatma.

We analyze collaborations in which two firms facing external competition reorganize to form an input joint venture as an alternative to horizontal merger. Under standard regularity conditions, the collaboration can lead to higher profits than a horizontal merger, though the effect on prices, quantities, and welfare depends on the form of downstream competition. In light of our results regarding profits, we provide reasons why firms might still wish to merge: imperfect information, cost synergies, and organizational asymmetries. We further consider how our comparisons change with the managerial structure of the joint venture (i.e., by delegation of input pricing). (JEL L13, L23, L42)

Heralding the imminent screening of a new series of Iftah ya Simsim (Open Sesame) for pre-schoolers on Gulf television in 2015, the managing director of the show’s production company described it as the culmination of ‘passion and commitment’ on the part of ‘dozens of individuals across international boundaries’ over four years. Joint efforts of individuals and institutions on that scale imply shared objectives. The publicly declared objective of the partner of Iftah ya Simsim, Sesame Workshop in New York, is to offer fun lessons that will make Gulf children ‘smarter, stronger and kinder’, a significant ambition given educational and health issues in parts of the region. Yet the reality of international collaboration made the project even more complex. My study explores the interests at stake in making the series, by Sesame Workshop, the Arab Bureau for Education in Gulf States based in Riyadh, and Bidaya Media, the Abu Dhabi-based joint venture created to produce the shows. I found that the challenge of collaboration was lessened because different institutions were responsible for different phases of the project, public narratives about it played down culturally-sensitive concerns that informed the curriculum underlying it, and widespread nostalgia linked to the 1970s version of the show implied that Iftah ya Simsim was itself part of Gulf traditions.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide a conceptual model for examining the effects of trust (competence trust, goodwill trust) and cooperation on partner opportunism and for exploring the moderating effects of guanxi on the relationships among trust, cooperation and opportunism in joint ventures. Design/methodology/approach The sample for this paper comprises 981 manufacturing joint ventures from various industrial sectors. A total of 354 valid questionnaires were collected, representing a 36 per cent response rate. The conceptual model is tested with structural equation modeling adopting AMOS software. Findings The empirical findings indicate that both competence trust and goodwill trust reduce partner opportunism in a joint venture through fostering cooperation. Competence trust also exerts significant influence on preventing opportunism, whereas opportunistic behavior is not greatly affected by goodwill trust. Additionally, the results reveal that guanxi helps strengthen the negative relationship between cooperation and opportunism. Originality value This paper makes a threefold contribution: First, it investigates empirically the direct influence of two types of trust on partner opportunism. Second, it tests indirect influence of trust on partner opportunism through the path of cooperation. Third, it explores the moderating effects of guanxi in relationships on trust, cooperation and partner opportunism. Implications offers suggestions for management practice to reduce partner opportunism in joint-venture manufacturing.

This study aims to obtain an effective strategy for group empowerment in increasing joint efforts. The Karya Jasa 3 group in Kaliyoso-Kendal was the object of the present study. Data were collected from March to June 2020. The data taken included assets owned by farmer groups, group businesses, and group cash financial data. Data were collected through interviews with farmer group leaders and direct observation in the field. The data obtained were analyzed in an explanative manner. The results show that the group empowerment carried out was to build a joint business, in the form of an economic business unit which included: 1) Seed business; 2) Agricultural machine tool service unit; 3) Marketing of agricultural product; 4) Savings and loan business; and 5) Agricultural production supply store. The joint venture that has been built has been able to provide benefits for group members. Business profit was divided as follows: 70% for the group and 30% for members. Benefits for members are used to increase togetherness in the form of social activities. It was found that the strategic approach of empowering farmer groups in joint ventures should not only focus on productive business but also on social activities. Therefore, it was a portion of business profit used for recreation, religious events, or traditional occasions.

Learning from joint venture (JV) experience is commonly viewed as a way to improve JV performance. However, many JVs are complex and difficult to learn from. How can firms embrace this complexity to realize the learning potential of their JV experience? To answer this question, we consider how minority, 50-50, and majority JVs differ in terms of complexity stemming from the interdependencies between the JV partners and between the JV and its parent organizations. We theorize that the relatively limited complexity of minority JV experience facilitates learning from more complex experience with majority and 50-50 JVs. However, the same facilitating effect is not expected between two forms of complex experience. We test these predictions on a comprehensive set of equity JVs formed by Dutch listed companies between 1966 and 2005, using JV survival and abnormal stock market returns as complementary JV performance measures.

We investigate the collaboration between an Iranian and a French company in a joint venture aimed at developing radical innovation in the construction sector. We identify the challenges involved, the barriers to technological change, and the difficulties of transferring knowledge related to absorptive capacity. We conduct an in depth case study of a joint venture created by Freyssinet and Azaran to build a new roof to the Mashhad stadium. We conducted 41 interviews over a 19 month period. Our findings indicate that radical innovation is characterized by safety, quality, and planning challenges which engender delays, non-conformity to specifications, and additional costs. Freyssinet was unsuccessful in transferring explicit and tacit knowledge because Azaran suffered from poor organizational absorptive capacity. Its high absorptive capacity allowed Freyssinet to adapt its operations to Azaran's tacit knowledge routines. Our research is meaningful to the construction sector, an economically and socially significant sector in Iran that faces serious issues. Our study has practical implications for Iranian firms and for foreign firms operating in Iran. We contribute to strengthen the understanding of Iranian technology development by focusing on radical innovation standards, joint venture specific learning dyads, and complex knowledge transfer.

This study explores the nature of “collaboration” risk in joint ventures and the factors that affect local development officials’ perceptions of these risks. Extant research on barriers to joint venture formation clearly indicates an important role for collaboration risk, but a systematic examination of the factors shaping local officials’ perceptions of this risk is lacking. The authors propose that their perceptions of the region’s norms regarding interlocal collaboration, the structure of the communication networks they have created with other local officials, and differences in the racial composition of their own cities are important factors shaping their perceptions of collaboration risk. The findings provide researchers with a basis for understanding the dimensions of collaboration risk in joint ventures and highlight the importance of the regional climate of cooperation among municipal leaders in shaping these perceptions. The two measures capturing the environment for collaboration in the region had the strongest link to the respondents’ perception of collaboration risk on joint ventures for economic development.

We investigate the short- and long-term effects of different types of R&D collaborations on firms, consumers, and the industry. To that end, we consider a differentiated-product market in which firms compete a la Bertrand and invest in process innovation in order to lower the production cost over time. Investments are stochastic and there can be cartelization or competition strategies among firms at the moment of making the decision on the amount to invest in R&D. Our results show that in equilibrium, the long-run welfare is larger under a research joint venture than under other environments. Discounted present value profits increase with the level of the spillover but there are asymmetries that depend on the firms’ asymmetry on marginal costs.

Synopsis Atlantic Basin Refining, Inc. (ABR), a Virgin Islands company located on the island of St Croix, reached a tentative agreement with Hess and Petroleos de Venezuela SA to purchase the two companies’ joint venture, Hovensa, LLC in November 2014. Hovensa operated the large St Croix oil refinery that had been closed since 2012, but the deal required approval by the Virgin Islands Senate. Although reopening the large refinery would generate a significant boost to the local economy, past operating losses, and financial and legal issues associated with Hovensa, raised concerns about the feasibility of ABR’s proposal. The case is set in late 2014 as the government is working to ensure that the decision to allow ABR to purchase the refinery reflects the long-term interests of the Virgin Islands. Research methodology The case was researched using secondary data and all materials are available to the public. This was necessary due to the ongoing legal battle concerning the refinery’s sale. No disguises of people or entities were used. Frequently cited sources include government and court records, newspaper articles, and internet sources. Relevant courses and levels The case is most appropriate for undergraduate courses in management or finance where capital budgeting decisions are analyzed. Theoretical bases The case draws on literature related to capital budgeting and management.

The documentary film Togliatti(grad) tells the foundation of the huge factory-town of Togliatti, built in the late 60’s in the heart of the Russian steppes in just thirty six months; an operation which put side by side, in an economic joint venture, Fiat, the biggest italian cars factory group, and the communist Soviet Union. Among the images of the present and the past, through the voices of Italian and Russian protagonists, the story explores the preparation, the implementation and the effects of an operation that had to show and measure, under the eye of international public opinion, the power of the two dominant ideologies of the second half of the twentieth century. Exploring an era in which cultural industry and culture of industry complemented each other, the story also explores the path of a generation of men and women grew up "with "and "for" work; a path culminated in a personal balance of victories and defeats.

The purpose of this work is to analyse the main indicators of foreign trade in goods in general in Ukraine and in the context of joint ventures, and an analysis of changes in absolute indicators of foreign trade activity of a joint venture in the dynamics of economic activity of the joint venture in the foreign trade of Ukraine. The methodology of the research in this paper is based on the analysis of statistical data on the share participation of joint ventures in the foreign economic activity of Ukraine and consideration of the geographical structure of export and import of joint ventures for 2010–2016. The paper presents results of research on the share participation of joint entrepreneurship in the structure of foreign trade in goods both in Ukraine as a whole and in the regions, in particular, the study of the geographical and regional structure of foreign trade activity of joint entrepreneurship in the context of export and import components. A detailed study of the geographical structure of export and import trade in the countries of far and near abroad with goods currently produced by joint ventures is presented, as well as a detailed analysis of the commodity structure of export deliveries and import purchases by joint ventures in the context of food and industrial goods is given. Practical consequences are associated with the solution of relevant issues, first of all, the formation of a positive investment image of the country on the world stage, and results of the analysis of participation of joint ventures in foreign trade activities, the geographical, regional, and commodity structure of exports and imports seems appropriate to consider in the development of further policies on activation of foreign trade of Ukraine, including growth and expansion of their export component. Originality. The results of the analysis of the share participation of joint ventures in Ukraine’s foreign trade activities, geographical, regional, and commodity structure of export and import of joint ventures should be taken into account in the development of further policy to intensify Ukraine’s foreign trade.

September 28, 2016, marked the 50th anniversary of the Connecticut Mental Health Center, a state-owned and state-operated joint venture between the state and Yale University built and sustained with federal, state, and university funds. Collaboration across these entities has produced a wide array of clinical, educational, and research initiatives, a few of which are described in this column. The missions of clinical care, research, and education remain the foundation for an organization that serves 5,000 individuals each year who are poor and who experience serious mental illnesses and substance use disorders.

With all of the changes and challenges in Libya, the country possesses many positive attributes for carefully targeted investment in several sectors and seeks to use the last updated technology to improve public service. The Libyan ministry of telecommunication is interested in long-term investment in the cellular telecom industry. Although the ministry and its national operators have sought to catch up to the fast growth of the technology and provide the best service to the customers, the sector needs some reforms. Therefore, to improve prospects for success, four options (privatization of the companies, licensing a new foreign operator, supporting existing operators, and joint venture) were identified and evaluated based on a multiple perspectives criteria and goals using a Hierarchical Decision Model (HDM) methodology. The judgments of Libyan experts in the telecom sector were used to validate and quantify the model. The final result shows the licensing of a new foreign operator is considered to be the best option in the case of Libya.

The European Examination in General Cardiology (EEGC) is a joint venture between the European Union of Medical Specialists, the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the participating National Cardiac Societies, including the British Cardiovascular Society (BCS). It provides a high-quality test of knowledge for cardiology trainees from 14 countries where it is used to support training. In the UK, the EEGC is taken in specialty training (ST)5, and can be retaken in ST6 and ST7 if necessary, and is approved by the GMC as a requirement for CCT. Development of the exam (figure 1) starts at the ESC Congress in August with a question writing meeting (a). Each question has a clinical scenario, a single question and five possible answers shown in alphabetical order. The questions are written and edited by groups of cardiologists from a range of countries and subspecialties. The knowledge tested is mapped to the curriculum …

This chapter provides a case study of a cybersecurity accelerator, recently established in Australia, in response to the growing threat of cybercrime. The accelerator has been launched as a joint venture between an IT service provider and a university, with the backing of the regional government. In setting up and differentiating the accelerator particular attention has been paid to the deal flow quality, selective engagement of a broad range of mentors with deep skills and the establishment of an environment conducive to innovation. As will be discussed in this chapter, these factors increase the likelihood of success based on developing strong and dynamic networks, building founders’ skills and increasing collaboration within the ecosystem. This chapter demonstrates how the principles of transformational entrepreneurship are being utilised within this context to build a successful accelerator to tackle a challenging situation.

In recent decades, the impact of South African foreign direct investment in Africa has been captured by research and policy. This paper investigates linkages and spillover effects of South African foreign direct investment in Botswana and Kenya. The study uses primary data to investigate qualitative implications. The findings reveal that South African firms operate in sectors including retail, food-processing, and information and communication technology. Linkages forged in these sectors include supply, employee, joint venture, service, and institutional nexuses. Supply and service linkages create observable spillovers which point to the fact that younger local firms tend to benefit from South African firms in terms of technology transfer and training opportunities. Host country policymakers are therefore encouraged to provide favourable incentives for foreign direct investment to promote entrepreneurship. Other policy implications are also discussed.