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The purpose of this study was to conduct a randomized controlled trial to assess the efficacy of CARES, an online intervention developed to educate undergraduate students about how to communicate in person and over text with friends who experienced the death of someone close to them. College students ( N = 231) were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: the CARES intervention, a website containing information about grief and loss, or a control condition. Participants completed pre- and post-test quantitative and qualitative measures to assess (a) knowledge of grief, appropriate responses to grieving peers, and resources available for grieving college students; (b) confidence in ability to communicate effectively with grieving peers; (c) skills in communicating effectively with bereaved friends. The results indicated that students who participated in the CARES intervention had the greatest knowledge regarding grief and appropriate communication with grieving peers when compared with participants in the website and control conditions. They also had higher levels of knowledge about complicated grief when compared with students in the website condition, but not the control condition. In addition, students receiving the CARES intervention were more confident in their ability to help a grieving peer and had the greatest skill in communicating with a hypothetical grieving peer, when compared with participants in the website and control conditions. No differences were found across conditions in knowledge of common signs of grief or knowledge of resources. Overall, the CARES intervention has potential for educating undergraduates about effective communication with their grieving peers.

This mixed-method study advances knowledge regarding the practice of grief counseling in a sample of 171 university counseling center therapists. First, several components of therapists’ self-reported work with grieving clients was assessed (e.g., training level, initial responses to a grieving client, principles applied in counseling, therapist comfort, and potential therapist issues related to counseling grieving clients). Second, grounded in the death competence model (Gamino & Ritter, 2012), predictors of perceived grief counseling skills were examined. Cognitive competence and emotional competence predicted perceived grief counseling skills, with training/experience being the most robust predictor. Notably, the participants in this study rarely received education regarding death, dying, and grieving in their graduate programs, and they indicated that their knowledge about grief counseling was insufficient. Moreover, the therapists’ qualitative responses to a case vignette were lacking in many grief-specific domains. Future directions for training, research, and clinical work are discussed.

Many college students experience the death of someone close to them and could be at risk for complicated grieving. Their primary sources of support may be unavailable as family members may live far away and their peers may be unprepared to respond to their grief. In addition, college students are exposed to a variety of stressors that could result in maladaptive coping. Furthermore, although most college-aged students use social media, little is known about its impact on grieving. The purpose of this study was to examine the degree to which social support, coping, continuing bonds, and social media use predicted complicated grief and posttraumatic growth in a sample of college students who had experienced an interpersonal loss. Participants (N = 258; 77.5% female, M age = 19.98, SD = 1.41) completed an online survey assessing the aforementioned constructs using Likert-type scales. Findings from two hierarchical regressions indicated that coping variables accounted for the greatest percentage of variance in grieving outcomes with avoidant-emotional coping being the most robust predictor of complicated grief and problem-focused coping accounting for considerable variance in posttraumatic growth (both were associated positively with the outcomes). As hypothesized, continuing bonds explained variance in both grieving outcomes with externalized continuing bonds and maintaining continuing bonds on social media predicting complicated grief and internalized continuing bonds contributing to posttraumatic growth (also all positively associated). Social support from family also was predictive of posttraumatic growth in the positive direction. Future research directions and implications for practice are discussed with the hope that this research might inform the development of interventions to assist college students who are grieving.

The purpose of the study was to examine the factor structure, measurement invariance, and psychometric properties of a commonly used measure of perceived career barriers (The Perception of Barriers Scale; Luzzo & McWhirter, 2001) with racially diverse college women. The results supported a 9-factor structure for the Perception of Barriers Scale; configural, metric, and scalar invariance for the 9-factors were found with Asian, African American, Latina, and White college women. All groups of women of color reported higher career barriers due to racism and higher educational barriers due to racial discrimination than White women. The results also demonstrated potential differences in salient barriers for women of color (educational barriers due to lack of confidence/skills for Asian women, career barriers due to sexism and racism for African American women, and educational barriers due to financial concerns for Latina women). The reliability estimates of the subscales were satisfactory and support for criterion validity was demonstrated. The results highlighted the importance of measuring and identifying salient barriers for college women of color. Future research and practice implications for assessing and ameliorating salient barriers for college women are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record

Objectives Racial identity invalidation, others' denial of an individual's racial identity, is a salient racial stressor with harmful effects on the mental health and well-being of Multiracial individuals. The purpose of this study was to create a psychometrically sound measure to assess racial identity invalidation for use with Multiracial individuals (N = 497). Method The present sample was mostly female (75%) with a mean age of 26.52 years (SD = 9.60). The most common racial backgrounds represented were Asian/White (33.4%) and Black/White (23.7%). Participants completed several online measures via Qualtrics. Results Exploratory factor analyses revealed 3 racial identity invalidation factors: behavior invalidation, phenotype invalidation, and identity incongruent discrimination. A confirmatory factor analysis provided support for the initial factor structure. Alternative model testing indicated that the bifactor model was superior to the 3-factor model. Thus, a total score and/or 3 subscale scores can be used when administering this instrument. Support was found for the reliability and validity of the total scale and subscales. In line with the minority stress theory, challenges with racial identity mediated relationships between racial identity invalidation and mental health and well-being outcomes. Conclusions The findings highlight the different dimensions of racial identity invalidation and indicate their negative associations with connectedness and psychological well-being. (PsycINFO Database Record

This qualitative study examined instances of racial identity invalidation among 49 Black/White Biracial individuals. Transcriptions of participants discussing their most stressful experience of invalidation were coded for themes using content analysis. Themes that emerged provided a rich description of Biracial participants’ perceptions of why invalidation occurs and why perpetrators invalidated the individual. Also addressed are Biracial people’s thoughts, feelings, and reactions in response to the invalidation, and the effect of the invalidating experience on racial identity. Implications for research, counseling and preventive interventions are provided.

Given the increasing number of women entering the field of psychology, this study investigated the degree to which achievement motivation, leader identity, career salience, and willingness to compromise career for partner and children were predictive of leadership aspirations generally and in the American Psychological Association. Data from 202 female graduate students in counseling and clinical doctoral programs indicated that leader identity, career salience, and willingness to compromise career for children predicted overall leadership aspirations. Achievement motivation, leader identity, and career salience also predicted plans to pursue leadership positions in the American Psychological Association. Graduate students nearing the end of their doctoral programs were more willing to compromise career for children and prioritize their partner than women early in their program. The implications of these findings for research, training, and counseling are discussed.

This study examined how college women’s instrumentality and expectations about combining work and family predicted early career development variables. Specifically, 177 undergraduate women completed measures of instrumentality (i.e., traits such as ambition, assertiveness, and risk taking), willingness to compromise career for family, anticipated work–family conflict, traditionality of career choice, leadership aspirations, and occupational engagement. High levels of instrumentality were associated with strong leadership aspirations and occupational engagement. An inverse relationship emerged between the selection of a more traditional career and less anticipation that work would interfere with time spent with family, and a positive relationship emerged between high leadership aspirations and more anticipation that family would be a strain on work. Additionally, anticipating that work would interfere with time spent with family had a positive relationship with occupational engagement. Findings are discussed, and recommendations for career counseling for young women are provided.

This study explored adoption disclosure in a sample of 18 adult adoptees who were adopted as infants. A qualitative analysis of semistructured interviews with adoptees was used to learn about participants’ experiences of adoption disclosure. The majority always knew they were adopted, were able to talk openly with parents about adoption, and had positive feelings related to learning about their adoption. Those who were dissatisfied with their disclosures reported that their parents were uncomfortable with discussing adoption and withheld information. Based on the findings, suggestions are provided for parents and adoption professionals on ways to improve the management of the disclosure process.

Married couples consisting of female breadwinners and male primary caretakers are increasing in prevalence and visibility. However, little is known about the experiences of these families, particularly about salient challenges and dynamics related to this work–family arrangement. Through inductive qualitative analysis, the current study investigated the identity and adjustment experiences of this subset of working mothers. Fifty-one women responded to open-ended questions about their work and family experiences. The results highlighted psychological, vocational, and sociocultural phenomena related to this particular work–family arrangement including reasons guiding career and family decisions, positive and negative adjustment experiences, and perceptions of stigma. Relevant clinical and workplace policy implications also are provided.

This study examined the relative contributions of (a) gender, (b) perceived stress, (c) social support from family and significant other, and (d) positive and negative dimensions of religious coping to the prediction of the psychological health and meaning in life among 179 Central American immigrants from El Salvador and Guatemala. Findings reveal that greater perceived stress by Latinas/Latinos was predictive of psychological health and meaning in life, while social support from a significant other also explained variance in meaning in one's life. Negative religious coping, specifically reappraisal of God's powers, was predictive of search for meaning in one's life.

The current study examined existing data to determine whether family SES, age of entry into daycare, time spent in daycare per week, and child personality variables predicted behavioral outcomes. Our analyses indicated that, for this sample, the best predictor of problem behavior was personality. Specifically, individuals low in agreeableness re- ported more problem behavior than did individuals high in agreeableness. Family SES, age of entry into daycare, and amount of time spent in daycare were not significantly related to problem behavior. Although daycare quality was signifi- cantly correlated with problem behavior, it only accounted for 2% of the variance. Such findings indicate that future re- searchers should examine mediating or moderating effects of personality on the relationship between daycare and behav- ior.

Individual (gender and acculturation), microsystem (social support), exosystem (socioeconomic status), and macrosystem (racism) variables were examined as predictors of career decision-making self-efficacy in a sample of 85 Vietnamese adolescents in the Washington, D.C., area. English language acculturation and peer support accounted for unique variance in the prediction of career decision-making self-efficacy. Implications for career counseling and future research are discussed.

One-hundred-and-sixteen Asian American college students viewed analogue videotapes in which an actress portraying a European American female "counselor" expressed cultural values that were either consistent or inconsistent with Asian culture to an actress portraying an Asian American female "client." In addition, the counselor either acknowledged racial differences or did not acknowledge racial differences with the client. The results showed that when the counselor expressed values that were inconsistent with Asian culture, the counselor who acknowledged racial differences was perceived to be more cross-culturally competent than the counselor who did not acknowledge racial differences. Also, the results showed that observer-participants' adherence to the value of conformity to norms was positively associated with their ratings of counselor credibility and crosscultural counseling competence. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved).

In this article we advance a distinctly relational view of negotiation. We delineate the conditions through which relational self-construals (RSC) become accessible in negotiations and the conditions that inhibit their use, and we illustrate mechanisms through which RSC affects negotiation processes and outcomes. We introduce four relational dynamics--arelational trading, relational satisficing, relational distancing, and relational integrating--and discuss their consequences for the accumulation of economic and relational capital in negotiation.

Any framework used to conceptualize the career development of women and of racial and ethnic minorities must accommodate multiple influences shaping their experiences concurrently and over time. An ecological model of counseling is proposed to expand conceptualizations and interventions of counseling practice with diverse groups of individuals. Cualquier armazon utilizado para conceptualizar el desarrollo de la carrera de mujeres y de minorias raciales y etnicas debe acomodar multiples influencias que forman sus experiencias concurrentemente y con el tiempo. Un modelo ecologico de aconsejar se propone ensanchar las conceptualizaciones y las intervenciones de aconsejar la practica con grupos diversos de individuos.

The purpose of this study was to examine the contributions of attachment, separation, and Jewish identity to psychological well-being in a sample of 115 late adolescent Jewish women. Results from multiple regression analyses demonstrated that attachment to parents, separation from parents, and Jewish identity collectively accounted for variance in psychological distress, as measured by anxiety, depression, self-esteem problems, and interpersonal problems. Thus, late adolescent Jewish women's psychological functioning may be fostered by therapeutic interventions addressing their relationships with parents and Jewish identity.

Twelve experienced therapists were interviewed about their perceptions of why they used silence in therapy. Qualitative analyses revealed that these therapists typically perceived themselves as using silence to convey empathy, facilitate reflection, challenge the client to take responsibility, facilitate expression of feelings, or take time for themselves to think of what to say. Therapists generally indicated that a sound therapeutic alliance was a prerequisite for using silence, and they typically educated their clients about how they used silence in therapy. Therapists typically believed they did not use silence with clients who were psychotic, highly anxious, or angry. They typically thought they now used silence more flexibly, comfortably, and confidently than when they began doing therapy. Therapists typically believed they learned how to use silence from their own experience as a client and from supervision.

Current career counseling practices are based on certain assumptions about clients and their career development, and these assumptions implicitly reflect male, western European experiences and worldviews. These assumptions may not reflect the general life priorities and specific role commitments of many women of color and White women. An ecological perspective on career counseling is proposed to conceptualize the dynamic interaction between the person and the environment. This perspective holds promise for assisting career counselors in their work with women of color and White women. Career counseling, as widely practiced today, evolved at a time when the typical career client was young, male, White, able-bodied, publicly heterosexual, and ethnically homogeneous (White immigrants from western Europe). However, today's U.S. labor force is far from homogeneous. One strategy to remedy the previously limited practice of career counseling is to make counseling available to everyone regardless of race, color, creed, affectional preference, or biological sex. In fact, the practice of career counseling has increasingly been extended to populations that vary in age, sociocultural status, race or ethnicity, and gender (Gysbers, Heppner, & Johnston, 1998). In this article, we argue that this open-door policy of offering career counseling to everyone is insufficient in itself to address the needs of many women of color and White women. First, we briefly examine how the assumptions on which current career counseling practices are based implicitly reflect male, western European experiences and worldviews. These assumptions concern (a) the separation of work and family roles in people's lives; (b) reverence for individualism and autonomy in American life; (c) the centrality of work as life activity in people's lives; (d) the linear, progressive and rational nature of the career development process; and (e) the structure of opportunity characterizing the labor force as a whole. These assumptions render many career counseling practices either insufficient or irrelevant to the experiences of many women of color and White women. Next, we suggest that implementation of an ecological perspective may better meet the needs of many career clients today. Finally, we make suggestions to encourage the career counseling profession to embrace a broader, ecological model of career development. It is important to emphasize the reason for the careful use of modifiers (e.g., some, many) throughout this paper. The analysis of basic assumptions related to career counseling requires an examination of broad generalizations that are rooted in gender and cultural diversity and that reflect modal expectations about career development. Little justice would be done on behalf of marginalized individuals if a new singular mold was simply substituted for previous models of career development. An innovative model embracing diversity as the core of career development is needed. Moreover, it is important to note that not all individuals have the luxury of making career choices. For many low-income people, having a paid job is a necessity that does not often involve choices about a career path. In these situations, the oppressive nature of pervasive poverty becomes the salient influence on career development. Career Counseling Today: Examination of Basic Assumptions Career counseling, as widely practiced today, continues to follow a brief, three-step model that includes an intake interview, administration of assessment measures, and test interpretation (Gysbers et al., 1998). The client's role in this model is to obtain and synthesize information about self and the world of work. The subsequent job and educational decisions are expected to initiate a potentially rewarding career trajectory over time. The counselor's role is to provide the client access to sufficient information about self and work and, if necessary, to improve independent decisionmaking skills. …

Interviews were conducted with 13 predoctoral psychology interns about an experience of sexual attraction toward a client, use of supervision to address the sexual attraction, and prior training regarding sexual attraction. Results indicated that sexual attraction to clients consisted of physical and interpersonal aspects. Therapists believed they were more invested and attentive than usual to clients to whom they were sexually attracted, and they indicated that sexual attraction created distance, distraction, and loss of objectivity. In terms of supervision, only half of the participants disclosed their sexual attraction to supervisors, and supervisors seldom initiated the discussion. Furthermore, trainees found it helpful when supervisors normalized the sexual attraction and provided the opportunity to explore feelings in supervision. Finally, trainees believed their training programs did not adequately address therapist sexual attraction.

This study explored the contribution of psychological separation and parental attachment to constructs related to the career development of 282 adolescent women. Results of a canonical correlation analysis suggested that high school women who experienced similar attitudes to mother, reliance on mother for assistance in daily functioning, conflictual feelings toward mother, and freedom from the need for approval, closeness, and emotional support from father evidenced very strong career self-efficacy beliefs and moderate levels of both career orientation and realism. Thus, this study indicated that young women who experienced attachment to their mothers and were moving toward independence were interested in pursuing a career, selected careers which were mostly consistent with their ability, and felt highly efficacious with regard to choosing a career. Continued attention to the career development of young women over time is critical in order to further differentiate among the individual, relational, and societal variables that promote healthy career development as well as occupational success and satisfaction for women.

Counselor trainees perceptions during a multicultural counseling course highlighted the importance of experiential activities and ethnically diverse speakers to the development of awareness and knowledge.

Multiracial Americans represent a rapidly growing population (Shih & Sanchez, 2009); however, very little is known about the types of challenges and resilience experienced by these individuals. To date, few psychological measures have been created specifically to investigate the experiences of multiracial people. This article describes 2 studies focused on the development and psychometric properties of the Multiracial Challenges and Resilience Scale (MCRS). The MCRS was developed using a nationwide Internet sample of urban, multiracial adults. Exploratory factor analyses revealed 4 Challenge factors (Others' Surprise and Disbelief Regarding Racial Heritage, Lack of Family Acceptance, Multiracial Discrimination, and Challenges With Racial Identity) and 2 Resilience factors (Appreciation of Human Differences and Multiracial Pride). A confirmatory factor analysis with data from a second sample provided support for the stability of this factor structure. The reliability and validity of the measure, implications of these findings, and suggestions for future research are discussed.

The present study expanded on Fassinger's (1990) model of career choice in college women by testing 2 causal models of career choice and orientation with high school women. Structural equation modeling analyses suggested that the career orientation and career choice of adolescent women were predicted by ability, agentic characteristics, gender role attitudes, and relationship with mother.

Research suggests that battered women vary in their perceptions about battering, and women holding certain causal explanations to external and stable causes are more likely to state that they want to leave the abusive situation than women holding internal and unstable attributions (Frieze, 1979). The present study addressed the impact of battered women's causal explanations for the violence in their lives on shelter workers' perceptions of their clients. The results partially confirmed the hypothesis that shelter workers would react more positively to battered women who attributed their battering to stable and external causes than battered women who attributed their battering to unstable and internal causes. The implications of the findings for counseling battered women are discussed.