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The suscriptio of the church of San Miguel (Andaluz, Soria, Spain) arranged in two ashlars, was released in 1933, although its first transcription was not published until 1946. In addition to raising some questions about its correct reading and the reason for the strange arrangement of the text, the present article proposes a hypothesis based on an epigraphic and stratigraphic analysis that states that one of the two ashlars that make up the epigraph might be a copy of another (destroyed) original. This would explain the noticeable internal and external differences between the two ashlars.

Grazing has become a less common dairy farming practice in most European countries. Ireland is an exception with its predominantly grass-based system. After the removal of European milk quotas, farmers were encouraged to expand within a grass-based paradigm rather than pursuing yield increases through feeding more concentrate. This research assessed Irish dairy farmer attitudes toward grass-based, higher-feed-input, and indoor paradigms. A paradigm of agriculture is a shared understanding about how agriculture should be carried out. Grass-based, higher-feed-input, and indoor paradigms propose different solutions to economic, environmental, and animal-welfare challenges facing dairy farming. An online survey was distributed to Irish dairy farmers in August 2018, which received 396 responses. There was support among respondents for the grass-based paradigm of maximizing milk from forage and minimizing concentrate use, with 73% of respondents strongly agreeing or agreeing this was the best option for Irish dairy farmers. The results suggest there were not significant ideological disagreements among respondents about the economic, environmental, and animal-welfare merits of different paradigms. Rather, the results showed respondents supported grass-based or higher-feed-input paradigms for different reasons as follows: profitability and lifestyle for the former, and the ability to expand production without access to additional land and less dependence on weather for the latter. These findings could be of interest in countries where grazing is less widely practiced, but where there is a desire to increase the uptake of grazing practices. Messaging about the profitability and simplicity of the grass-based system clearly resonated with respondents, and could be replicated in other countries. There is a desire within the Irish government, industry, and advisory bodies to keep dairy expansion within a grass-based paradigm. The results suggested individuals may diverge from this paradigm not because they disagree with messaging about its benefits, but rather if difficulties with land access or managing weather variability lead them to expand through feeding more concentrate. To maintain production within the grass-based paradigm, more opportunities could be created for farmers who are restricted from further expansion, such as alternative supply chains or payments for environmental services.

Natural environments are associated with positive health and well-being. However, little is known about the influence of environmental qualities on well-being and the mechanisms underlying this association. This study explored whether perceived restorativeness and it subscales would mediate the effects of perceived biodiversity, perceived naturalness, walk duration and perceived intensity on emotional well-being.\ud \ud Participants (n = 127) of a national walking program in England completed pre- and post-walk questionnaires (n = 1009) for each group walk attended within a 13-week period. Multilevel mediation examined the hypothesised indirect effects.\ud \ud Perceived restorativeness mediated the effects of perceived bird biodiversity, perceived naturalness, and perceived walk intensity on positive affect, happiness and negative affect. The effect of walk duration on happiness was also mediated by perceived restorativeness. Perceived walk intensity had a direct effect on positive affect and happiness.\ud \ud Findings have implications for theory development, future biodiversity-health research and practitioners interested in designing restorative environments.

Farm advisory services have returned to both the academic and the political agenda. Commercialisation—charging a fee for an advisory service—is a trend observed not only in private advisory organisations, but to some extent also in public and other types of organisations. This paper explores how commercialisation of farm advice impacts on the quality of services. Based on key informant interviews and a unique data set from a survey of 227 advisory organisations across four European countries, both the front-office and the back-office dimension were investigated. The paper compares private organisations that draw income from charging for their services with non-private organisations (public, non-governmental and farmer-based organisations). We found that the private organisations are typically small and medium size enterprises that employ fewer advisors than non-private organisations. Their services are more personalised, that is, they have a higher proportion of 1:1 advice and they have a lower ratio of farms per advisor. With regard to the back office dimension, they differ little from non-private organisations in terms of training their advisors but have considerably lower levels of investment in research and development, and tend to rely on peer-to-peer networks and cooperation with other private consultancies and public authorities. We conclude that commercialised advice has several advantages but favours affluent clients. It is essential for commercial advisory services to be complemented with other services that reach different types of farmers, and that public support is available to improve the knowledge flows between public research and private organisations.

Although a growing volume of empirical research shows that being in nature is important for human 11 wellbeing, the definition of what constitutes an 'experience in nature', and how this is different from 12 other types of experiences, is very often left implied. In this paper we contrast everyday experiences 13 involving nature with a category of everyday experience in which most people regularly partake. We 14 present an exploratory study in which people (N=357) were explicitly asked to describe a memory 15 they had of an everyday ‘experience which involved nature’, as well as an everyday 'experience 16 which involved shopping’. The open-ended responses to these questions were analysed both 17 quantitatively and qualitatively. Nature experiences were generally found to be more positive than 18 shopping experiences, and they were more likely to be rated as ‘peaceful’ and ‘active’ compared to 19 shopping experiences. Follow-up analyses indicate a significant interaction between experience 20 category (nature or shopping), and the relationship between connectedness to nature and the amount 21 of pleasure associated with that experience: The more strongly connected to nature a respondent was, 22 the larger the disparity between the pleasantness of the shopping experience and that of the 23 experience in nature tended to be.

Against the backdrop of increasing interest in the relationship between Nature and health, this study examined the effect of perceived environment type and indicators of perceived environmental quality on short-term emotional well-being following outdoor group walks. \ud Participants (n = 127) of a national group walk program completed pre- and post-walk questionnaires for each walk attended (n = 1009) within a 13-week study period. Multilevel linear modelling was used to examine the main and moderation effects. To isolate the environmental from the physical activity elements, analyses controlled for walk duration and perceived intensity. \ud Analyses revealed that perceived restorativeness and perceived walk intensity predicted greater positive affect and happiness following an outdoor group walk. Perceived restorativeness and perceived bird biodiversity predicted post-walk negative affect. Perceived restorativeness moderated the relationship between perceived naturalness and positive affect. \ud Results suggest that restorative quality of an environment may be an important element for enhancing well-being, and that perceived restorativeness and naturalness of an environment may interact to amplify positive affect. These findings highlight the importance of further research on the contribution of environment type and quality on well-being, and the need to control for effects of physical activity in green exercise research.

Despite the increasing scholarly attention that Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) are receiving, little is yet known about the process of price setting. This is key knowledge that relates directly to the economic efficiency of an instrument that is spreading widely worldwide. Through a meta-analysis of payments for forest watershed services in Latin America, this study finds that there exists a very substantial difference between the price that buyers pay and that sellers receive for ecosystem services and that this difference is not due to transaction costs. Instead, it reveals a substantial subsidising component. Our results would suggest that this discrepancy in prices might be due to the ‘start-up’ effect and that as programmes mature, this effect may attenuate. However, the entry of new buyers does not make over for the subsidization of schemes and would require the implementation of specific mechanisms to adjust prices. According to our results, one of such possible mechanisms would be to increase participation on price setting processes, allowing for more price negotiation between parties rather than the predominant top-down approach.

The historiography of Romanesque in the province of Soria has three different stages. The former one begins with Eduardo Saavedra’s researches (1856) and it extends until 1934, when Gaya Nuño defends his PhD Thesis (La arquitectura románica en la provincia de Soria), which will not be published until 1946. The Spanish Civil War and the post-war period mark the beginning of the second stage, which is merely transitional, lacking any important contribution. The last stage begins with the publication of the three volumes of the Enciclopedia del Románico en Castilla y León (2002). These works have largely improved the knowledge of Romanesque architectural heritage, enhanced besides by the task undertaken by the technical office of the Cultural Project Soria Románica (2007- 2012), responsible for studying and restoring more than thirty Romanesque buildings in the Southern part of province. It is within this working frame that the building recording of the churches here presented must be understood. This historiographical assessment about provincial Romanesque does not include those buildings sited in the capital city, the Cathedral of El Burgo de Osma, the Monastery of Santa Maria de Huerta and the hermitage of San Baudelio (Casillas de Berlanga).La historiografía del Románico en la provincia de Soria tiene tres etapas diferenciadas. Una inicial, que parte de los estudios de Eduardo Saavedra (1856) y se extiende hasta 1934, fecha de la lectura de la tesis doctoral de Gaya Nuño (La arquitectura románica en la provincia de Soria), cuya publicación, no obstante, se demora hasta 1946. La Guerra Civil y posguerra marcan el comienzo de la segunda etapa, transicional y sin grandes aportaciones. La última etapa se inaugura con la publicación de los tres volúmenes sorianos de la Enciclopedia del Románico en Castilla y León (2002). Esta obra ha multiplicado el conocimiento del patrimonio edilicio románico, acrecentado, después, por la labor de la Oficina Técnica del Proyecto Cultural Soria Románica (2007-2012), que estudió en profundidad e intervino en más de treinta edificios del sur de la provincia, y en cuyo marco se produjeron las lecturas de paramentos de los cuatro templos que aquí se presentan. Esta valoración historiográfica del Románico provincial excluye la capital, así como la catedral de El Burgo de Osma, el monasterio de Santa María de Huerta y la ermita de San Baudelio (Casillas de Berlanga).

Gloria Fuertes fue una mujer inapropiable. A su éxito televisivo como "poeta de los niños" se contrapone su desconocimiento como "poeta de adultos" y su falta de reivindicación por ideologías o movimientos que naturalmente debieran haberlo hecho (feminismo, antimilitarismo, lesbianismo...). Una de las constantes que animan su obra es su pacifismo radical, innegociable, y su obra constituye uno de los ejemplos más extensos de compromiso con la consecución de la paz y la denuncia de la violencia y quienes la promueven. Su empatía con las personas que sufren y su punto de vista situado la sitúan en una posición que hemos denominado de "beguina laica", aportando un enfoque original sobre la obra de esta gran poeta madrileña del siglo XX.Gloria Fuertes was an inappropriable woman. Her TV success as "poet of children" is opposed by her ignorance as "poet of adults" and her lack of claim for ideologies or movements that naturally should have been done (feminism, antimilitarism, lesbianism...). One of the constants that cheer her work up is her radical pacifism, not negotiable, and her work constitutes one of the most extensive examples of compromise to the achievement of the peace and denunciation of the violence and those who promote it. Her empathy with those who suffer and her point of view placed place her in a position which we call "secular beguine", what contributes to an original approach about the work of this great Madrid poet of the twentieth Century.