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Purpose of Review This review describes lessons learned from longer acting contraception and employs a reproductive justice lens to inform expansion of emerging HIV prevention technologies. Recent Findings Reproductive justice is a framework that advocates for the promotion of universal sexual and reproductive freedoms, particularly among historically marginalized communities. This framework takes a holistic view of individuals and sees the interconnections between sexual health, reproductive health, and overall health. Employing a sexual and reproductive justice perspective is essential to understanding and helping to mitigate the role intersecting structural, sexual, and reproductive oppressions, including those demonstrated through promotion of longer acting contraception, and can critically inform rollout of future prevention technologies, such as longer acting HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis. Summary This review highlights the need for researchers, clinicians, and policymakers to apply lessons learned from contraception and specifically focuses on principles of reproductive justice to offer expanding HIV prevention options.

Background Nanomaterials of curcumin with hyaluronic acid have gained a lot of attention for potential therapeutic applications of curcumin and hyaluronic acid with or without other additional drugs. Overall studies of curcumin and hyaluronic acid show that nanomaterials of curcumin with hyaluronic acid accelerate the efficacy of curcumin in the treatment of various disorders like arthritis, cancer, hepatic fibrosis, neural disorders, wound healing, and skin regeneration, it is largely due to the combined effect of hyaluronic acid and curcumin. However, due to limited clinical trials and experiments on humans and animals, there is a substantial gap in research for the safety and efficacy of nanomaterials of curcumin-hyaluronic acid in the treatment of curcumin and hyaluronic acid targeted diseases and disorders. Main body of the abstract In this current review, we have first described various reported synthetic nanomaterials of curcumin-hyaluronic acid, then in the next section, we have described various fields, disorders, and diseases where these are being applied and in the final section of this review, we discussed the research gap, and future research directions needed to propose the fabricated nanocurcumin-hyaluronic acid biomaterials. Short conclusion There are substantial gaps in research for the safety and efficacy of nanomaterials of curcumin with hyaluronic acid due to limited available data of clinical trials and experiments of nanocurcumin-hyaluronic acid biomaterials on humans and animals. So, it entirely requires serious and committed efforts through the well-organized system of practical and clinical trials which provide results, data, and detections that lead to the formulation of the best drug from curcumin with hyaluronic acid for the treatment of curcumin and hyaluronic acid targeted diseases and disorders.

Background The knowledge and the beliefs of people could affect the fertility of women and men all over the society. According to gender, the aim of this study was to describe knowledge level and attitude of Moroccan young people about infertility in Marrakesh-Safi region in Morocco. Results We selected 355 Moroccan young people by a simple random sampling method, during 2019 and using a previously validate questionnaire. Both of female and male had a low level knowledge about the meaning, causes, and treatment of infertility (only 20, 8% of female and 25, 6% of male were aware). Almost, half of them (41, 6% of female versus 51, 9% of male) had reported that it is easier to conceive if the couples had already their first baby. However, 92% of female and 86% of male had confirmed that the lifestyle is a factor that may affect the infertility. The results showed that there was a difference between male and female attitude if the fertility treatment fails, the percentage of male who had proposed the polygamy as solution was higher than female (22.5% versus 6.6%). Besides, the minority had accepted divorce as alternative. The adoption was another solution proposed and accepted by both male and female. Conclusion The result of our study reflects the fact that it is important to investigate on education and a public awareness about fertility in order to upgrade the level of knowledge and attitudes of Moroccan young people.

SummaryPolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in indoor dust are one of the common exposure sources for children worldwide. The aim of this study is to explore PAHs pollution status in indoor dust and estimate health risk on Chinese children with big data. Weighted average concentration was used to analyze source and characterization of PAHs in indoor dust based on peer-reviewed literature. According to specific inclusion criteria, 17 studies were included finally to analyze weighted average concentration. The national average concentration of Σ16PAHs was approximately 25.696 µg/g. The highest concentration of Σ16PAHs was in Shanxi (2111.667 µg/g), and the lowest was in Hong Kong (1.505 µg/g). The concentrations in Shanxi and Guangdong were higher than national level and the over standard rate was 18.18%. The concentrations of individual PAHs varied greatly across the country, and Flu in Shanxi was the highest (189.400 µg/g). The sources of PAHs varied in different regions and combustion processes played a leading role. PAHs exposure through ingestion and dermal contact was more carcinogenic than inhalation. The incremental lifetime cancer risk model indicated that children lived in Shanxi were found in the highest health risk coupled with the highest BaPE concentration (54.074 µg/g). Although PAHs concentrations of indoor dust showed a downward trend from 2005 to 2018, indoor environmental sanitation should be improved with multidisciplinary efforts. Health standard should be possibly established to minimize children exposure to PAHs in indoor dust in China.

Wien erhalt ein brandneues Forschungszentrum fur Medizin. Das dreiteilige Projekt will Forscher und Forscherinnen aus aller Welt in die Bundehauptstadt locken. Wien hatte schon lange keinen Nobelpreistrager fur Medizin.

Background The heterocyclic compounds particularly pyridine displayed clinical and biological implementation. Pyridine scaffolds have been detected in most relevant drug molecules that included pyridine provided a great possibility for treatment. Main text Pyridine-containing compounds have increasing importance for medicinal application as antiviral, anticholinesterase activities, antimalarial, antimicrobial, antidiabetic and anticancer. This has generated concern among researchers in synthesising a variety of pyridine derivatives. Conclusion This review focuses on different pyridine targets as anticancer and their pharmacophoric elements controlling its activity.

Erfahrene Leserinnen und erprobte Leser vorliegender Qualitats- Fachzeitschrift fur das Gesundheitswesen erinnern sich vielleicht noch an Hugo (den mit dem „u“), den begeisterungsfahigen Haubenkoch im franzosischen Lyon, der zum Systemgastronomen geworden war, um dann gelautert und um verzichtbare Erfahrungen reicher im Laufe seiner bisher dreiteiligen QUALITAS-Serie (2012 bis 2019) vom erfolgreichen System- Gastro-Management wieder zur sehr personlichen Spitzengastronomie zuruckzukehren!? Seine Trilogie (gesammelt erschienen in der QUALITAS-Ausgabe 04/2019 und rund um die Uhr zu finden im QUALITAS-Online-Archiv) rief nach ihrer Fortsetzung in diesen Zeiten der pandemischen Isolierung, langen Selbstbeschrankung und unvermeidbaren Fremdbestimmung ...

As public involvement in the design, conduct and dissemination of health research has become an expected norm and firmly enshrined in policy, interest in measuring its impact has also grown. Despite a drive to assess the impact of public involvement, and a growing body of studies attempting to do just this, a number of questions have been largely ignored.This commentary addresses these omissions: What is the impact of all this focus on measuring impact? How is the language of impact shaping the debate about, and the practice of, public involvement in health research? And how have shifting conceptualisations of public involvement in health research shaped, and been shaped by, the way we think about and measure impact? We argue that the focus on impact risks distorting how public involvement in health research is conceptualised and practised, blinding us to possible negative impacts.We call for a critical research agenda for public involvement that [a] considers public involvement not as an instrumental intervention but a social practice of dialogue and learning between researchers and the public; [b] explores how power relations play out in the context of public involvement in health research, what empowerment means and whose interests are served by it, and [c] asks questions about possible harms as well as benefits of public involvement, and whether the language of impact is helpful or not.

Zusammenfassung Hintergrund Künstliche Intelligenz (KI) ist durch die Instrumentalisierung von Maschinen und Robotik in der Industrie, durch das autonome Fahren und die rasante Entwicklung computerbasierter Systeme längst Bestandteil unseres täglichen Lebens. Fragestellung Darstellung aktueller Entwicklungen und Perspektiven von KI in der Plastischen Chirurgie. Material und Methoden Auswertung von Statistiken, Evaluation von Originalarbeiten und Übersichtsarbeiten aus Fachzeitschriften. Ergebnisse Im Gesundheitswesen und in der Plastischen Chirurgie wird KI im klinischen Alltag im Rahmen der Datenauswertung digitaler Patientenakten oder der Big Data aus zentralen Registern verwendet. 3‑D-Bildgebungssysteme mit intelligenter Software können Operationsergebnisse im Hinblick auf Volumen und Ästhetik beurteilen. Intelligente Roboter unterstützen die mikrochirurgische Anastomosierung immer kleinerer Gefäße und die Implementation von KI im Bereich der Prothetik ermöglicht Patienten eine immer bessere Handfunktion nach Amputationsverletzungen. Diskussion Im Sinne der Patienten liegt es in der Verantwortung der experimentellen Chirurgie, die Chancen, Risiken und auch Grenzen von KI-Anwendungen zu erforschen.

Plain language summary Research should benefit society at large. Involving citizens those who are affected by research may not only increase the quality, but can also push research towards generating greater societal benefits and relevant outcomes for citizens. Including citizens in research also has ethical implications, which necessitate structured guidance on ‘how to’ meaningfully involve them. In our project, we invited a multi-stakeholder group consisting of researchers from multiple disciplines, citizen scientists, youth and patient advocates to co-create a guide on ‘how to’ meaningfully involve citizens in research. In five consecutive workshops, we discussed how the characteristics of interactions between researchers and citizens (e.g., building trustful relationships and communication) and what a possible project steering structure enabling meaningful public involvement in research could look like. As a result of these workshops, the PPIE ‘How to’ Guide for Researchers was developed to support the implementation of ‘Patient and Public Involvement and Engagement’ (PPIE) activities and informed a PPIE Implementation Programme funding public involvement activities in Austria. Abstract Involving citizens in research is not widely utilised across research disciplines and countries. It requires the readiness of researchers and their organisations as well as guides on ‘how to’ successfully involve citizens in a meaningful way. Including the patient and citizen voice in research activities has been most frequently demonstrated in health research, however, is implemented along various degrees of involvement – from passively receiving information about science to actively involving the citizens in steering projects and research activities. In this commentary, we aim to report a multi-stakeholder co-creation process developing ‘Patient and Public Involvement and Engagement’ (PPIE) activities across disciplines to provide guidance for researchers and the public. We use Ludwig Boltzmann Society’s (LBG) organisational framework as a case study, hence it consists of research institutes ranging from the life sciences to humanities and therefore represents a well-suited research environment for this endeavour. In a co-creation approach – to accomplish a shared understanding of public involvement in research among different stakeholders – a multi-stakeholder group comprising 11 researchers from natural sciences, life sciences, social sciences and humanities, and 13 citizens (such as patient advocates, young people and citizen scientists) were involved. In five consecutive workshops, we co-developed the nature of interactions between citizens and researchers, as well as governance structures enabling meaningful involvement in research. The workshops’ content was informed by an initial literature review. As a result of this process, the PPIE ‘How to’ Guide for Researchers was developed to support the implementation of involvement activities in their research projects according to the public involvement principles. These principles informed assessment criteria for the newly established PPIE Implementation Programme at LBG. It provides funding and support for public involvement activities in research to embed a sustainable and meaningful implementation of public involvement activities in Austria.

Background The literature has always been controversial on the use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists in preserving fertility in women of childbearing age after chemotherapy; thereby, in this article, we will be discussing its use in preserving fertility. Main body of abstract When it comes to preserving fertility, it is crucial to consider all available options in this topic due to its very sensitive nature, thereby we have found that while a lot of trials favor the use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists, the lack of proper follow-up and long-term trials renders its use highly debatable, and since the longest follow-up trial showed non-significant results, it also opens the floor for debate on whether this short-term benefit is worth adding another drug to the regimen or not. Short conclusion As described in this review, while the use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists is beneficial in a lot of studies, the lack of long-term reports still makes its use debatable, thereby more trials should be done.

The first coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) patients were reported in China on December 12, 2019, and the first COVID-19 patients were reported in Japan on January 16, 2020. Here, we investigated the number of patients in Emergency Departments (EDs) in three major hospitals in Tokyo, and also briefly discussed about the relationship between the number of patients in EDs and health system’s capacity. We compared the number of patients in 2020 to the average number of patients from 2016 to 2019. Numbers were compared in three periods: before the first COVID-19 patient was reported in Japan (January 1 to January 16), after the government encouraged social distancing (February 26 to March 10), and the interval between them (January 17 to February 25). The average number of daily patients in 2020 (n = 122) decreased by 17% compared to the average number of patients from 2016 to 2019 (n = 144) (Mann-Whitney test,p

The aim of this systematic literature review was to analyse the differences in maternal mortality in immigrant women in European countries and in the USA with respect to native-born women. We performed a literature search in PubMed and EMBASE and reviewed those papers that analysed this perinatal outcome between the native-born and foreign-born populations in these countries. The initial number of articles identified was 172 in PubMed and 159 in EMBASE. Fifteen articles were included in the review after applying the exclusion criteria. In most of the publications, maternal mortality was statistically higher in the groups of pregnant foreigners with respect to that in the native population. Maternal mortality is an important public health burden. We should implement epidemiological systems and further research to monitor and analyse social and demographic factors that have an important impact on the perinatal prognosis of pregnant women.

Kolorektale Eingriffe konnen mit fruheren Da-Vinci-Generationen mit Einschrankungen verbunden sein. Das Da-Vinci-Xi-System wurde entwickelt, um diese Einschrankungen zu uberwinden und kolorektale Operationen zu vereinfachen. Das Designkonzept des Da-Vinci-Xi-Systems und der standardisierte Zugang zu kolorektalen Operationen werden erlautert. Das Da-Vinci-Xi-System verfugt uber einen Armausleger, der den Arbeitsbereich maximiert, Interferenzen minimiert und die Trokarplatzierung fur einen universellen, standardisierten Zugang ermoglicht. Die Reproduzierbarkeit des standardisierten Zugangs wurde in Korperspendermodellen validiert. Ein standardisierter Zugang mit geradliniger Trokarplatzierung ist fur alle kolorektalen Eingriffe moglich. Die rechtsseitige Hemikolektomie kann entweder uber einen transversen Mittelbauchzugang oder eine suprapubische Platzierung der Trokare erfolgen. Unter Anwendung des gleichen Prinzips kann auch die linksseitige Hemikolektomie, Sigmoidresektion und tiefe anteriore Rektumresektion durchgefuhrt werden. Proktokolektomien sind durch Rotation des Auslegers durch ein zweites Andocken moglich. Nur wenige Arm-zu-Arm-Interferenzen traten hierbei auf und waren vom bettseitigen Assistenten behebbar. Keiner der Eingriffe erforderte die Verschiebung des Xi-Systems wahrend der Operation oder einen Armwechsel zu verschiedenen Trokaren. Ein standardisierter Zugang fur die kolorektale Chirurgie mit universeller, geradliniger Trokarplatzierung ist durch das Da-Vinci-Xi-System moglich. Diese standardisierten Zugangsoptionen sind fur alle kolorektalen Operationen anwendbar und bieten die Moglichkeit einer Verkurzung der Lernkurve sowie der Minimierung von Stress sowohl fur den Anfanger als auch den erfahrenen Roboterchirurgen beim Erlernen einer neuen Roboterplattform.

Background Temperament is an important issue that must be taken into consideration when purchasing horses for leisure, racing, or even work in the fields. Those who work with horses have various opinions about the relationship between a horse’s body characteristics and its temperament, but few scientific papers on this issue have been published. The objective of this study was to clarify the relationships of horse temperament with sex, breed, age, and body characteristics to help purchasers when selecting a horse with the desired temperament. A web-based survey consisting of a 32-item questionnaire was used to clarify the associations of sex, breed, age, and body characteristics with a horse’s temperament. The owners of a total of 112 horses from different countries (Egypt, Jordan, Palestine, and Iraq) were recruited to fill in the questionnaire about their horses. Results The results showed statistically significant associations of sex and breed with temperament with 89.7% and 108.3%, respectively (p values p value 0.58). The results also clarified significant associations between body characteristics (color, head and body marks, leg marks, and whorls) and temperament (all chi-square p-values Conclusion Purchasers can predict a horse’s temperament from its sex, breed, and body characteristics, including coat color, body and leg marks, and whorls

Background In Ayurveda, Jivanti is an important Rasayana drug that increases the energy level of the body. The botanical source of Jivanti is in a situation of controversy. The root of Leptadenia reticulata is the genuine source plant for Jivanti as per Ayurvedic Pharmacopeia of India. However, other species such as Holostemma ada-kodien and Flickingeria nodosa are also used as source plants for Jivanti in various parts of the country. The objective of this study is to identify a scientifically validated alternative source plant for Jivanti by phytochemical and pharmacological evaluation. Results In this study, anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic activities of various source plants for Jivanti were evaluated along with their phytochemical comparison. H. ada-kodien showed significant anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic activity when compared to L. reticulata. Conclusion The study concluded the possibility of using Holostemma ada-kodien as a substitute for Jivanti in the Ayurvedic drug industry. Graphical abstract

Background Melanoma cancer causes serious health problem worldwide because of its rapid invasion to other organs and lack of satisfactory chemotherapy. The pGI50 anticancer activity values of 70 compounds from the NCI (National Cancer Institute) on MALME-3M cell line was modeled to describe the quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) of the compounds, and some selected compounds were docked. Results The generated QSAR model was found to be statistically significant based on the obtained values of the validation keys such as R2 (0.885), $$ {R}_{\mathrm{adjusted}}^2 $$ R adjusted 2 (0.868), Q2cv (0.842), and $$ {R}_{pred}^2 $$ R pred 2 (0.738) required to evaluate the strength and robustness of QSAR model. Compound 39 was selected as a template due to its good pGI50 (9.205) and was modified to design new potent compounds. The predicted pGI50 activity of the designed compounds by the built model was N1 (9.836), N2 (12.876), N3 (10.901), and N4 (11.263) respectively. These proposed compounds were docked with V600E-BRAF receptor and the result shows that, N1, N2, N3, and N4 with free binding energy (FBE) of − 11.7 kcal mol−1, − 12.8 kcal mol−1, − 12.7 kcal mol−1, and − 12.9 kcal mol−1 respectively were better than the parent structure of the template (compound 39, FBE = − 7.0 kcal mol−1) and the standard V600E-BRAF inhibitor (Vemurafenib, FBE = − 11.3 kcal mol−1). Additionally, these compounds passed the drug-likeness criteria successfully to be orally bioavailable. Conclusion The proposed compounds were considered optimal as their performances are comparable to vemurafenib and possessed enhanced physicochemical properties. Thus recommends further research such as synthesis, in vivo, and ex-vivo evaluation.

Background A new incidence of a substandard medicinal product is discovered weekly as stated by the World Health Organization (WHO) around the world. After discovering an incidence of a substandard medicinal product, a drug recall announced to remove the affected medicinal product from the market. Drug recalls in SaudiArabia (SA) are made by the Saudi Food and Drug Authority (SFDA) or the distributors of the drug when certain criteria are met. A retrospective study of drug recalls in SA was carried out. Data were collected through a website search of the SFDA for drug recalls since January 2010–January 2019. Results SFDA recalled 84 substandard medicinal products which related to 47 alert letters and 52 drugs. The number of drug recall reported by SFDA increased six-folds in 2018 than in 2010. The major frequent therapeutic class of drug recall was the antihypertensive drugs followed by the antibiotic drugs (27.7% and 10.8%, respectively). The majority of the recalls were tablets followed by parenteral dosage forms (58% and 25%, respectively). The major reasons for the drug recalls were due to contamination (32.14%) followed by non-compliance with manufacturer’s specifications (20.48%). Two manufacturers were accounted for 34.52% of all recalled drugs. Conclusion Substandard medicinal products are considered as a serious problem in SA. Contamination was the main cause of drug recalls, which requires root investigation of causes and for strict protective tools to be applied by drug manufacturers.

BackgroundHerbal medicinal material and product need is increasing, and with this increase in the need, it is very much an essential requirement to maintain the quality of them.Main bodyThe quality of the herbals is altered by various physical, chemical, and geographical aspects which contribute to the quality of these materials. Apart from that, adulteration is also an increasing concern when it comes to herbal material quality. Various chemical and phytochemical test, analytical techniques, and hyphenated analytical techniques are used for determining the quality aspects of the herbal materials in the herbal pharmaceuticals.ConclusionThese techniques can be used as quality control tool in assessing the quality of herbal materials and herbal pharmaceuticals.

Background Infertility affects almost one in five couples but is still poorly understood by the general public. Although the socio-cultural aspect of infertility has already been covered in some countries, there is currently no study concerning the Lebanese population’s view on this topic. This study aims to examine the knowledge and perception of the Lebanese population regarding infertility. The findings of this study could inform the creation of appropriate awareness campaigns aiming to rectify existing ideas based on myths and Lebanese folklore and establish a scientific understanding of infertility. Results Six hundred and nine participants were interviewed, and the responses recorded were statistically significant and correlated with p values Conclusion This study is the first to examine the socio-cultural beliefs and habits regarding infertility in Lebanon, with a focus on society’s attribution of infertility to women. More studies are needed to understand how a personal experience of infertility can affect one’s understanding and perceptions regarding infertility. Furthermore, Lebanese physicians should adopt a more multidisciplinary approach when managing couple infertility.

BackgroundThe herbal drug is molded in nanocarriers to boost growing interest in a pharmaceutical era for various fields in sort to amplify therapeutic worth. Nowadays, a promising interest has been developed in nanotechnology using herbal medicines as core material to provoke its activity on the target site.Main bodyBy administering herbal medicine in the nano-size form, there are chances for improving the bioavailability, binding receptor selectivity due to higher active surface energy thereby enhancing the effectiveness and safety of the active entity. In the last few decades, formulations with nano-sized herbal active ingredients have emerged as nano-phytomedicines owing to its wide range of interest and effectiveness because of its unique nature. Nanonized drug delivery structure of herbal drug has an approaching outlook for getting bigger the doings and overcome problems associated with plant medicine. The current review will focus on nanoparticles, herbal drug-loading techniques, herbal nanoformulations, and applications in various fields.ConclusionWe conclude that by formulating herbal drug in nanocarriers would be a promising guide for the progress of core remedy and will act as a promising proposal for many pathological conditions.

Plain English summary Background Patient and public involvement means researchers working with members of the public, patients or carers to jointly plan and carry out research. Aim This article is written by members of three involvement groups, and the university employees that they work with. We wanted to jointly reflect on what enables our collaborative work, and what the challenges are for everyone involved. What we did and how we did it We wanted to establish what the literature defines as ‘good’ public involvement and compare this with processes and practices in our involvement groups. We therefore carried out a literature review and each group met separately to discuss what characterises good involvement, and what the challenges are. From these discussions we developed a set of descriptions about each group. We compared the literature review findings with what came out of the discussions within the involvement groups. Findings Some of the involvement principles from the literature were similar to the priorities of the involvement groups. In addition, the groups identified characteristics of ‘good’ involvement practice that were not reported in the literature: passion and enthusiasm, informal and welcoming meeting spaces, and opportunities to share lived experiences. In this article we present examples of how principles for good involvement are practiced in these groups, and difficulties we have experienced. Abstract Background Patient and public involvement is important for producing relevant and accessible health research. Evidence of impact from involvement is growing, but there is also a need for research on how to create conditions for meaningful collaborations between researchers and public advisers. Objective We report on a co-produced self-reflective evaluation of involvement practices in three UK research programmes. Methods A structured review identified research-based principles for ‘good’ public involvement in research. In parallel, members of three involvement groups co-developed statements on how the groups work, and enablers and challenges to collaborative research. The author team analysed these statements using the findings from the review. Results We identified 11 international articles reporting research-based principles for involvement published between 2013 and 2017. We identified five ‘values’ and seven ‘practice principles’ for ‘good’ involvement. There was convergence between these principles and the priorities of the involvement groups. But the groups also identified additional good involvement practice that were not reported by the literature: passion, enthusiasm, informal and welcoming meeting spaces, and opportunities to share lived experiences. We present examples of how principles for good involvement are practiced in these groups, and highlight principles that have been challenging to implement. Conclusions Ongoing appraisal of public involvement is crucial. We present a process for self-evaluation, illuminate what ‘good’ means to researchers and public advisers involved in research, and identify areas for improvement. We conclude that provision of resources that enable support to public advisers in turn enable universities and research teams to implement other principles of good involvement.

MAO Ze-dong's view on traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) can be divided into the scientific view on TCM, the development view on TCM and the future view on TCM. The core of MAO Ze-dong's view on TCM lies in its scientific nature. The basic content of MAO Ze-dong's development view on TCM includes unity of TCM and Western medicine (WM), advocating the multi-angle development of TCM from the height of Chinese national dignity, independence and self-confidence. MAO Ze-dong's future view on TCM is targeted at WM learning from TCM, combining TCM and WM and establishing new Chinese medicine. The contemporary enlightenment of MAO Ze-dong's view on TCM is to start from reforming the medical education system before establishing new Chinese medicine.

Die Einfuhrung des Stethoskops in die medizinische Diagnostik vor mehr als 200 Jahren hat die Medizin und die Rollenverteilung im Arzt-Patienten-Verhaltnis revolutioniert. Erstmals war der Arzt in der Lage, Korper- und Lebensphanomene am Patienten wahrzunehmen, die diesem selbst verschlossen blieben. Das war der Beginn eines bis heute andauernden Abhangigkeitsverhaltnisses des Patienten bei der Erkennung und Beurteilung symptomassoziierter Normabweichungen. Mit der kontinuierlichen Aufzeichnung gesundheitsrelevanter Daten durch den Patienten kundigt sich eine Umkehr dieser Datenhegemonie an. Damit erobert sich der Patient schrittweise seine Rolle als Subjekt in der Rollenverteilung zwischen Arzt und Patient zuruck.

Firstly discovered in 1980s, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) continues to affect more and more people. However, there is no effective drug available for the therapy of HIV infection. Betulinic acid existing in various medicinal herbs and fruits exhibits multiple biological effects, especially its outstanding anti-HIV activity, which has drawn the attentions of many pharmacists. Among the derivatives of betulinic acid, some compounds exhibited inhibitory activities at the nanomolar concentration, and have entered phase II clinical trials. This paper summarizes the current investigations on the anti-HIV activity of betulinic acid analogues, and provides valuable data for subsequent researches.

Plain English summary Two years ago we launched Research Involvement and Engagement (RIE) as an interdisciplinary co-produced journal, focusing on patient and wider involvement and engagement in all stages of health and social care research. In this Editorial we reflect on progress and consider future directions. Now indexed in PubMed Central, RIE’s prime objective is to publish papers that report public involvement in enough depth to generate a sound and robust evidence base, from which others can draw to develop best practice. Our open access publishing enables anyone who wants to read a paper to access it free of charge, a powerful way of making research more open and more democratic, with RIE a key part of this slow but necessary revolution. While we have made progress, there is still a long way to go to embed involvement and engagement as normal within research practice. Publishers and funders have a vital role to play in changing research so the co-production of knowledge becomes the norm. In this Editorial we highlight key areas that we need to develop to strengthen involvement and engagement. We draw strength from knowing we are not alone in this journey. Our Editorial Board, our authors, our reviewers, and you dear readers, are all companions on this journey, making a wide range of contributions that help us move forward, slowly but surely. Abstract Two years ago we launched Research Involvement and Engagement (RIE) as an interdisciplinary co-produced journal, focusing on patient and wider involvement and engagement in all stages of health and social care research. In this Editorial we reflect on progress and consider future directions. Now indexed in PubMed Central, RIE’s prime objective is to publish papers that report public involvement in enough depth to generate a sound and robust evidence base, from which others can draw to develop best practice. Our open access publishing enables anyone who wants to read a paper to access it free of charge, a powerful way of making research more open and more democratic, with RIE a key part of this slow but necessary revolution. While we have made progress, there is still a long way to go to embed involvement and engagement as normal within research practice. Publishers and funders have a vital role to play in changing research so the co-production of knowledge becomes the norm. In this Editorial we highlight key areas that we need to develop to strengthen involvement and engagement. We draw strength from knowing we are not alone in this journey. Our Editorial Board, our authors, our reviewers, and you dear readers, are all companions on this journey, making a wide range of contributions that help us move forward, slowly but surely.

Chinese medical classics are important carriers for the inheritance, innovation and development of academic thoughts of Chinese medicine (CM), containing rich thoughts on diagnosis and treatment as well as therapeutic principles of CM. The international exchange of CM has a very long history. With the development of society, Western scholars in modern times are deepening their researches on Chinese medical classics. This would provide a new way for promoting CM in Western countries to investigate researches made by famed American scholars and their academic viewpoints.

The impacts of involvement in research are often described in terms of the difference made to the research, the people involved and less frequently the researchers. This paper focuses on the researchers’ experiences of involvement, based on an evaluation of a pilot project supporting patient/carer involvement in research at Parkinson’s UK. Telephone interviews were conducted with researchers from eight different research projects with involvement. The researchers reported gaining new knowledge from patients and carers. They used this knowledge to change their project designs, interventions and new devices. They also gained new skills in communicating with the public. Meeting patients for the first time had a profound impact on some researchers, causing a change in their professional values. Face-to-face contact seemed particularly important to gain a sense of the ‘people behind the data’, which suggests such meetings may result in impacts beyond those typically achieved through an exchange of documents. Involvement also influenced one researcher’s choices and preferences, in terms of who to ask to take part in their study In summary, researchers often learn something new from talking to patients and carers. Facilitating this conversation seems important to maximise the impact of this learning. In future, it might be helpful for evaluations of involvement to ask researchers in more detail about what they learnt from patients/carers and how they applied their new skills and knowledge. This may help to understand how involvement can influence researchers’ thinking to have an impact on research. Background The impacts of patient/public involvement are often described in terms of the difference made to the research, the researchers and the people involved. Involvement often impacts on research by influencing the design, delivery and dissemination. Patients/the public report gaining new skills and knowledge, increased self-confidence, and satisfaction from making a difference. There are fewer reports of the impacts on researchers. This paper discusses the findings from an evaluation of a pilot project supporting patient/carer involvement in research at Parkinson’s UK, focusing on the researchers’ experiences. Methods Semi-structured telephone interviews were conducted with one researcher from each of the eight research projects which involved patients/carers in the pilot. The findings were analysed using theoretical thematic analysis. Results and discussion Learning can be described as acquiring new knowledge, behaviours, skills, values, or preferences. The researchers’ reports reflected these different types of learning. They reported gaining new knowledge from patients and carers, which they recognised as distinct from their textbook knowledge of the condition. They used this learning to change their project designs and their new interventions and devices. They also gained new skills in communicating with patients and carers about the aims and significance of their research. Meeting patients for the first time had a profound impact on some researchers causing them to change their professional values. Face-to-face contact seemed particularly important to gain a sense of the ‘people behind the data’, which suggests such meetings may result in impacts beyond those typically achieved through an exchange of documents. The involvement also influenced one researchers’ priorities and preferences, in terms of what questions to ask and of whom, in their project. Conclusions Researchers learn from an exchange of knowledge with patients/ carers, which influences their plans and actions. This seems to be one way that involvement subsequently has an impact on research. Facilitating this exchange seems important to support mutual learning and to enhance the impact on researchers. Future evaluations of involvement might benefit from exploring what researchers learnt from patients/carers and how they applied their new skills and knowledge.

In this letter, we discuss the potential interactions of remdesivir, the newly approved Covid-19 drug with pulmonary medications. These interactions have been summarized keeping the busy clinician in mind. While remdesivir has proven to be a safe medication generally, we here have enlisted the potential interactions of remdesivir that a clinician needs to be mindful of while prescribing the medication.

Bergamo province was one of the hardest hit regions by the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus. Since the beginning of the epidemic, more than 30,000 people have died as a result of the infection. Although many hypotheses have been formulated to explain the rapid outbreak of COVID-19 in Lombardy, none have yet considered the specific conditions that characterized the Bergamo hinterland. In this letter, we try to identify and investigate which elements could have helped the rapid spreading of the virus.

Qinghuang Powder (, QHP), an oral arsenic, has become an effective drug in the treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) in Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences for many years, and the action mechanism of the compound or active ingredient As2S2 of QHP has been elucidated. Considering the relatively safety, chemotherapy-free and convenient oral profile, QHP is widely used in the clinical treatment for MDS patients, especially for elderly patients. In this review, the authors document the efficacy and safety of oral arsenic-containing compound QHP in the treatment of MDS, with a special focus on the association of efficacy of QHP with the cytogenetics, prognostic risk, DNA methylation, gene mutation, blood arsenic concentration, mechanism of action of As2S2 and the countermeasures against adverse reactions of gastrointestinal tract.

Choosing proper perfusates as contrast agents is an important aspect for postmortem magnetic resonance angiography (PMMRA). However, in this emerging field, the number of suitable kinds of liquid is still very limited. The objective of this research is to compare MR images of oleic acid (OA) with paraffin oil (PO) in vitro and in ex situ animal hearts, in order to evaluate the feasibility to use OA as a novel contrast agent for PMMRA. In vitro, OA, PO and water (control) were introduced into three tubes separately and T1weighted-spin echo (T1w-SE) and T2w-SE images were acquired on a 1.5T MR scanner. In the second experiment, OA and PO were injected into left coronary artery (LCA) and left ventricle (LV) of ex situ bovine hearts and their T1w-SE, T2w-SE, T1w-multipoint Dixon (T1w-mDixon) and 3DT2w-mDixon images were acquired. The overall results indicate that OA may have a potential to be used as a dual (T1 and T2 based) contrast agent for PMMRA when proper sequence parameters are utilized. However, as the pilot study was based on limited number of animal hearts, more researches using OA in cadavers are needed to validate our findings.

BackgroundFourteen Muslim countries were explored for available national laws, regulations, and guidelines concerning assisted reproduction techniques (ART). These documents were studied with total consideration of the ethical and religious principles followed by Islamic religion. This study found different types of legal documents issued by legislatives authorities, ethical committees, or professional bodies. Documents reviewed are directly related to assisted reproduction techniques medical use, access, or research in the field of ART.Main body of the abstractMost of the studied documents showed various degrees of deficiencies concerning legal or ethical protections and considerations. Certain documents that were examined need to be updated or amended in order to follow the continuous medical progress. The research also showed certain difficulty of legislating in countries characterized by multiculturalism and different ethical and religious traits and beliefs. Recently, Muslim legislators have made many efforts. However, the spread of legal documents among the Muslim countries is partial in volume and nature.Short conclusionThe comparison of the content with international documents shows us that most of assisted reproductions legal documents in use in the studied countries demonstrate numerous deficiencies in term of structure, nature, and the coverage of controversial subjects.

To reveal the force mechanism for therapeutic effect of pushing manipulation with one-finger meditation.A total of 15 participants were recruited in this study and assigned to an expert group, a skilled group and a novice group, with 5 participants in each group. Mechanical signals were collected from a biomechanical testing platform, and these data were further observed via similarity analysis and cluster analysis.Comparing the force waveforms of manipulation revealed that the manipulation forces were similar between the expert group and the skilled group (P0.05). The mean value of vertical force was 9.8 N, and 95% CI rang from 6.37 to 14.70 N, but there were significant differences compared with the novice group (P0.05). The result of overall similarity coefficient cluster analysis showed that two kinds of manipulation forces curves were existed between the expert group and the skilled group.Pushing manipulation with one-finger meditation is a kind of light stimulation manipulation on the acupoint, and force characteristics of double waveforms continuously alternated during manual operation.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.

Peptides play crucial roles in various physiological and pathological processes. Consequently, the investigation of peptide-based drugs is a highlight in the research and development of new drugs. However, natural peptides are not always ideal choices for clinical application due to their limited number and sometimes cytotoxicity to normal cells. Aiming to gain stronger or specific or novel biological effects and overcome the disadvantages of natural peptides, artificial hybrid peptides have been designed by combining the sequence of two or more different peptides with varied biological functions. Compared to natural peptides, hybrid peptides have shown better therapeutic potentials against bacteria, tumors, and metabolic diseases. In this review, design strategies, structure features and recent development of hybrid peptides are summarized; future directions for the research and development of hybrid peptide drugs are also discussed.

Kleptomania is a kind of uncontrollable impulse and behavior of stealing, and it is also a serious disease. At present, studies on pathological theft at home and abroad are not sufficient, and the understanding of the symptoms, etiology and treatment of this disease is very insufficient. This article focuses on the latest development of symptoms, etiology and treatment of kleptomania, providing a reference for people to further identify, treat and study the disease.

Simplification of antiretroviral therapy is a strategy aiming to reduce pill burden, drug interactions, and toxicity. This review focuses on the most recent and important studies evaluating a reduction on the number of drugs for HIV treatment, both in naive and virologically suppressed patients. Interesting studies have been performed in the past years testing dual therapy and monotherapy, with variable rates of virological control. Novel therapeutics like immunotherapy or long-acting antiretrovirals can also be considered for simplification. Reducing the number of drugs for HIV treatment can be an option for selected patients. Current available evidence favors dual therapy over monotherapy. Future research should seek to identify the best candidates for simplification.

De koepel van HIS-gebruikersverenigingen, NedHIS, houdt zich bezig met de gezamenlijke, HIS-overstijgende zaken, bijvoorbeeld LSP, ketenzorg en veiligheid. NedHIS heeft een structureel bestuurlijk overleg met LHV en NHG en onderhoudt contact met landelijke spelers in de zorg als InEen, Nictiz en VZVZ. Het bestuur van NedHIS bestaat uit vertegenwoordigers van de vier HIS-gebruikersverenigingen (GV) die lid zijn, van Atlas (GV CGM HUISARTS, Promedico ASP en Promedico VDF), Orego (GV MicroHIS), OmniHis (GV OmniHis Scipio) en VeGOM (GV Medicom). Adriaan Mol, huisarts in Loosdrecht, is voorzitter van NedHIS. Hij zet zich al jaren op diverse fronten in voor een optimale automatisering in de huisartsgeneeskundige zorg. Zo is hij ook voorzitter van de VZVZ-ledenraad en daardoor nauw betrokken bij de ontwikkelingen van het LSP. Hij praat u bij over actuele zaken die op de agenda staan van NedHIS en VZVZ.

Tijdens het ochtendprogramma van de HIS DemoDag stond het patientportaal centraal. Hoewel de aanwezigen in de dagelijkse praktijk zelf vooral met de achterkant van het patientportaal werken, vonden zij het interessant om ook eens naar verschillende voorkanten te kijken.

To observe the effectiveness and safety of Kangquan Recipe (康泉方, KQR) for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) patients.One hundred and six BPH patients were randomly assigned to the treatment group (53 cases) and the control group (53 cases) according to a random number table. The treatment group was given KQR orally; the control group was given cernilton orally. After 24-week treatment, the clinical effect and safety were evaluated using the International Prostatic Symptom Score (I-PSS), quality of life (QOL), maximum flow rate (Qmax), average flow rate (Qave), residual urine volume (RUV), total prostatic volume (TPV), etc.After treatment, the score of I-PSS was decreased from 16.9±5.6 to 12.5±4.6 in the treatment group, significantly lower compared with the control group; the levels of Qmax and Qave were from 10.9±3.5 to 15.6±4.5 and 5.4±2.1 to 7.3±2.5 (mL/s) in the treatment group, significantly higher compared with the control group; the levels of RUV and TPV were from 70.8±28.2 to 35.2±21.8 and 37.2±16.9 to 30.1±10.8 (mL) in the treatment group, significantly lower compared with the control group (all P0.05). The incidence rate of adverse reaction was similar between the two groups (P0.05).KQR is effective and safe for the treatment of BPH.

‘Als VZVZ richten we ons niet langer op het aansluiten maar op het gebruik van het LSP. En dus op klanten. Het lijkt er wel eens op dat huisartsenposten en dienstapotheken de belangrijkste klanten van VZVZ zijn, maar huisartsen en apothekers zijn onze primaire klanten. Huisartsenposten en dienstapotheken zijn daarvan afgeleid.’ Adriaan Mol is al dertig jaar huisarts in Loosdrecht. Daarnaast zet hij zich op allerlei fronten in om automatisering te benutten voor de huisartsgeneeskundige zorg. Onder meer als voorzitter van NedHIS – de koepel van HIS-gebruikersverenigingen (zie het kader ‘NedHIS in kort bestek’) – en als voorzitter van de ledenraad van VZVZ, de Vereniging van Zorgaanbieders Voor Zorgcommunicatie, de beheerder van het LSP.

Jurrien Wind uit Wijk en Aalburg voert al jaren vasectomieen uit in zijn huisartsenpraktijk. Hij is zo enthousiast over de ingreep dat hij een cursus ontwikkelde voor collega-huisartsen. Hij leert zijn ze in een aantal sessies steriliseren. “Het is niet moeilijk, maar je moet het wel regelmatig doen.”

An evaluation scale of medical services quality was developed on the basis of "patients' experience". The questionnaires were developed by, among others, searching relevant literature, collecting well-established assessment scales, measuring patients' experience and satisfaction, brain-storming, literature analysis. Delphi method was adopted for expert consultation. Scale items were screened and revised. The key indexes were converted. Field surveys were conducted for testing the reliability and validity of the scale. Our modified evaluation scale for measuring medical services quality based on "patients' experience" included 6 dimensions (tangibility, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, empathy and continuity), and 50 items. The novel scale based on "patients' experience" may better serve the purpose of assessing medical services quality.