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Traffic congestion is one of the most challenging issues of urban agglomeration. Congestion costs are often higher than their socially optimal levels, and little is known about the key parameters needed to design optimal congestion policies. This paper addresses this issue by exploiting an exogenous reduction in for-hire vehicle supply in New York City. I estimate the effect of a vehicle on congestion and document substitution patterns to other transportation modes. A 9.1 percent reduction in the number of active vehicles decreases congestion by 0.46 minutes per mile. As vehicles leave the streets, for-hire trips decrease, resulting in increased waiting times and people switching to other transportation modes. Welfare increases for those who travel by vehicle because travel time is reduced. However, welfare decreases for those who face increased wait times or switch to a less-preferred transportation mode. A calibration exercise suggests daily net welfare gains between $0.5 and $1.0 million.

On-demand transit system designs are explored for the first-mile commuting in Markham, a suburb in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA). Operational scenarios are analysed using different types of on-demand solutions that can complement the existing GO Transit commuter train system. Various use cases of demand-responsive vehicles are explored in terms of vehicle capacity and fleet-size. It is assumed that the existing car-based trips to the four train stations in Markham would be replaced by an on-demand rideshare transit system. The on-demand transit system is simulated using the PTV MaaS Modeller in combination with a mesoscopic simulation, involving 1,865 trip requests within the morning peak from 7AM to 10AM. Wait-time, travel time, demand served, cost, and environmental impact are used as indicators to rate various options. Evaluating the results we came to the conclusion that three cases using vans are providing favourable outcomes. The van-based scenario using 75% of an optimal fleet size and a low detour factor turned out to be very appropriate with regard to the case study. A passenger in this scenario would at an average spend 3 min waiting for the service to arrive and 10 min in the vehicle, costing 7CAD for the ride. With a typical level of public transit subsidies applied, a 7% monthly saving is expected compared to using a private car and paying for parking fees. The scenario also results in 30% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions when compared to current personal vehicle based trips. Based on the simulation, policy suggestions for implementing the on-demand transit in Markham are presented.

This article positions King as both heir to the literary romantics and arbiter of contemporary issues as located specifically within his representation of energy, and electricity in particular. Writing both within and beyond horror, King both characterizes and creates energic structures that reflect both romantic aesthetic conceptualizations of electricity and modern concerns regarding its generation and fuel consumption more generally. By examining how The Shining (1977), The Green Mile (1996) and Revival (2014) present energy and also formally generate it, I will explore a little attended to element of King’s work and identify how energy functions ambiguously within these texts, materializing both horror and hope, bringing about both the conclusion and continuation of human life. I will also explore how the particular spaces this power is located within both channel and amplify it, King’s work here a surprising textual conduit for our fascination with, reliance on and fear of energy and the ongoing problems and potentialities alive within it.

Contemporary Hollywood filmmakers often look to classical Hollywood cinema for inspiration. In doing so, they also often coopt the codes of production of the earlier era of Hollywood filmmaking and...

In 2016, the College of Staten Island held a groundbreaking ceremony for the Willowbrook Mile, a walking path across the campuses of the college and the Office of Persons with Developmental Disabilities’ Institute for Basic Research that would document the history of the notorious Willowbrook School. The Willowbrook School was a state institution for the developmentally disabled that was closed in part because of an expose about the School’s horrific conditions. It took more than a decade for the groundbreaking to occur, and 4 years later, the Mile remains unbuilt. This article traces the development process by examining planning documents and recollections of key participants at the groundbreaking and makes two findings about the development and evolution of memory exhibits. First, the Mile’s slow process reflects that public memory is a contest of identity and difference. Memorializing Willowbrook pits vernacular memory of activists and laypeople committed to social justice for the developmentally disabled against an official public memory that deflects attention away from the state’s role in maintaining the Willowbrook School. Second, the competition between official and vernacular memory led to a both-and compromise where official and vernacular memory appear equally. This compromise appears to be untenable for many involved, leading to continued development delays after the Mile’s groundbreaking. This analysis not only traces the conflict between official and vernacular memory of Willowbrook, but how conflict creates new proposals for memory even as their development remains impeded.

Booming parcel shipping business has raised wide attention. The trunk line is easier to manage, since parcels are consolidated to fully utilize vehicle capacities. However, the first mile handled by individual companies is beset by high empty haul rates and low efficiency. This paper takes the lead in exploring a new business model and possibilities of establishing a common service platform for the first mile. We investigate strategic decisions of two courier logistics companies competing with partially substitutable collection service. They can choose to cooperate with the cost-efficient platform to enjoy a saving, while the market share of their original channel has to be eroded by the outsourcing channel. We propose three scenarios: (i) Both companies have only one direct channel. (ii) Only one company has two channels. (iii) Both companies have two. This paper comprehensively presents the joint effect of internal competition and the cost saving on companies’ welfare and customers’ consuming experience. The findings show that in most cases, cooperating with the platform will help the companies gain a profit increment and customers will benefit from a price decrease compared to the current practice. However, when customers loyalty to the direct channel is moderate, they will suffer a price increase, though companies are better off. Additionally, given the cost advantage of outsourcing is slighter, and customers show less difference to two channels, the internal competition will be the most intensified and overtake the effect of cost sparing. The company running two channels will suffer a profit loss.

Human Trafficking (HT) persists in the US, despite multi-level measures designed to mitigate its societal costs. HT instruction for healthcare providers is growing, but there is a dearth of resources and training presenting obstacles for victims accessing suitable healthcare services. Voices of survivors are also scant in the literature, despite the fact that their recommendations would appear essential when designing best practices. This study aimed to methodically gather recommendations from sex trafficking (ST) survivors who sought medical care during their victimization. An exploratory concurrent mixed-methods design was used, and semi-structured interviews (N = 22) were conducted between March 2016 and March 2017, in San Diego, CA, and Philadelphia, PA. Data were analyzed through a coding system to identify meaningful analytical themes. Study participants were recruited through survivor-centered organizations, and their identification was kept anonymous and confidential. Findings included three main themes: (A) Red Flags, (B) supportive healthcare practices, and (C) resources for ST-patient study participants&rsquo, recommendations aimed to improve healthcare practice in response to their medical needs in a compassionate and caring manner, with trust building, rapport, and an opportunity to instill hope among ST-patients. Implementing Compassionate Care approaches when caring for ST-patients could positively impact patient&ndash, provider interactions, while creating opportunities for intervention.

This article examines the nature and features of ‘unused old order rights’ (‘UOORs’) under item 8 of Schedule II of the Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act 28 of 2002 in light of the recent decision by the Constitutional Court in Magnificent Mile Trading 30 (Pty) Ltd v Celliers 2020 (4) SA 375 (CC). At issue was: (a) whether an UOOR was transmissible to heirs upon the death of its holder; and (b) the applicability of the Oudekraal principle to the award of an unlawful prospecting right to an applicant, contrary to the rights enjoyed by the holder of an UOOR. The article analyses the constituent elements of an UOOR, rights ancillary to the UOOR’s and the nature and features of UOORs and ancillary rights. The article also considers the possible loss of an UOOR by application of the Oudekraal principle due to the unlawful grant of a prospecting right by the state, as custodian of mineral resources. The article illustrates that the CC ensured in Magnificent Mile that the Oudekraal principle does not undermine the security of tenure and statutory priority afforded to holders of UOORs by ultra vires grants of inconsistent rights to opportunistic applicants. Concern is also expressed about the poor administration of mineral resources by the Department of Mineral Resources and Energy.

The increasing neoliberalisation of universities demands that early-career academics (ECAs) accomplish extremely high levels of productivity. In this context, research excellence and parenthood are...

Moving On initiatives (MOIs) transition stable permanent supportive housing (PSH) residents into mainstream housing without embedded services. While this approach frees up PSH for homeless individuals in need, open questions remain regarding MOI recipients' long-term outcomes. This exploratory study examines how housing environment and residential satisfaction, potential predictors of housing retention, change from PSH to mainstream housing. Subjective assessments of housing and neighborhood quality and residential satisfaction, as well as objective neighborhood-level data, are used to examine housing-related change for New York City MOI recipients. Participants generally moved to less-distressed neighborhoods with lower poverty and crime. Subjective perceptions of some aspects of neighborhood and housing quality also improved post-move. Participants tended to move farther from public transportation but were on average located within one mile of the nearest subway station. Results can be taken as early indicators of the potential benefits of MOIs.

The International Association of Athletics Federation (IAAF) regulates the participation of athletes, both male and female, at an international level (see IAAF website https://www.iaaf.org/home). Therefore, it has the mandate to develop criteria for the administration of athletic competitions. In pursuance of this role, in 2018, the IAAF rolled out the Eligibility Regulations for Female Classifications – Athletes with Differences in Sex Development (2018). The IAAF states that the Rules are intended to ensure that females are given the same opportunities in terms of competing in races (International Association of Athletics Federations, 2018 Eligibility Regulations for Female Classification – Athletes with Differences in Sexual Development for events from 400 metres to the mile, including 400 metres, hurdles races, 800 metres, 1500 metres, one mile races and combined events over the same distances, 26 April 2018 - the 2018 Regulations). According to these Regulations, for Relevant Athletes to be eligible to compete internationally in the 400 metres, 800 metres, and 1500 metres races, their testosterone levels have to be under 5 nanomoles (nml) per litre. Importantly, “Relevant Athletes” who are females and belong to a specific list of DSD conditions all happen to be XY. These athletes are to reduce their testosterone levels to 5 nml/L for at least six months and thereafter to maintain it at that level for as long as they wish to participate in these races (the 2018 Regulations). They are therefore being asked to lower their testosterone levels to help ensure a level playing ground based on the debatable assumption that testosterone levels impact on athletic performance. These rules were rolled out against the backdrop of existing standards on human rights demanding, among other things, that the rights of all people are respected. That would include athletes. One such right is the right to health.

The current study explores how organizational norms within mentoring organizations predict mentor outcomes over and above individual mentor characteristics. Specifically, this study examines whether mean levels (as an indicator of organizational norms) of mentors' perceptions of their relationship quality with mentees' families predict mentor satisfaction, mentor intent to stay and mentor extra-role prosocial behavior over and above individual mentor perception of their relationship quality with mentees' families. Multilevel modeling was used to assess 204 mentors nested within 37 mentoring organizations. The current study found that mentor organization averages of perceived relationship quality with mentees' families positively predicted mentor extra-role prosocial behavior over and above the individual mentor perceptions of relationship quality with mentees' families. Additionally, organizational averages negatively predicted mentor intent to stay, while individual mentor perceptions positively predicted mentor intent to stay. Results have implications for mentoring organizations to create organizational norms that reduce burnout, increase continuity of mentor relationships, and help mentors go above and beyond on behalf of their mentees and mentoring organization.

The neighbourhood of Mile End, in Montreal, Canada, is known to be a transient, multicultural hub, home to successive waves of migrants. It is internationally acclaimed in popular travel blogs and ...

African American Alzheimer’s disease and related dementia (ADRD) family caregivers are understudied in intervention research with discrepant evidence existing on their mental and physical health outcomes. The stress toll of ADRD caregiving, coupled with the well-documented health disparities for African Americans, place these caregivers at higher risk for morbidity and mortality. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to explore African American ADRD family caregivers’ perceptions of caregiving and self-care. DESIGN: Qualitative descriptive study based on individual, one-time, semi-structured interviews from a purposeful sample of current/former African American ADRD community-dwelling family caregivers. Participants agreed to either face-to-face or telephonic interviews between 60–90 minutes in length. RESULTS: Twenty-one caregiver interviews were conducted with primarily adult children (mean age = 62.61 (SD=12.88); 81% completed college; 57% women). Content analysis yielded three major themes: Stressors, Resources, and Coping. The results demonstrate a complex interaction of sociocultural and environmental stressors and perceptions of resources that influence the coping strategies adopted by caregivers to navigate their caregiving experience. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest a broadened perspective to further inform the development and testing of interventions to address the health outcomes and caregiving needs of African American ADRD caregivers.

I study the effects of voting costs—specifically, distance to polling location—using geographic discontinuities. Opposite sides of boundaries between voting precincts are observationally identical, except for their assigned polling locations. This discontinuous assignment produces sharp changes in voters’ travel distance to cast their ballots. In nine municipalities in Massachusetts and Minnesota, a 1 standard deviation (0.245 mile) increase in distance reduces ballots cast by 2 to 5 percent across four elections. During non-presidential elections, effects are three times larger in high-minority areas than in low-minority areas. Finally, I simulate the impact of various counterfactual assignments of voters to polling places. (JEL D72, J15, R41)

The purpose of this study was to privilege the views of both pupils and staff in one school’s adoption of the Daily Mile Challenge (DMC). Listening seriously to the views of pupils, who are often t...

This study analyzes how truck drivers’ compensation affects their safety performance, using moving violations as a proxy for safety. In addition to drivers’ pay per mile driven, we employ fringe benefits as independent variables. The result suggests that the rate of pay per mile driven, and employment-based health insurance, significantly decrease the probability of moving violations. The result provides support for the hypothesis that high compensation for drivers improve drivers’ safety performance, though other forms of compensation are not significantly related to the incidence of moving violations.

This research aimed at finding out Factors Contributing to Students’ Habit in Learning English. The research was descriptive qualitative research. The subject of the study consisted of 25 students taken from five classes at the fifth semester students of FMBM. The instrument that was in the form of questionnaire. The result was analyzed by using Mile and Huberman (1994) theory (data reduction, data display, conclusion drawing and verification). The result found that there were five factors contributing to students’ habit in learning English especially speaking skill at the fifth semester students of FMBM, they were; Performance Conditions, Affective Factors, Listening Ability, Topical Knowledge, and Feedback during Speaking Activities. And the more dominant factor among those factors were; Performance Conditions (20)/90%, Affective Factors (18)/85%, Topical Knowledge (15)/75%, Listening Ability (10)/35%, and Feedback during Speaking Activities (5)/10%.

Many different events and experiences shape our lives. Everyone has their own unique story. Just like a book, the stories inside people are fascinating! When personal stories are shared with others they can become extremely powerful resources. They provide our students with a wonderful opportunity to connect with diverse members of the school community and beyond, communicate with them, build relationships, empathise, explore, understand and learn. By participating in a ‘Human Library’ students acquire life skills, widening their understanding of others and the world. Your school library should have one! Students are hungry for real life experiences and ‘living books’ inspire them!

Over 75% children in the United Kingdom fail to achieve recommended levels of physical activity. Successful implementation of ‘The Daily Mile™’, a school-based physical activity intervention, could promote activity. We examined factors instrumental to replication and/or wider implementation of ‘The Daily Mile’ through application of a two phase multi-method process evaluation. Phase one: 75 children (mean age seven years eight months) from one East Midland primary academy trialled the intervention. Data collected were self-report logs, perceived exertion scores and structured observation. Phase two: a sub-sample of 18 stakeholders participated in focus groups which were analysed using framework method. Teachers delivered ‘The Daily Mile’ on 93.6% of school days. An average of 95.2% of students participated, 94.2% completed recommended 15 minutes, 94.3% to a moderate-to-vigorous level. Three themes emerged in focus groups; embedding ‘The Daily Mile’ into practice, creating the right physical environment and building relationships/promoting a supportive climate. With systematic organisation and planning, ‘The Daily Mile’ could emerge as an integrated means of increasing physical activity. A supportive climate and factors that promote resilience are key facilitators. Further research is needed to establish outcomes and cost-effectiveness.

Running between Springer Mountain in the state of Georgia, and Mount Katahdin in Maine, the Appalachian Trail (AT) is a more than 2,000 mile long “wilderness” corridor in the United States. People ...

Flaws widely exist in the English translation of the public signs at the Ten-mile Liquor City, such as lack of translation, grammar mistakes, spelling mistakes, misuse of words disagreement in translation, semantic fault, wordiness, etc., which not only brought inconvenience for foreign tourists but also ruined the image of the scenic area. This article recommended references from the eco-translatology perspective, with a hope to rouse more scholars’ attention to improve the English translation of the public signs at the Ten-mile Liquor City.

OBJECTIVE: Social distancing has been one of the primary interventions used to slow the spread of COVID-19 during the ongoing pandemic. Although statewide stay-at-home orders in the United States received a large degree of media and political attention, relatively little peer-reviewed research has examined the impacts of such orders on social distancing behaviors. METHOD: This study used daily GPS-derived movement from 2858 counties in the United States from March 1 to May 7, 2020, to test the degree to which changes in state-level stay-at-home orders were associated with movement outside the home. RESULTS: From early March to early April, people in counties with state-level stay-at-home orders decreased their movement significantly more than counties without state-level stay-at-home orders; 3.1% more people stayed within 1 mile of home, and 1.6% fewer vehicle miles were driven per day. From early April to early May, people in counties within states that ended their stay-at-home orders increased their movement significantly more than counties in states whose stay-at-home orders remained in place; 1.2% fewer people remained within 1 mile of home, and 6.2% more vehicle miles were driven per day. The magnitude of changes associated with state-level stay-at-home orders was many times smaller than the total changes in movement across all counties over the same periods. CONCLUSIONS: Stay-at-home orders were associated with greater social distancing but accounted for only part of this behavioral change. Research on behavior change would be useful to determine additional interventions that could support social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic.

New research dispels the idea that Panama Viejo was initially founded one-half mile from the site of its visible present-day ruins. The archaeological and historical evidence subject to interdisciplinary analysis demonstrates that the city remained on the same main plaza next to its natural port from its foundation five hundred years ago until its destruction in 1671. The data reconsidered and newly uncovered also suggest reasons for previous misinterpretations of the city's early foundational history. Unlike many colonial cities and towns, Panama Viejo did not move during its first century of existence. However, its main church, which became the bishopric's cathedral in 1524, did relocate after 1541. The new evidence establishes and confirms the original location of the first Cathedral on America's Pacific Ocean to the south of Panama Viejo's main plaza, and explains its move to an elevated, rocky area on the eastern side of the same plaza over 20 years later. Excavations undertaken in 2018 have confirmed the original temple's location a mere 50 m from the visible ruins of the cathedral, whose tower remains a symbol of Panamanian identity today., Universidad del Norte, Patronato Panamá Viejo

The impacts of a major hurricane on residential real estate can be devastating. Hurricane Sandy in New York City (NYC) is among the examples of how flooding can unexpectedly extend beyond FEMA flood zones. Such surprises or negative shocks can provide property owners—especially those not flooded—with new information about future flood risks, based on the difference of the property distance from the flood zone and the distance to the actual locations of flooding. We use a difference-in-differences approach to quantify the effects of these shocks on residential property values for non-flooded NYC properties after Sandy. The short-run negative “surprise” effect was lower NYC housing prices by about 6%-7% for each mile (or about 2% per standard deviation) difference between the property distance from the flood zone and the distance to the actual locations of flooding. The corresponding positive “surprise” effect is insignificant. The long-term “surprise” effects of flood risk on housing prices tend to disappear, as residents’ memories of the “surprise” fade and they seem to only recall the actual storm surge several years after the hurricane.

The Maxentius complex is located inside the Appia Antica Archaeological Park and was built in the reign of Emperor Maxentius (306–312 AD). It consists of the mausoleum, the villa and the circus of the same name at the III mile of the Regina Viarum. The research focuses on the geometric reconstruction of the Carceres of the Circus of Maxentius, which concerned not only the circumference arc underlying the arrangement of the Carceres with the towers, but also the geometric center of the circumference itself. The architectural composition of the circuses was conceived in function of the race, therefore each part assumed a precise role. The Carceres were the housing of the wagons before the race and were the place from which the race started. All the representations of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries have returned the geometric construction of the side containing the Carceres. Their alignment, in fact, was not arranged according to a straight line, but according to an arc of circumference whose geometric center fell on the right side of the field. The analysis of the Ioppolo plant was carried out using vector graphics software that allows you to draw an arc of circumference through three known points and to subsequently visualize, once traced the arch, the center of the circumference. The study of the geometry and proportional correspondence of the artefacts allows us to understand their meaning, not only in relation to the compositional and structural principles, but in relation to the use that was made of them and the different ways of use.

Focusing on the revue 8d a Mile (1913), this chapter looks at how London West End revue constituted a particular response to mounting social, political and cultural insecurities over Britain’s status and position at the beginning of the twentieth century. Just as musical comedy had in many ways reflected Britain at its zenith, revue by comparison captured a feeling of decline. In revue’s shapeless and haphazard version of modernity, anxieties about degeneration and the condition and character of modern England became deeply problematised, providing a cultural expression of a fragile and changing social and political order.

GPs have gone the extra mile to support their patients during the covid-19 pandemic and deserve praise for their efforts, the chair of the BMA’s GP committee has said. Speaking at the 2020 annual conference of England’s local medical committees, Richard Vautrey thanked GPs and their teams for their hard work. “Thank you to all those in general …

Since mid-June 2019, electric scooters have been permitted on German roads. Many companies offer these in the form of sharing vehicles in Germany's major cities. These justify their existence through the zero-emission alternative to cars. How these vehicles are accepted, how they are used and whether they actually contribute to the transformation of the German traffic is being analysed in this paper.An online survey in Munich shows that e-scooters mainly replace walking and public transport and despite their large presence in the city landscape they are not used often. It appears that e-scooters are perceived as a leisure/fun object and less safe than bikes. The introduction of parking spaces with integrated charging facilities could save the bad reputation of electric scooters as deduced in the study. This reputation covers the environment, safety and the cityscape. In this study is also shown how the pricing model could be traced back to the absence of first mile last mile (FMLM) using.

This paper discusses the acquisition of English as a Foreign language on coachman of cidomob. In this study the researchers applied a case study. The purpose of this study was to find deeper, how Cidomo coaches acquired English, the obstacles faced in acquiring English, and the strategy of English acquisition used. To get the data in these study researchers conducted observations in three months and in-depth interviews with two informants who had been previously chosen. After obtaining the data the researcher conducted data reduction, data presentation and conclusions by using Mile & Huber man’s data analysis technique. The result it found that both of coachman Cidomo had acquired English as foreigners by listening to the native speakers, known through their native friends, imitating it and afterwards practicing with the tourist and their native friends, while the obstacles faced by them were pronunciation, changing sounds of several phonemes such as phoneme F to P, V to F and B to P and the difficulty in memorizing vocabulary because they have been acquiring that second language since they were forty years old. Further, the strategy of English acquisition they applied respectively started from memorizing utterances such as greetings, asking for permission, saying goodbye, and after that they memorizing vocabularies related to their job ranging from objects to the natural environment around them to complete and improve their second language acquisition.

As international health services researchers, we read the paper by Beuken et al 1 with great interest. However, in our opinion the authors are too optimistic about the actual volume of current cross-border healthcare. The study also fails to address the role of healthcare professionals to support patients in their cross-border experience, and ultimately, proposes far too modest directions for action. Consequently, it misses the opportunity to go the ‘extra mile’ needed for this important topic. In our opinion, the authors are idealistic in writing that a relatively large number of Europeans are receiving cross-border healthcare. This lacks important nuances. Five years after the adoption of Directive 2011/24/EU on the application of patients’ rights in cross-border healthcare, still, less than 0.05% of European Union (EU) citizens receive healthcare treatments …

Dilafruz Williams takes us on a journey of a one-mile radius where she lives, exposing a rich tapestry of trees, shrubs, herbs, and trailing vines that grace side-walks, city parks, and college campus grounds offering their bounties of food in various shapes, textures, smells, colors, and tastes. She also points to other gifts from her plant relatives: dyes for fabric and medicines for healing and health. Part memoir, she invites us to “notice” with all our senses as she narrates her own experiences of walking and wild foraging in Portland, Oregon, where she has lived for almost thirty years. Paying attention also means being in relationship with birds, insects, and animals with whom these plants are at home. Needing neither a paper map nor a google portal map, walking the streets, observing, listening, and remembering, she gets to know her place intimately. The web of life of which she is a part, instills deep understanding about relationships with place; no television screen or computer monitor can ever compete with real-life teachings and intricacies of embodied learning. As we walk with her to wild forage, we can feel the bounties of her place: hazelnut, oak, walnut, linden, cedar, douglas fir, pine, apple, cherry, fig, persimmon, plum, aroniaberry, blackberry, marionberry, serviceberry, blueberry, grape, Oregon grape, salal, stinging nettle, rosemary, wild mint, oregano, and fennel, are among the more than one hundred plants that she visits in friendship.

Although pollution is widespread, there is little evidence about how it might harm children’s long-run outcomes. Using the detailed, geocoded data that follows national representative cohorts of children born to the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth respondents over time, I compare siblings who were gestating before versus after a Toxic Release Inventory site opened or closed within one mile of their home. I find that children who were exposed prenatally to industrial pollution have lower wages, are more likely to be in poverty as adults, have fewer years of completed education, and are less likely to graduate high school.

Transit demand models have become indispensable tools for transit planners and mangers in the 21st century. By quantifying the relationship between transit ridership, the cost of travel, the character of the built environment, and the socio-economic characteristics of riders, such models enable transit planners and managers to make more informed decisions regarding transit routes, levels of service, transit fares, transit oriented development (TOD) and other transit supply parameters. Direct ridership models (DRMs) are now able to address transit ridership at each station directly with higher sensitivity to built environmental characteristics in well-defined station areas. More recently Origin-Destination DRMs have begun to use data on ridership between each origin and destination pair to facilitate more precise estimation of transit demand by origin-destination pair. In this study, we developed a time-of-day Origin-Destination Direct Transit Demand Model (OD-DTDM) that uses fare-card data from the Washington DC Metrorail system, applying a multilevel (or hierarchical) model to address the statistical problem due to the presence of groups or clusters of observations. We examine the research questions: (1) what are the determinants of transit demand between the origin and destination stations in the DC Metrorail system by time of day? and (2) what are the magnitudes of impacts that land use factors, as well as factors of fares and travel time of other modes, have on transit demand vary by time of day? To address statistical complexities introduced by the fact that each station represents both an origin and a destination, we applied multilevel (or hierarchical) modeling techniques. Using these techniques, we found that the number of households and the number of jobs within a walkshed serve as trip generating and attracting factors, respectively, in the AM peak period, but with higher positive coefficients for jobs; these two factors reverse their roles in the PM peak period. Other variables with substantial effects on ridership include transit fares per mile, travel time between OD-stations by car and by bus, parking capacity, the level of feeder bus service, and train service levels. While these findings are not surprising, the time-of-day OD-DTDM provides more detailed information regarding the determinants of transit demand with temporal variation, and enables transit planners and managers to adopt policies and plans, such as transit oriented development, fare structure, and service levels, more fine-tuned for each origin and destination pair and by time of day.

The Mile-Ex district of Montreal, Canada – an inner-city manufacturing cluster – is experiencing an influx of new knowledge-based firms, which in addition to residential developments threatens to d...

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide a profile of Ben Robinson. Design/methodology/approach Ben provides a short summary of his life and is then interviewed by Jerome. Findings Ben talks about his inpatient treatment for anorexia and his long journey of recovery. Research limitations/implications Single case studies provide us with unique insights into the lived experience of people with mental health problems. They often provide us with hints as to how services could be improved. Practical implications Ben argues that the voice of service users needs to be heard more by professionals. “The only experts of a mental health problem are the people who have been through a mental health issue themselves”. Social implications One of the classic recovery reports talked about “going the extra mile”. Ben talks about how his family therapist would visit him at the end of her working day. As he says, “this was something she didn’t have to do, but wanted to do as she genuinely cared for us”. Originality/value Ben is determined to use his experiences for the benefit of others. Even to have helped a single person will be his biggest life achievement.

The impacts of a major hurricane on residential real estate can be devastating. Hurricane Sandy in New York City (NYC) is among the examples of how flooding can unexpectedly extend beyond FEMA flood zones. Such surprises or negative shocks can provide property owners—especially those not flooded—with new information about future flood risks, based on the difference of the property distance from the mapped flood zone and the distance to the actual locations of flooding. We use a difference-in-differences approach to quantify the effects of these shocks on residential property values for non-flooded NYC properties after Sandy. The short-run negative “surprise” effect was to lower NYC housing prices by about 6%–7% for each mile (or about 2% per standard deviation) difference between the property distance from the flood zone and the distance to the actual locations of flooding. The corresponding positive “surprise” effect is insignificant. The long-term surprise effects of flood risk on housing prices tend to disappear, as residents’ memories of the surprise fade and they seem to only recall the actual storm surge several years after the hurricane.

The Tin House Courtyard is a property of the National Capital Commission (NCC) in Ottawa, Canada. The site is located within the ‘Mile of History’, a historical route running from Parliament Hill to the Governor General’s residence. Currently, existing assets are under intervention works that include several preservation and renewal actions. Within the broader project, one of the tasks before construction works started was the documentation of the set of facades. The Carleton Immersive Media Studio (CIMS) at Carleton University in Ottawa was commissioned by NCC to conduct the recording of the area. This paper describes the process undertaken from field work to the final deliverable to the client, as well as the issues faced in between. Nowadays, up to date surveying technologies have revolutionized the methodologies for cultural heritage documentation. In this regard, the recording strategy employed encompassed the use of photogrammetry, laser scanner, total station, as well as different pre and post processing software in order to generate the desired outcomes.

The effect of Brooklyn’s Barclays Center on commercial land rents is estimated on a pooled cross-section of parcels within 1 mile of the arena from 2006 through 2015. The effect of the arena is isolated using a triple difference-in-difference approach. From the preferred model, net operating income per square foot is estimated to fall by an average of 3.7% for each 1,000 feet away a commercial parcel is removed from the arena. The average rent effect within 1 mile of the arena is further estimated to be US$2.71 per square foot. The implications of the findings are discussed.

The last mile in a public transport trip is known to bring a large disutility for passengers, because the conventional transport modes for this stage of the trip can, in many cases, be rather slow, inflexible and not provide a seamless experience to passengers. Fully automated vehicles (AVs), that is, those which do not need a driver, could act as a first mile/last mile connection to mass public transport modes. In this paper, we study a system that we call Automated Last-Mile Transport (ALMT), which consists of a fleet of small, fully automated, electric vehicles to improve the last mile performance of a trip done in a train. An agent-based simulation model was proposed for the ALMT whereby a dispatching algorithm distributes travel requests amongst the available vehicles using a FIFO sequence and selects a vehicle based on a set of specified control conditions (e.g. travel time to reach a requesting passenger). The model was applied to the case-study of the connection between the train station Delft Zuid and the Technological Innovation Campus (Delft, The Netherlands) in order to test the methodology and understand the performance of the system in function of several operational parameters and demand scenarios. The most important conclusion from the baseline scenario was that the ALMT system was only able to compete with the walking mode and that additional measures were needed to increase the performance of the ALMT system in order to be competitive with cycling. Relocating empty vehicles or allowing pre-booking of vehicles led to a significant reduction in average waiting time, whilst allowing passengers to drive at a higher speed led to a large reduction in average travel time, whilst simultaneously reducing system capacity as energy use is increased.

President Trump issued four executive orders dealing with immigration since taking office January 20, 2017, setting in motion plans to build a wall on the 2,000 mile Mexico-US border, increase deportations, reduce refugee admissions, and protect US workers. These executive orders signaled a new era in migration policy that emphasize enforcement against unauthorized foreigners and protections for US workers, but their major effect so far is a changed tone in migration policy, from welcoming newcomers from around the world to the US being perceived as a country where natives fear immigrants and immigrants live in fear.

In 1954, Roger Bannister became the first man to run a mile in under four minutes. Scholars have since identified Bannister’s run as the most significant event in the golden age of track and field. This article explores the various ways we commemorate this era, and maps the intersections between these celebrations, gender verification, inequities in elite track and field, the presence of mythic barriers (that is, time barriers that athletes strive to surpass, and when they do, this becomes important to the history of that sport) in athletics, and the inscription of geopolitical concerns onto the bodies of female athletes. While these phenomenon may seem relatively unrelated, placing gender verification and mythic barriers in conversation with our ideation of track and field’s golden age reveals the racist and sexist scripts that continue to inform elite athletics. This article is guided by two central arguments. First, imagined athletic barriers are male-centred, which erases the accomplishments of female runners, a situation that is reinforced by inequities such as unequal prize money and promotion for female runners. Second, liberal feminist interventions such as demands for equal prize money, promotion, and mythic barriers that women can also attempt to surpass will not lead to equity for female athletes. Rather, equity is only possible if the termination of all forms of gender verification accompanies these strategies. Otherwise, the athletics oval will never become a safe space for women to challenge the imagined limits of their ability. RESUME En 1954, Roger Bannister est devenu le premier homme a courir un mile en moins de 4 minutes. Les chercheurs ont depuis qualifie sa course comme l’evenement majeur de l’âge d’or de l’athletisme. Cet article explore les differentes facons dont cette ere est commemoree et definit les intersections entre ces celebrations, la verification du genre, les inegalites dans l’athletisme de haut niveau, la presence de barrieres imaginaires en athletisme et l’empreinte d’enjeux geopolitiques sur les corps des athletes feminines. Confronter la verification du genre et les obstacles imaginaires lies a notre conception de l’âge d’or de l’athletisme peut sembler denue de pertinence, mais revele en realite les tendances racistes et sexistes qui continuent d’exister dans le milieu de l’athletisme de haut niveau. Cet article met en avant deux arguments majeurs. Premierement, les barrieres athletiques viennent d’un imaginaire centre sur les hommes, ce qui efface les accomplissements des athletes feminines. Ceci est renforce par des inegalites de prix et de promotion au detriment des coureuses. Deuxiemement, des interventions feministes liberales telles que des demandes d’egalite de prix, de promotion et des revendications liees aux obstacles imaginaires ne creeront pas plus d’equite pour les athletes feminines. L’equite n’est envisageable que si l’abolition de toute forme de verification du genre accompagne ces strategies. Sinon, le monde de l’athletisme ne deviendra jamais un espace sur dans lequel les femmes pourront contester les limites imaginaires de leur aptitude. KEYWORDS: gender verification; miracle mile; women’s running; Caster Semenya; equity

The Trump administration has made the construction of an “impregnable” 2,000-mile wall across the length of the US-Mexico border a centerpiece of its executive orders on immigration and its broader immigration enforcement strategy. This initiative has been broadly criticized based on: • Escalating cost projections: an internal Department of Homeland Security (DHS) study recently set the cost at $21.6 billion over three and a half years; • Its necessity given the many other enforcement tools — video surveillance, drones, ground sensors, and radar technologies — and Border Patrol personnel, that cover the US-Mexico border: former DHS Secretary Michael Chertoff and other experts have argued that a wall does not add enforcement value except in heavy crossing areas near towns, highways, or other “vanishing points” (Kerwin 2016); • Its cost-effectiveness given diminished Border Patrol apprehensions (to roughly one-fourth the level of historic highs) and reduced illegal entries (to roughly one-tenth the 2005 level according to an internal DHS study) (Martinez 2016); • Its efficacy as an enforcement tool: between FY 2010 and FY 2015, the current 654-mile pedestrian wall was breached 9,287 times (GAO 2017, 22); • Its inability to meet the administration's goal of securing “operational control” of the border, defined as “the prevention of all unlawful entries to the United States” (White House 2017); • Its deleterious impact on bi-national border communities, the environment, and property rights (Heyman 2013); and • Opportunity costs in the form of foregone investments in addressing the conditions that drive large-scale migration, as well as in more effective national security and immigration enforcement strategies. The Center for Migration Studies (CMS) has reported on the dramatic decline in the US undocumented population between 2008 and 2014 (Warren 2016). In addition, a growing percentage of border crossers in recent years have originated in the Northern Triangle states of Central America (CBP 2016). These migrants are fleeing pervasive violence, persecution, and poverty, and a large number do not seek to evade arrest, but present themselves to border officials and request political asylum. Many are de facto refugees, not illegal border crossers. This report speaks to another reason to question the necessity and value of a 2,000-mile wall: It does not reflect the reality of how the large majority of persons now become undocumented. It finds that two-thirds of those who arrived in 2014 did not illegally cross a border, but were admitted (after screening) on non-immigrant (temporary) visas, and then overstayed their period of admission or otherwise violated the terms of their visas. Moreover, this trend in increasing percentages of visa overstays will likely continue into the foreseeable future. The report presents information about the mode of arrival of the undocumented population that resided in the United States in 2014. To simplify the presentation, it divides the 2014 population into two groups: overstays and entries without inspection (EWIs). The term overstay, as used in this paper, refers to undocumented residents who entered the United States with valid temporary visas and subsequently established residence without authorization. The term EWI refers to undocumented residents who entered without proper immigration documents across the southern border. The estimates are based primarily on detailed estimates of the undocumented population in 2014 compiled by CMS and estimates of overstays for 2015 derived by DHS. Major findings include the following: • In 2014, about 4.5 million US residents, or 42 percent of the total undocumented population, were overstays. • Overstays accounted for about two-thirds (66 percent) of those who arrived (i.e., joined the undocumented population) in 2014. • Overstays have exceeded EWIs every year since 2007, and 600,000 more overstays than EWIs have arrived since 2007. • Mexico is the leading country for both overstays and EWIs; about one-third of undocumented arrivals from Mexico in 2014 were overstays. • California has the largest number of overstays (890,000), followed by New York (520,000), Texas (475,000), and Florida (435,000). • Two states had 47 percent of the 6.4 million EWIs in 2014: California (1.7 million) and Texas (1.3 million). • The percentage of overstays varies widely by state: more than two-thirds of the undocumented who live in Hawaii, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Pennsylvania are overstays. By contrast, the undocumented population in Kansas, Arkansas, and New Mexico consists of fewer than 25 percent overstays.

Dutch immigration and integration policies are being interpreted and implemented by local street-level bureaucrats. We carried out 28 semi-structured interviews with integration coaches, integration teachers and client managers in order to understand the dilemmas they face, and to explain their subsequent behaviour. The results show that although organizational characteristics such as the bureaucratic burden made street-level bureaucrats reluctant to enlarge their discretionary space at the expense of policy rules, their willingness to help clients often transcends these boundaries under a combination of three conditions: high client motivation, extreme personal distress of the client, and negative assessment of existing policies and policy instruments (both in terms of fairness and practicality). Furthermore, street-level bureaucrats were found to be constantly reinterpreting and revising their roles.