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The happiness levels of individuals and their sources of happiness have been wondered a lot and researched from past to present. The aim of this study is to examine the factors that affect individuals' sources of happiness. The data set of the study was obtained from the Life Satisfaction Survey of the Turkish Statistical Institute. 9212 individuals were included in the study. In the study, chi-square independence tests were conducted to examine the relationship between the source of happiness and the independent variables included in the model, and multinomial logistic regression analysis was applied to determine the factors that may have an effect on the sources of happiness of individuals. As a result of the study, it has been determined that the factors of the individual's age, gender, marital status, educational status, satisfaction with income level, welfare level, life satisfaction, satisfaction with a social life are effective on sources of happiness. At such a time when it is clear that the coronavirus epidemic adversely affects many aspects of our lives, especially our psychology, and will leave a mark on our tomorrows, and the activities of decision-makers and policymakers are shed light through the study in order to increase the happiness of individuals and to ensure that the future will be better.

There has been an extensive tradition of geographical studies7 conducted to analyse the access to urban parks or green spaces. Several studies deploy approaches to measure the potential spatial accessibility and congestion of children’s playgrounds in urban areas. Identifying inequalities in terms of spatial access to children’s playgrounds is an important issue that could be useful for urban planners. The main objective of this paper is to measure the potential spatial accessibility and congestion of playgrounds in Barcelona City. A second objective is to analyse the factors that may explain differences between neighbourhoods in spatial access to playgrounds. Several analyses were carried out. First, two indicators of spatial potential accessibility are computed at the census tract level. Next, a mapping technique is used based on a cross tabulation of the quintiles of two indicators. A typology of census tracts can then be developed according to the various possible combinations between playground accessibility and congestion. Third, two spatial models—spatial lag and spatial error—are estimated in order to introduce socioeconomic factors into the explanation of accessibility and congestion. Finally, a multinomial logistic model is estimated to explain the typology of Barcelona census tracts based on potential playground congestion and accessibility. The results show that in Barcelona City, there are no important spatial disparities in terms of access to children’s playgrounds.

China is a country with a unique history of gender traditions and birth-control regulations. Traditional gender role attitudes, closely related to son preference, exert entrenched influence on the ...

With ongoing urban revolution, Chinese cities are experiencing an influx of migrants, whose integration into urban society becomes an unprecedented challenge. Using a recent survey in Shanghai and adopting a multilevel multinomial logistic model, this paper studies perceptions of social integration, comparing local residents with migrants. While migrants and local residents have very different perceptions of social integration, both individual-level factors and community-level factors such as residential segregation shape perceptions of social integration, and they shape migrants and local residents differently. In particular, residential segregation, especially migrant population size, tends to reinforce perceptions of social exclusion, which imposes challenges on social integration.

Efficient healthcare systems in developing economies are significant indicators of development. Health can either be optimised households’ choices between preventive and curative healthcare services. In Cameroon like other developing countries, domestic healthcare service is either considered to be a normal or luxury good to households with competing alternative providers such as the public and private providers. To examine the healthcare preferences of households in the North West Region of Cameroon, a purposive sample of 300 households were collected and analysed using a multinomial logistic model. Households’ characteristics such as sex and age of household heads, marital status of household heads and monthly income as well as providers’ specific characteristics such as the reputation of the healthcare providers are significant determinants households ‘healthcare choices. Implicitly the reputation of the healthcare provider serves as a signal for households to overcome information asymmetry on the quality of healthcare services offered. This study suggests that standardizing the measure of reputation of healthcare providers would be an efficient signal of quality to healthcare clients. Also, household access to quality healthcare can be improved with efficient healthcare support programs and deferred payment options. Keywords: Healthcare Services; Healthcare Providers; Multinomial Logistic Model; Healthcare Systems; Primary Healthcare

People who were previously incarcerated overwhelmingly cite family interaction as among the most important factors in successful reentry and desistance. Yet, little research has explicitly sought to explore the relationship between family support and family conflict among former prisoners and their effect on reentry. Utilizing social control theory from a life course perspective, the current project explores patterns of drug use and criminal desistance of people who were previously incarcerated (n = 740) and the relationship to family support and conflict. Results indicate higher levels of family conflict coincide with increased odds of drug use and crime immediately following release from prison. A multinomial logistic model indicates patterns of drug use at specific points in time directly coincide with patterns of family conflict, but not family support. The implications of these findings are addressed.

This research investigates how well the following factors; fathers’ education, mothers’ education, fathers’ occupation, parents’ income and gender explains the variations in educational attainment of children in the Muslim community in Kerala. The analysis used data from 431 randomly selected Muslim respondents, 231 males and 200 females, aged 25-40 years from 24 election wards of 10 panchayats and one municipality. Respondents aged 25-40 years were selected from the socio-economic caste census 2011 data. A multinomial logistic model is fitted to a dependent variable measuring level of education into four categories. The result showed that all the factors were significantly predicting the educational attainment of children except parental income.

Objectives US Medicare Part D began in January 2006, but beneficiaries could wait until May to sign up without being assessed a premium penalty. The availability of this penalty-free period offers a unique opportunity to study selection patterns and demand response to Part D coverage. The objective is to examine factors associated with early and late Part D enrolment and assess impact of enrolment timing on changes in drug use. Methods Nationally representative sample of community-dwelling Medicare beneficiaries with hypertension and no drug coverage in 2005 (n = 641).We used 2005 and 2006 Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey data with a multinomial logistic model to predict Part D enrolment and a difference-in-difference (DID) model to compare changes in monthly antihypertensive drug fills pre- and post-enrolment. Key findings Of the sample enrolled in Part D in 2006, 63.3% (23.5% by January and 39.8% late). Early enrolees had higher antihypertensive use prior to Part D (1.6 monthly fills) compared to late enrolees (1.2) and non-enrolees (0.9). Post-Part D monthly antihypertensive use averaged 2.2 fills for early enrolees, 1.4 for late enrolees and 1.0 for non-enrolees. The estimated DID programme effect was 0.54 additional monthly antihypertensive prescription fills for early enrolees (P < 0.01) and 0.26 fills for late enrolees (P < 0.01). Conclusions The estimated Part D demand response from early enrolees was unrealistically high suggesting selection bias. The price elasticity for late enrolees (−0.29 to −0.43) was consistent with best evidence in the literature. Failure to consider selection can lead to overestimating the impact of Part D on drug use.

This paper analyzes capital market reactions to international bank M&A. We investigate the combined stock return patterns of targets, bidders, and their peers upon takeover announcement, and closing or withdrawal. We distinguish five common M&A hypotheses and relate characteristic and mutually exclusive abnormal stock return patterns to each hypothesis. The findings show that there are more investors who believe in gains through the exploitation of market power by the post-merger entity than investors who believe in any of the other motives tested in the paper. In a multinomial logistic model we show that patterns related to market power significantly concur with large relative target size, intra-industry mergers, and increasing market concentration, suggesting a substantial lessening of competition through M&A.

Background Patient opinion is becoming ever more important when considering healthcare quality and the reforms required to improve healthcare quality. The main aim of this study was to explore factors determining perceived healthcare quality among patients with chronic diseases. Methods Data are drawn from the survey carried out in 2008 by the Commonwealth Fund, in partnership with the French Superior Health Authority (Haute Autorite de sante). The prospective telephone survey targeted adults in eight countries who had serious health problems (chronic or severe disease, declared poor state of health, hospital admission or major surgery). Of the 1202 French respondents, 851 had at least one diagnosed chronic disease. A multinomial logistic model was used to identify the relationship between perceived healthcare quality and patients’ recent experience with the healthcare system. Results People with chronic disease in general perceived that healthcare quality was excellent (45%) or good (44%). Only 11% of respondents judged it to be average or poor. There was a hint of “could do better”, for example when considering podology and ophthalmology follow-up in diabetes or the management of multiple medications. The explanatory model revealed a positive correlation between excellent perceived healthcare quality and a strong doctor–patient relationship, taking into account both the length of this relationship and the ability of the doctor to involve the patient at all stages of decision-making concerning therapeutic management. There was no major link between the perceived quality of care and objective care quality, the quality of procedures, the cost of care to the patient or how frequently patients access the healthcare system. Conclusion The quality of the relationship between the patient and his/her doctor is a determining factor in the patient's judgement of the quality of healthcare he/she receives.

Goal of this research is to improve knowledge about food waste factors in Albanian urban homes, and recommend some policies and actions on how to reduce food waste. Data collected through face-to-face interviewing of 350 urban households in Tirana city are used. The technique of multinomial logistic model and classical regression are used. A four-dimension dependent variable approach is used, to get more consistent results. Income, size of household, number of family members employed, buying food more than needed and cooking more than needed, consumer’s concern about food waste, social status, shopping and post consumption habits, are some major waste factors. Odds and pattern effects of factors are varying according to levels of waste. To show commitment in relation with food waste, Albania should adopt international activities and initiatives, make legal improvements and foster education and awareness activities.

This paper explores how occupational structure is associated with economic inequality in Brazil in comparison to the United States. Changes in the Brazilian and American occupational structures between 1983 and 2011 are investigated in order to assess how closely they generate high socioeconomic inequalities. The effects of education, age, gender and race on occupational attainment are taken into account. Highlights of the results include: (1) a higher level of socioeconomic development in the American occupational structure, reflecting huge socioeconomic differences between these countries; (2) a tenuous convergence between the Brazilian and American occupational structures; (3) a significant decrease in the net impacts of education, age, gender and race on occupational attainment (i.e., reduced social stratification) in both countries. These results suggest the analytical worth of considering occupational structure as a significant intermediate variable affecting the level of socioeconomic inequality within a country over time, as well as between two countries at a given point in time. RESUMOEste trabalho analisa a contribuição da estrutura ocupacional como fonte de desigualdade no Brasil, fazendo um estudo comparativo com os Estados Unidos. Mudanças entre e dentro das estruturas ocupacionais são analisadas entre 1983 e 2011, verificando em que medida essas transformações contribuíram para atenuar os níveis de desigualdade socioeconômica. São consideradas diferenças de escolaridade, sexo, gênero e raça. Os resultados destacam: (1) um nível substancialmente superior de desenvolvimento da estrutura ocupacional nos Estados Unidos, refletindo as diferenças socioeconômicas entre os países; (2) uma tênue convergência entre as estruturas dos dois países no período; (3) uma expressiva redução das diferenças de escolaridade, idade, gênero e raça na inserção ocupacional dos dois países, ou seja, redução da estratificação social. O trabalho conclui sobre a relevante contribuição analítica da estrutura ocupacional como fator explicativo da desigualdade socioeconômica de um país ao longo do tempo ou entre países em um específico período de tempo.

Although researchers have long studied using statistical modeling techniques to detect anomaly intrusion and profile user behavior, the feasibility of applying multinomial logistic regression modeling to predict multi-attack types has not been addressed, and the risk factors associated with individual major attacks remain unclear. To address the gaps, this study used the KDD-cup 1999 data and bootstrap simulation method to fit 3000 multinomial logistic regression models with the most frequent attack types (probe, DoS, U2R, and R2L) as an unordered independent variable, and identified 13 risk factors that are statistically significantly associated with these attacks. These risk factors were then used to construct a final multinomial model that had an ROC area of 0.99 for detecting abnormal events. Compared with the top KDD-cup 1999 winning results that were based on a rule-based decision tree algorithm, the multinomial logistic model-based classification results had similar sensitivity values in detecting normal (98.3% vs. 99.5%), probe (85.6% vs. 83.3%), and DoS (97.2% vs. 97.1%); remarkably high sensitivity in U2R (25.9% vs. 13.2%) and R2L (11.2% vs. 8.4%); and a significantly lower overall misclassification rate (18.9% vs. 35.7%). The study emphasizes that the multinomial logistic regression modeling technique with the 13 risk factors provides a robust approach to detect anomaly intrusion.

Using a large sample of international firms we investigate the corporate decisions to voluntarily adopt International Accounting Standards (IAS/IFRS), and to cross-list in the US. We jointly examine these globalization decisions by employing a multinomial logistic model, and use this framework to correct for selection bias in our valuation analysis. We find no significant differences between our documented valuation premia of IFRS and US exchange listed firms. This indicates that cross-listing valuation benefits stem mainly from disclosure enhancement than from the stricter US legal system and that voluntary disclosure can be beneficial even in the absence of a strong legal environment. Furthermore, we find strong evidence that firms from countries with weak investor protection and firms less integrated with the world market benefit more from IFRS adoption. In contrast, we find no evidence that cross-listing on a US exchange is valued more for firms with weaker home country investor protection.

The study takes 19964 investors from Shanghai, Tianjin and Dalian as samples to prove that there really is home bias with Chinese investors. Under controlling the Urban per disposable income, the paper uses the multinomial logistic model, takes the proportion of holding stock, the cumulative time in the market, age and sex as explanatory variables to detail home basis grade value, and also analyzes the impact of risk aversion level, investment experience, sophistication and sex on home basis. Finally, we conclude that the young investors with high level of risk aversion, investment experience and sophistication shortage are more likely home bias; and also the male is more likely home bias than female. The different judgments of risk and benefit caused by the investors' individual differences, such as risk aversion, investment experience, sophistication, age and sex, may be one reason of home bias.