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This study explores how positive and negative region-of-origin biases influence the consumer tendency to switch brands. Attending the social identity and the cognitive appraisal theories, this study proposes a model that links animosity, negative emotions (target-region bias), and regional identification (home-region bias) to brand switching. It analyses the role of animosity as a potential trigger to negative emotions (anger and sadness) and explores their subsequent behavioural impact. Additionally, it captures the influence of regional identification on the consumer tendency to switch from target-region brands to home-region brands. The proposed model was empirically tested with 591 Spanish (regional) consumers of food and beverage brands, by quota sampling. Data were analysed using structural equation modelling with SmartPLS3. Results show that regional identification significantly motivates consumers to switch brands. Animosity triggers the emotional reactions of anger and sadness, but only anger promotes switching to brands with regional characteristics and mediates the relation between animosity and in-group brands switching. The study provides considerable insight into the dynamics of (positive/negative) region-of-origin bias influences on brand switching. The findings also offer guidance to brand managers to effectively deal with origin obstacles and/or advantages in the business environment touched by animosity and switching behaviour.

Even though the mobile games industry has grown substantially over the last few years, one permanent challenge which remains is to monetize it and to continue reaching new players. Current players contribute to this aim by purchasing mobile game accessories and by recruiting players. The current work analyses how the present use of the game and its appeal contribute to these behaviors. Results with information obtained from a sample of app gamers show that using a game app can have positive effects on recruitment, a notion reinforced when the level of performance rises, while overuse of the game app may lead to a feeling of addiction or shame that reduces new player recruitment. In addition, the game's perceived appeal (experiential value, procedural justice, and prestige) are also related with investing in new products and with recruitment.

Technological evolution involves a challenge for teachers and higher education institutions to achieve e-learning success. This paper addresses this issue from the teachers’ perspective to reveal what characteristics of the e-learning system affect teachers’ continuance commitment and contribute to the increase and permanence of e-learning programmes. This study investigates possible relationships among intrinsic and extrinsic variables (self-efficacy beliefs, system quality and organisational impact) and teachers’ continuance commitment. Based on previous information systems and e-learning research literature, this study presents an extended version of the Information System Success Model. The PLS-SEM method was employed to analyse the data collected from a probabilistic representative sample of 90 online teachers, 54% of them are male from different ages and teaching disciplines, and 78.6% of them are full-time teachers. Results show that having a well-established learning management system in the institution reinforces the instructors’ commitment. Institutions should build a learning environment that fits instructors’ needs, develop a creative, collaborative, secure, friendly and up-to-date platform with quality interactions between learners and instructors. Apart from offering good system quality and technical assistance, perceived organisational impact reveals as a key to achieving teachers’ commitment to e-learning.

The mobile technology involves an unexplored world of doing business and consumer behavioral change that constitutes a revolution in the application of technologies to marketing. A key factor in the adoption of mobile commerce is the compatibility that the consumer perceives with his/her life. Given that the research on compatibility with mobile purchases made so far treats it as an antecedent of adoption, this pioneer research studies the influencing role of two more personal factors (self-efficacy and innovativeness) and two factors more related to the shopping (involvement and perceived entertainment). The model was tested using PLS with information from 583 Mexican mobile buyers. Our results show a positive effect of innovativeness, involvement and perceived entertainment on compatibility. On the contrary, self-efficacy does not seem to influence the perception of compatibility of mobile shopping with consumer life. This work has important implications for the practice of professionals dedicated to mobile commerce.

Producción Científica, The smartphone has made gaming more accessible and desirable for a wider market than ever before. Game apps are one of the most consumed and fastest growing products in the world today. Yet, few studies have thus far explored the implications of games apps consumption from a consumer perspective, addressing the transfer of abilities from one technological field to another. The main purpose of this paper is threefold: to ascertain the role of personality as a determinant of self-efficacy, to establish whether there is a transfer process from self-efficacy in video gaming with apps to online shopping and to analyze the impact of self-efficacy on the online purchase of game-related products. Results show that neuroticism, extraversion, and agreeableness determine the gaming self-efficacy that is transferred to online shopping self-efficacy and finally to the online purchase of game-related products. These insights provide interesting managerial implications that could affect video game marketing., Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (proyecto ECO2017-82107-R), Fondo europeo de desarrollo regional (proyecto VA112P17), Junta de Castilla y León (proyecto VA112P17)

Purpose Consumers can face a situation of information asymmetry in electronic shopping (ES). The purpose of this paper to examine the relationships between: relational variables such as satisfaction, trust and perceived opportunism; and website cues (cognitive signals such as security and personalization, and experiential signals, such as design and entertainment). Design/methodology/approach The paper opted for the structural equation methodology to analyze data collected from 447 Spanish e-shoppers. Findings Results show different factors that relate to satisfaction, trust and perceived opportunism in ES. Satisfactory experience with ES and entertainment emerge as the most relevant factors to achieve trust and prevent perceived opportunism in e-commerce. Originality/value The five contributions of this study are: the introduction of variables from several theoretical approaches to the study of an agency problem in e-commerce; the study of different ways to gain buyer trust and reduce perceived opportunism in an electronic shopper-vendor relationship; the application of signaling theory as part of the process of helping the principal (e-shopper) to solve their shopping problem in a context of information asymmetry; the analysis of the impact of external cues from e-vendor/site, which allows for a comparison between internal experiences and external quality signals; and the study of entertainment as an important hedonic variable in order to have satisfied and confident e-shoppers.

Purpose – The purpose of this research is to study three clues (employee reputation, site design, and security) of the Customer Experience Management framework that can prompt mobile shopper satisfaction and repurchase intention. The moderator role of perceived distance of the retailer is explored. Design/methodology/approach – The Partial Least Squares approach was employed to analyze information gathered from 1053 mobile shoppers in a geographically extensive and emerging market (Mexico). Findings – The Customer Experience Management framework is helpful in explaining m-shopper satisfaction and intention to repurchase via mobile phone. Our findings show that reputation (particularly for consumers who perceive that retailers are near), site design (principally for consumers who perceive that retailers are far away), and security enhance mobile-shopper satisfaction. Satisfactory experiences increase repurchase intention, regardless of perceived distance of alternative retailers. Originality/value – This study contributes to understanding which factors mobile vendors (m-vendors) could manage in different ways to engender satisfaction and intention to repurchase via mobile, from the unexplored Customer Experience Management perspective and in a scarcely studied emerging market. Also, a key facet of this study is related to the moderating influence of perceived distance on the relationship between employee reputation, site design, and security, on one hand, and m-shopper satisfaction on the other. Objetivo – O objetivo desta pesquisa é estudar três sinais (reputação do funcionário, design do site e segurança) da estrutura da gestão da experiência do cliente que podem motivar a satisfação e a intenção de recompra do comprador por celular. O papel moderador da distância percebida do varejista é explorado. Metodologia – A abordagem dos mínimos quadrados parciais foi empregada para analisar as informações obtidas de 1053 compradores por celular em um mercado geograficamente extenso e emergente (México). Resultados – A estrutura da gestão da experiência do cliente é útil para explicar a satisfação e a intenção de recompra do comprador-c via telefone celular. Nossos resultados mostram que a reputação (particularmente para os consumidores que percebem que os varejistas estão próximos), design do site (principalmente para os consumidores que percebem que os varejistas estão distantes) e segurança melhoram a satisfação do comprador por celular. Experiências satisfatórias aumentam a intenção de recompra, independentemente da distância percebida de varejistas alternativos. Contribuições – Este estudo contribui para a compreensão de quais fatores os vendedores via celular (vendedores-c) podem gerenciar de diferentes modos para gerar satisfação e intenção de recompra via celular, a partir da perspectiva inexplorada da Gestão da Experiência do Cliente e em um mercado emergente pouco estudado. Outra faceta importante deste estudo está relacionada à influência moderadora da distância percebida no relacionamento entre a reputação do funcionário, design do site e segurança, por um lado, e a satisfação do comprador-c, por outro. Objetivo – O objetivo desta pesquisa é estudar três sinais (reputação do funcionário, design do site e segurança) da estrutura da gestão da experiência do cliente que podem motivar a satisfação e a intenção de recompra do comprador por celular. O papel moderador da distância percebida do varejista é explorado. Metodologia – A abordagem dos mínimos quadrados parciais foi empregada para analisar as informações obtidas de 1053 compradores por celular em um mercado geograficamente extenso e emergente (México). Resultados – A estrutura da gestão da experiência do cliente é útil para explicar a satisfação e a intenção de recompra do comprador-c via telefone celular. Nossos resultados mostram que a reputação (particularmente para os consumidores que percebem que os varejistas estão próximos), design do site (principalmente para os consumidores que percebem que os varejistas estão distantes) e segurança melhoram a satisfação do comprador por celular. Experiências satisfatórias aumentam a intenção de recompra, independentemente da distância percebida de varejistas alternativos. Contribuições – Este estudo contribui para a compreensão de quais fatores os vendedores via celular (vendedores-c) podem gerenciar de diferentes modos para gerar satisfação e intenção de recompra via celular, a partir da perspectiva inexplorada da Gestão da Experiência do Cliente e em um mercado emergente pouco estudado. Outra faceta importante deste estudo está relacionada à influência moderadora da distância percebida no relacionamento entre a reputação do funcionário, design do site e segurança, por um lado, e a satisfação do comprador-c, por outro.

Producción Científica, Purpose.- This paper attempts to understand the extent to which the effect of motivations on purchase intention varies for diverse segments of video gamers (depending on their personality). Design/Methodology.- Information was collected from 511 Spanish video game consumers. Structural equation modeling, clustering, and multi-group analysis were then conducted to compare results between segments of gamers. Findings.- Results show that hedonic, social and mainly addiction motivations lead to purchase intention of game-related products. Moreover, we identify a typology of gamer that gives rise to differences in motivations-purchase intention links: (1) Analysts include individuals who are essentially conscientious, prefer inventive or cognitive and simulation games and whose behavior is more influenced by hedonic and social motivations to play; (2) Socializers comprise individuals who are mainly extrovert and emotionally stable gamers and who prefer sports and strategy games. The motivations to play that affect their purchase intentions are mainly social; and (3) Sentinels include individuals that are unmindful and introvert, prefer inventive, cognitive, sports and simulation games, and whose social motivations drive their purchase intentions. Originality.- There are 2,200 million video gamers around the world, although it is assumed that this vast market is not homogeneous, which has implications for consumer motivations and purchase intention. However, the currently available classifications that address this challenge are rather limited. In this sense, the present paper provides valuable insights into understanding how personality offers a useful variable to segment consumers in the video game industry and how it moderates the effect of motivations on purchase behavior., Ministerio de Economía y Competetitividad (proyecto ECO2017-82107-R), Junta de Castilla y León (proyecto VA112P17)

The teaching job includes multiple tasks and implies different targets of this work, such as teachers, universities, students and colleagues. The purpose of this research is to obtain a typology of university professors according to several aspects of their job performance: professors’ perception of working conditions, evaluation of job performance and their communication about the contribution and significance of their job. With this objective in mind, data were collected from 137 Spanish university professors participating in this study. A non-hierarchical cluster analysis (k-means) was carried out and the results offer a professors’ typology of motivated and demotivated professors.

Purpose This study aims to test the central role of the perceived reputation of country-of-origin (COO) firms between cultural and socio-psychological variables and management and economic variables that help to explain the multi-faceted phenomenon of COO on a developing market. It also tests the moderator role of ethnocentrism, which is the objective of recommending different segment marketing strategies for international firms. Design/methodology/approach The study opted for the structure equation modelling methodology to analyze data collected from 274 Mexican car owners who evaluate Korean automobiles. Findings The results show that the COO reputation of firms from a developing market has a mediating role on the relationship between cultural openness and animosity and trust, risk and purchase intention, but the consequents of the perceived reputation of COO vary depending on the level of consumers’ ethnocentrism. Research limitations/implications Firms seeking to internationalize need to find out how to overcome the hurdle of target market animosity, to increase the cultural openness and to promote trust and purchases in international markets; at the same time, they reduce the perception of risk. In this sense, it might help to increase the perceived reputation of COO firms and to use different marketing strategies according to the target market. Originality/value This study analyzes reputation of firms associated to a COO as a signal that can help to solve purchase decisions in the relationship between consumers and firms from developing markets and also corroborates its role as a mediator factor. In addition, this study empirically tests how animosity and cultural openness influence perceived reputation of COO firms, relationships that has scarcely been studied in literature. This study has also found that less and more ethnocentric consumers have differences in how the COO cues influence on their evaluations and behaviour. Finally, as insufficient consumer research has been conducted into emerging and developing markets, this study focuses on consumers from a developing country and regards automobiles from an emerging country.

Purpose – This paper aims to investigate if trust plays a mediating role on the country-of-origin (COO) brand reputation and consumer animosity effects in determining consumers’ purchase intentions in both emerging and developed markets. Design/methodology/approach – The paper opted for the structure equation modelling methodology to analyse data collected from 476 Spanish and Mexican car owners who evaluate American automobiles. Findings – The results show that in the emerging market economy, the COO's brand reputation influences trust and purchase intention more than in the mature market. Also, the results show that although trust plays an important role in different markets because it mediates the effect of COO's brand reputation on consumers’ purchase intention in both emerging and mature economies, it does not mediate the effect of animosity on purchase intention in the analysed developed economy. Research limitations/implications – The chosen category product presents the shortcoming of being of a hybrid nature regarding their manufacturing origin and research results may not be generalizable since we consider one product of one COO. Practical implications – COO's brand reputation is a key trigger of trust, and can substitute absent regulatory institutional elements, especially in emerging markets. In emerging markets, animosity could play an important role in explaining the rejection of foreign products, but the increase of trust could mitigate its negative effect on purchase intention. Originality/value – This study distinguishes the mediating role of trust between different interrelated COO variables and consumers’ purchase intentions in two different national contexts, and offers evidence that good COO's brand reputation building is crucial for international marketing success.

Internet has led to radical changes in commercial relations and especially in consumer buying habits. Considering the peculiar characteristics of Internet shopping, it is difficult to engender consumer online trust and consumer face an adverse selection problem when having to choose the best web site to buy from. This problem may be mitigated by signaling the high-quality and good behavior of the e-vendor or by consumer satisfactory experiences. As gender can make differences in the decision-making processes of individuals, the purpose of this study is to find out if there are gender differences regarding the effect of three specific signals of quality—service quality, warranty, and security and privacy policies– on e-satisfaction and e-trust, and on the relation between satisfaction and trust. The research questions were tested using information gathered from Spanish online buyers and using structural equation modeling. Results suggest that suitable gender-based signaling strategies could conceivably be prepared in accordance with the target population, which holds interesting implications for both the academic and the professional world.

The objective of this study is to present empirical evidence on the extent to which socio-psychological variables ( ethnocentrism and animosity ) and the reputation of firms associated to a country-of-origin ( COO ) are related to an important relational exchange factor (trust). Furthermore, the study tests the moderating effects of familiarity. Data were collected from 202 automobile owners in a large Spanish region. Path and multi-group analyses were performed using a structural equation modelling approach. This paper investigates the effects of reputation of firms associated to a COO and animosity on trust, which have not been commonly used as a dependent variable of these concepts before. Moreover, this study explores the moderating role of familiarity. This study supports the view that reputation of firms associated to a COO can safeguard international transactions and create trust in foreign firms, and thus may decrease due to interrelated emotional consumer reactions such as animosity and ethnocentrism.

At present, firms must face interrelated challenges in global marketing, such as the increased consumer market internationalization and the rapid growth of emerging markets economy. In this context, the purpose of this study is to differentiate between cognitive and affective components of the country–of-origin (reputation of firms from a country–of-origin and animosity) and frame them as antecedents of trust and purchase intention. The study supports the view that the reputation of firms from the country–of-origin helps to engender trust in international markets and indirectly impacts purchase intention. Also, this study analyses the mediation role that trust plays in the relationship between reputation of firms from the country–of-origin, consumer animosity and purchase intention., UASLP/PROMEP/103.5/11/6650, SNI/CONACYT: 53181 and UASLP-FAI: C12-FAI-03-08.08.

Firms must face interrelated challenges in global marketing, such as the increased consumer market internationalization and the rapid growth of emerging markets economy. In addition to these challenges that firms face, little is known about consumer attitudes and behaviors towards products from emerging markets (Sharma, 2011). In this context, this paper seeks to improve the understanding of the determinants of the purchase intention of products from an emerging country. The purpose of this paper is to test if those factors -reputation of country of origin (COO) firms, cultural openness, animosity and trust- help to explain purchase intention of a product from an emerging market (Korean automobiles). Data were collected from 274 automobile owners in Mexico. The analysis was performed using a SEM approach. The contributions of this research are: 1) To test the COO reputation of firms from an emerging market capacity to generate trust in firms from this country, usually characterized by the scant amount of institutional-based trust placed in them by international markets. 2) To study if consumers from a developing economy exhibit animosity and how it affects their purchase intention and their trust.

The growth of international trade and the formation of supranational economic and political trading blocks have noticeably widened the presence on the market of products of different national origins. This has stimulated interest in explaining the Country-of-Origin (COO) role in domestic and international markets and its consequences on consumer behaviour. Since the consumer purchasing decisions can be decisive to the success of a company`s strategy in domestic and foreign markets, the objective of this study is to present empirical evidence on the extent to which reputation of firms associated to a certain COO are related to consumer purchase intention. Additionally our study considers ethnocentrism as a variable that partially explains the rejection of imports products based on its foreign origin. The empirical application of the proposed model is related to the purchase of Korean automobiles which represents 5.7% of the national market share in Spain. Structural equation modelling was used to analyse the data collected from 202 personal interviews carried out in a large Spanish region. The results show that reputation of firms associated to a certain COO in an important factor to establish business relationships involving consumers and firms from different countries and increase intentions to purchase Korean products. Additionally, ethnocentric consumers prefer to purchase domestic products rather than foreign imports as an attempt to protect national economy however the negative effect of ethnocentrism is weaker than positive effect of firms reputation of a COO.

Firms that achieve to establish reciprocal and successful relationships with their clients can obtain greater profitability in their relationship marketing inversions. This study adopts the TOE model to consider technological factors (technological competence), organizational factors (innovativeness and employee support) and environment factors (customer information management) to define the perceived benefits deriving from mobile CRM. The empirical study was performed with information obtained from 125 firms and analyzed with structural equation modeling. Results suggest that the firm perceives benefits from the m-CRM use if it is technologically competitive, shows propensity to innovativeness, manages customers’ information and has employees’ support. The main contribution is the simultaneous use of the TOE model and the relationship marketing approach to understand, from the Spanish firm perspective, the perception of the management of the relationship with customers through the mobile phone., Las empresas que logran establecer relaciones recíprocas y exitosas con sus clientes pueden obtener mayor rentabilidad de sus inversiones en marketing relacional. Este estudio aplica el modelo TOE para contemplar factores del contexto tecnológico (competencia tecnológica), organizacional (propensión a la innovación y apoyo de los empleados) y del entorno empresarial (gestión de la información de los clientes) para determinar la percepción de los beneficios de la gestión de las relaciones con los clientes a través del móvil (m-CRM). El estudio empírico fue realizado con información proporcionada por directivos de 125 empresas españolas, y fue analizado mediante ecuaciones estructurales. Los resultados sugieren que la empresa percibe beneficios del uso de m-CRM siempre que se considere tecnológicamente competitivo, tienda a la innovación tecnológica, gestione la información de los clientes, y cuente con el apoyo de los empleados. La principal contribución de este estudio es la aplicación conjunta del modelo TOE y el enfoque del marketing relacional para entender, desde la perspectiva de la empresa española, la percepción de los beneficios de la gestión de las relaciones con los clientes a través del teléfono móvil, Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (Spain) for its support of this research through the project ECO2014-53060-R