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The enduring lack of diversity in the corporate elite continues to attract attention from scholars and practitioners. However, the issue of representation or ‘body count’ – in particular for women – tends to dominate the discussion and overshadows social-relational dimensions. Adopting a network perspective, this article investigates how gender and nationality interact with human and social capital (i.e. director capital), explaining why particular directors hold more influential positions in the corporate elite. Findings from Swiss data show that some specific aspects of human and social capital matter more than others for being an influential director and that, ceteris paribus, Swiss citizens benefit most from both sources of capital. The discussion engages with the implications of our findings on current approaches intended to increase the numbers of appointments of ‘diverse’ directors, and how these are expected to change the corporate elite and the related job market in the longer term.

In a series of ad-hoc surveys at different academic institutions in the Baltic Sea region, students and young scholars were asked about their views about the environmental issues of the Baltic Sea, and who would be responsible for the management of the Baltic Sea. Overfishing, climate change and waste were considered the most significant issues, while tourism and constructions (of bridges, etc.) were less often recognized as severe. The responsibility for the management of the Baltic Sea was mostly attributed to the European Union or to the respective national governments. Since climate is one of these issues, one question has dealt with the main task of climate science. It turns out that the most frequent assertion was not the genuine scientific task of generating knowledge about the dynamics of the system. Instead, the task of solving the problem and, equally often, supporting climate activism was favored. The results are not representative – neither for the separate surveys, nor for the selection of the sites of surveying. However, when taken all surveys together, the emergence of consistent perceptions may be considered evidence for a general attitude among students and young scholars in the Baltic regions. However, differences between groups – in terms of nationality, seniority and discipline - may be related to sampling randomness.

Schools in California have become increasingly diverse and the demographic composition of school populations has become heterogeneous in the language, nationality, and ethnicity of students. Using ethnographic and interactional analysis, the present article examines how California youth employ a variety of concepts associated with ethnicity to classify themselves and others. For youth who have peers from multiple national, ethnic, and linguistic backgrounds, the criteria of citizenship, national origin, language, and phenotype are negotiated interactionally for ethnic labeling. The article further suggests that ethnicity is not a simple category, but rather a concept that youth in a multiethnic context actively construct and co-construct with the help of associated notions. Finally, it is demonstrated that ethnic labeling in interviews may be a dispreferred practice for some interviewees due to its potential connection with racism and discrimination.

A raíz de la violenta controversia provocada por la sentencia TC-168/13 con la cual se intentó legitimar el despojo de la nacionalidad a miles de dominicanos de origen haitiano de manera retroactiva hasta 1929, está claro que la necesidad de desmantelar los viejos paradigmas de representación de Haití y los haitianos en la imaginación popular dominicana se ha vuelto más urgente que nunca. Este artículo revisa algunos tropos con que se construyó Haití desde su revolución en 1804 y sostiene que los mismos también han coexistido con discursos y prácticas de fraternidad, solidaridad y convivencia pacífica. Este paradigma alterno se ve encarnado en la figura de Jacques Viau Renaud (1941-1965), poeta haitiano residente en Santo Domingo y combatiente que dio su vida en defensa de la democracia y soberanía dominicanas durante la ocupación norteamericana de 1965. The violent controversy provoked in the aftermath of the much-decried 168-13 Constitutional Court ruling that stripped of their nationality thousands of Dominicans of Haitian descent made it clear that the need to dismantle old paradigms representations of Haiti and Haitians in Dominican popular imagination has become more imperative than ever. This article reviews some of the tropes used to construct Haiti since its revolution in 1804 and argues that these tropes have coexisted with discourses and practices promoting fraternity, solidarity and peaceful coexistence. This alternative paradigm is embodied in the figure of Jacques Viau Renaud (1941-1965), a Haitian poet who resided in the Dominican Republic and a combatant who gave his life for the defense of Dominican democracy and sovereignty during the U.S. occupation in 1965.

Employers often have preferences with respect to workers based on group-level characteristics including geographical origin, gender, class, race, age, family status, appearance, etc. These ‘hiring queues’ can shape recruitment and promotion decisions and explain why certain characteristics may be more or less common within a workplace and across a sector. Drawing on one rural industry known in particular for low-wage and seasonal employment – the strawberry industry – this paper compares employer hiring queues in the US, Norway and UK. We find variety in the hierarchies that employers construct: US, Norwegian and UK strawberry growers recruit their low-wage workers from different nationalities. However, the underlying basis for these hiring queues appears to be the same across study contexts in that they are predominantly contingent upon geographical variables – mobility, nationality and ethnicity – to identify who are seen by employers as the most attractive low-wage seasonal workers. Migrants from more peripheral economies are consistently preferred above local workers and farmers employ mobility, nationality and ethnicity as short-hand for ‘good’ workers. We find that employers articulate what we refer to as ‘informed stereotypes’ that are connected, albeit selectively, to the political, economic, social and legal context(s) within which labour power is produced, reproduced and activated.

John Stuart Mill claims that free institutions are next to impossible in a multinational state. According to Will Kymlicka, this leads him to embrace policies kindred to those of Friedrich Engels, aimed at promoting mononational states in Europe through coercive assimilation. Given Mill’s harm principle, such coercive assimilation would have to be justified either paternalistically, in terms of its civilizing effects upon the would-be assimilated, or non-paternalistically, with reference to the danger that their non-assimilation would pose to others. However, neither possible interpretation is plausible; Mill takes Europe’s civilized status to shield Europeans from paternalistic coercion, and he opposes coercive assimilation where it could conceivably be justified in the name of defense. Although this much suggests that Kymlicka misinterprets Mill by ignoring his definition of nationality, it leaves scope for Kymlicka to argue that Mill favors policies that promote mononationality through neglecting the languages and cultures of national minorities.

AIM To explore nurses' perceptions on caring for children and adolescents who are victims of domestic violence, medical treatment of a victim of domestic violence and social aspects of recognizing this problem. BACKGROUND Nurses are often first to recognize family violence; thus, they must have appropriate knowledge, skills and experience. Caring for child victims of domestic violence can be very stressful and emotional and nurses must have support when caring for them. METHODS A qualitative study was conducted between June and August 2020. Interviews were conducted with paediatric nurses in a university hospital in Slovenia. Interviews were transcribed, coded and synthesized. RESULTS We identified four main categories: violence against children; nurses' perception of caring for a child victim of domestic violence; medical treatment of a child who is a victim of domestic violence; the social aspect of recognizing violence against a child. CONCLUSIONS Domestic violence is present regardless of country, language and nationality. Early interventions should be directed towards recognition of the signs of domestic violence and care for victims of violence and caregivers. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING MANAGEMENT It is the responsibility of healthcare systems, hospital managers and nurses themselves to provide nursing care for children and adolescent victims of domestic violence based on the newest and best evidence.

PurposeThis study aims to the influence and impact of regulations and highlights the barriers to market entry faced by Australian professional service firms in the European Union (EU) and their strategies to manage and transfer tacit knowledge.Design/methodology/approachThe authors collected data by reviewing relevant regulatory documents and conducting semi-structured interviews with key informants from Australian architecture firms and senior representatives from the professional, trade and regulatory bodies in Australia and Europe.FindingsHistorically, Australian professional service firms use the United Kingdom (UK) as their EU base. The mutual recognition of qualifications and prior experiences are barriers to intra-organizational expatriation and knowledge transfer. The study identifies the dual nationality of the architects as a way of circumventing the residency/nationality restrictions.Originality/valueThe study discusses Brexit and how the uncertainty surrounding the UK and EU’s agreement adds to the complexity for non-European firms’ market entry and operations in the region.

Seafaring is openly challenging working circumstances for females. For the last twenty-two years, females in western countries have been interested in joining the fleet, but as the captaincy roles aboard, their numbers are minimal compared to other jobs. In every working place, females always face many unusual problems, which are more in seafaring. The manuscript derives the discrimination factors of marine women officers (MWOs) onboard due to cultural (or racial) or being a woman using the experiences of 149 women officers from 18 different countries. Two experiences such as onboard discrimination due to cultural reasons (DDCR) and not being promoted in the company as being women (NPCW) for MWOs are considered the responses in the present study. It was found out that mean DDCR is positively associated with age (P=0.0313), nationality (P=0.0047), current position onboard (P=0.1051), while it is negatively associated with cohabitation (P=0.0137) and type of contract (P=0.0719). Variance of DDCR is negatively associated with male companions' support (P=0.1432). Also, mean NPCW is negatively associated with her male companions' support (P

The principles of equality and non-discrimination offer potentially valuable tools to challenge discriminatory practices employed by States against non-citizens. However, nationality and immigration-related exceptions are an established feature of non-discrimination laws. Such exceptions raise fundamental questions about the scope of the protection offered by anti-discrimination laws and have the potential to perpetuate, rather than eliminate, race discrimination. This article addresses this critical but often neglected issue, through a doctrinal analysis of two specific exceptions - Articles 1(2) and 1(3) of the UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination and Article 3(2) of the EU's Race Equality Directive - and an examination of their impact in practice at the domestic level. We argue that nationality and migration status exceptions must be interpreted as narrowly as possible, in line with the core purpose of these instruments to eliminate race discrimination. Furthermore, we suggest that the interplay between these legal frameworks at the domestic level of implementation takes on particular importance in defining the scope and limits of nationality and migration-based exceptions.

Two radically different descriptions of immigrant earnings trajectories in the USA have emerged. One asserts that immigrant men, following the 1965 Immigration and Nationality Act, have low initial earnings and high earnings growth. Another asserts that the post-1965 immigrants have low initial earnings and low earnings growth. We describe the methodological issues that create this divide and show that low earnings growth becomes high earnings growth when immigrants are followed from their initial years in the USA; earnings growth is allowed to vary with entry earnings; and—when following cohorts instead of individuals—sample restrictions commonly used by labor economists are avoided.

The National Police of Ukraine is a central executive body that serves society by ensuring the protection of human rights and freedoms, combating crime, maintaining public safety and order and carries out its official activities in accordance with the principles set out in Section II of the Law of Ukraine «On National Police». One of them is the principle of equality of citizens, which prohibits any privileges or limitationes on the signs of race, color, political, religious and other beliefs, gender, ethnic and social origin, property status, place of residence, language or other characteristics.This principle is common law and is based on both national and international law, and is an integral part of the constitutional and legal status of citizens, and is the existence in the state of equal constitutional rights, freedoms and responsibilities of citizens regardless of race, nationality, skin color, political, religious and other beliefs, gender, ethnic and social origin or other characteristics.The professional activity of the police, including the application of preventive police measures, should be based on the principles defined by the relevant law. However, the analysis of the grounds for the use of preventive police measures suggests that some of them are discriminatory. In particular, such grounds for police officers to check documents and stop a vehicle as the presence of external signs similar to the external signs of a wanted person or a missing person, as well as stopping a vehicle registered in another country, which is carried out in order to detect its transfer to possession, use or disposal of persons who did not import such a vehicle into the customs territory of Ukraine or did not place in customs transit, contain discriminatory signs and violate the principle of equality of citizens, which necessitates appropriate amendments to the Law of Ukraine “On the National Police of Ukraine”.

Statelessness has become a global phenomenon. Statelessness simply means that a person does not belong to any country in the world. It means that a person does not have a nationality or any means to prove his or her nationality. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) has embarked on a fight against Statelessness. The UNHCR have estimated that 10 million people in the world are stateless, one million of which are located in West Africa, although no figure has been estimated yet in Nigeria. However, because of numerous factors, the UNHCR has brought the fight against statelessness to Nigeria. They have mapped out their strategies in a National Action Plan (NAP) in 2018, and among such strategies are awareness and sensitization. They are of the belief that Nigerians are not aware of the concept of Statelessness. To test their assertion, empirical research was conducted for this paper via a questionnaire. One of the major consequences of statelessness is that stateless persons are deprived from enjoying their basic fundamental human rights like the right to freedom of movement, civil and political rights and the right to access of certain services which include access to health care and access to justice. More so, the Universal declaration of Human Rights states that everyone has a right to a nationality, which means the very notion of being stateless runs contrary to this universal basic right. This paper submits that derivation of fundamental rights especially access to justice is a social justice issue that could be handled through public interest lawyering. These two- Social Justice and Public Interest Lawyering- form part of the Clinical Legal Education (CLE) curriculum, therefore a nexus is immediately formed between CLE and the fight against statelessness. From the results of the research conducted in this paper, it is recommended that the service component of CLE, which is the Law Clinics, can assist the UNHCR in the fight against statelessness in Nigeria by actualising some of their strategies contained in the NAP which include but not limited to; sensitization and awareness. The UNHCR also raised a red flag on lack of data on this issue; again, this paper recommends that law clinicians can be their foot soldiers and aid in gathering the necessary data through client interviews and outreach activities. Lastly, the benefits of this partnership between the law clinics and UNHCR to the law clinicians was also outlined, as it will be of extreme benefit to them and it would lead to the achievement of the ultimate outcome and objective of CLE . Keywords: Statelessness, Nationality, Identity, Access to Justice, Human Rights, Law Clinics, Social Justice, Public Interest.

In 1972, upon expulsion from Uganda by Idi Amin, diasporic Asians, who had settled in East Africa during colonial times, underwent a second stage of global dispersal. Many of them managed to resett...

In the following work we reread four works by Francisco E. Moscoso Puello (1885-1959) written between 1930 and 1940; These are: Letters to Evelina (1935/1941), Canas y bueyes (1935), De la Odisea de la Hispaniola (1936) and Navarijo (1940/1951). The rereading will be done as a veiled critique of the myth of the new homeland. This Dominican surgeon maintains a speech in frank opposition to the apologists of the regime, such as Manuel A. Pena Batlle and Joaquin Balaguer, on the role of Trujillo as a builder of a new nationality. In the solidification of the myth of the new homeland, we start from an analysis of the titles given to the president from his ascension to power in 1930 until the end of the 1940s when the myth was consolidated. We start from the notion and classification of the myth made by Andres L. Mateo in his Mito y cultura en la era de Trujillo (1993) and Roberto Cassa's interpretation of fraudulent nationalism as a Trujillo ideology in Capitalismo y dictatadura (1982).The conclusion we reached is that although there are no explicit references to Trujillo or his government in these analyzed works; Moscoso Puello's speech uses the thesis of the unfeasibility of the Dominican nation to describe the substantial conditions that are opposed to what is stipulated by the myth of the new homeland.

The peasant movement presented various positions towards the national minorities living in Poland in the interwar period. The attitude towards the Slavic minorities was different, the attitude towards the Jewish minority and the other national groups. In the 1920s, a favorable position towards Slavic minorities was represented by PSL Wyzwolenie, SCh and PSL Lewica, while PSL Piast remained unfavorable. In the 1930s, after the reunification in the SL, politicians and leaders of the party proclaimed the need to make far-reaching changes and reforms in the Eastern Borderlands. The agrarians emphasized that the care for favorable relations with the Slavic minorities was primarily due to the concern for the interests of the Polish state, so that minorities would not be the cause of unrest and internal disputes. According to the peasantry, it was necessary to cooperate in the field of peasant interests, to change social awareness and to strive to create the union of Slavic states. In the harmonious coexistence of all citizens of the Polish state, regardless of their nationality, they saw the source of integration and the strength of the state.

The file attached to this record is the author's final peer reviewed version. The Publisher's final version can be found by following the DOI link. In this paper, I interrogate the English case law on citizenship deprivation and its effects on the migrant and diasporic communities most affected by it from a critical postcolonial perspective. I explore how it forms part of state responses to national security that are rooted in racist imperialist ideologies. These underpinnings are ignored in law because such responses are supposedly reserved for exceptional circumstances. This has led to a lack of critical awareness of the wider damage they cause. The damage caused is compounded by the ways that citizenship deprivation constitutes a technology of the politics of belonging. It orientalises people, “othering” and dividing them into those who belong and those who do not based on their differences. This approach leaves racialised and minoritised citizens more vulnerable to losing their citizenship which is a deliberate form of control reminiscent of the longstanding behaviour of colonialist imperialists.

The Pioneers of Underwater Acoustics Medal is presented to an individual irrespective of nationality, age, or society affi liation, who has made an outstanding contribution to the science of underwater acoustics, as evidenced by publication of research in professional journals or by other accomplishments in the fi eld. The award was named in honor of fi ve pioneers in the fi eld: H. J. W. Fay, R. A. Fessenden. H. C. Hayes, G. W. Pierce, and P. Langevin.

This article reports about a 2-year participatory action research (PAR) study in which three instructors engaged in an ongoing PAR cycle to develop and implement an explicit social justice teaching approach in their differing instructional contexts in the Northeastern US: a graduate course for teacher education and two secondary school Spanish courses. Building upon critical pedagogy (Freire, 2005) and intersectional positionalities studies (Crenshaw, 1989) and engaging in a collaborative self-study research with the fourth author, the team reflected on the emergence of stereotypes related to gender, race, language, immigration, and nationality in the language classroom. Results suggest that: (a) students' identities seem reaffirmed from scaffolded instruction that includes authentic materials (b) instructors, as role models, can influence students' identity development and activism engagement. Implications include a series of recommendations for justice-oriented instructional strategies and assessments for the secondary school Spanish curriculum and teacher education.

Gender has been identified as a social determinant of health, particularly as it relates to healthcare access for women of color. Yet, few analyses focus on the unique barriers that impact Latinx women's access to healthcare, which demonstrates a significant gap in the literature given the heterogeneity of the Latinx population. The purpose of this study is to (1) describe how sociodemographic characteristics impact access to healthcare for Latinx women and (2) examine whether intersecting factors, particularly nativity and nationality, influence barriers to healthcare for Latinx women in the United States (US).An outcome variable called 'any barriers to care' was created based on four healthcare access variables: lacking a usual source of care and delayed care (medical, dental and prescription). Data were from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (2005-2015). The sample included Latinx women between ages 18 and 74 (37% of the sample experienced at least one barrier to care. Initially, nativity status was not a predictor of having a barrier to care. However, in adjusted models with cross-classified nativity and nationality variables, Mexican (US- and foreign-born), Cuban (US- and foreign-born) and Central/South American women (foreign-born only) had higher odds of having any barriers to care compared to continental US-born Puerto Rican women.Latinx women experience barriers to healthcare, yet the prevalence rates vary widely depending on nationality and nativity. It is important to recognize the heterogeneity that exists within the Latinx community and address the underlying causes for limited healthcare access such as immigration policy.

The article shows different aspects of the Greek policy towards Vlach communities, important for their social and cultural activity. The case of Vlachs/Aromanians living in Greece is analyzed from the point of view of relatively large and functioning ethnic minority group, located within the Greek national majority. The Greek „republican concept of nationality”, included into the official policy, doesn’t accept ethnic/national minorities in the state. The article is created on the basis of long-lasting anthropological research, conducted by the author. It contains opinions expressed by Vlach/Aromanian intellectualists living in Greece, representing various concepts of Vlachness.

To address the role of the ingroup loyalty moral foundation, this article reports on two experiments. The first experiment manipulated the race of the beneficiary in an organ donation message. The ...

El artículo realiza un estudio histórico de la literaria costumbrista del archivero y cronista de Vizcaya Antonio Trueba durante el sexenio democrático de 1868 y los primeros años de la Restauración, en los que se produjo la abolición de los regímenes forales vascongados. Observada la primera experiencia desde un conservadurismo y catolicismo bastante extremo, lo sitúo en la linde con el carlismo en armas, que no llegó a profesar por su rechazo de la violencia y fidelidad a la Monarquía isabelina y, por ende, a la de la Restauración. Contemplada la abolición foral desde un fuerismo muy idealista, le provocó la ruptura con ambas Monarquías y un alejamiento de doble patriotismo a través de un proceso de nacionalización negativa española y de afirmación de la idea de nacionalidad vasca. Fecha de envío / Submission date: 14/08/2020 Fecha de aceptación / Acceptance date: 19/10/2020

This study examines whether the mother’s nationality influenced children’s school adjustment and whether four dimensions of co-parenting and the mother’s parenting self-efficacy mediated the relationship between the mother’s nationality and children’s school adjustment in Taiwan. Teacher-student relationships and peer relationships were viewed as indicators of school adjustment. We analyzed data from 484 mother-child dyads, which were available from a 2015 project on the association between immigrant mothers’ parenting efficacy, co-parenting, and school-aged children’s life adjustment using structural equation modeling. Results revealed that Indonesian mothers’ offspring had poorer relationships with their teachers than children with mothers from mainland China, but mothers’ nationalities did not affect children’s relations with peers. With regard to children’s relationships with peers and teachers, children whose mothers were from Vietnam scored lower than their counterparts whose mothers were proficient in the Chinese language, but the difference was not significant. Our findings showed that undermining co-parenting and maternal parenting self-efficacy, rather than supportive co-parenting, spousal support, spousal involvement, child’s characteristics, and family backgrounds, fully mediated the association between mothers’ nationalities and the child’s relationship with teachers. Moreover, supportive co-parenting was found to be positively related to mothers’ parenting self-efficacy.

The subject of this article is to analyze the meaning of the prohibition of discrimination on grounds of nationality in the light of the provisions of primary and secondary European Union law and the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union, which is inherent to the functioning of the internal market and EU citizenship. The prohibition of discrimination on grounds of nationality is undoubtedly one of the main goals of the European Union[1] in the social and economic context, which was reflected in the localization of the matter in question in the primary law of the European Union[2], in secondary law and in the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU). The Treaty on European Union (TEU)[3] and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU)[4] indicate equality as one of the EU values (Article 2 TEU), require it to be promoted and combat all discrimination (Articles 8 and 10 TFEU) and prohibit discrimination due to the criteria indicated therein (Articles 18 and 19 TFEU). In secondary law, this principle was expressed primarily in the Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council No. 492/2011 on the free movement of workers within the Union and in art. 24 of Directive 2004/38/EC 2004 on the right of citizens of the Union and their relatives to move freely[5]. A special role in this area is played by the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), which stated that all authorities of the Member States are obliged to refuse to apply a provision of national law that is contrary to the prohibition of discrimination on the grounds of citizenship (Article 18 TFEU)[6]. Moreover, national measures may be examined in the light of art. 18 TFEU, but only to the extent that they apply to situations not covered by specific non-discrimination provisions included in the Treaty[7]. The author puts forward the thesis that the analysis of CJEU jurisprudence reveals a visible dissonance between the application of national regulations of the Member States and the provisions of EU law in this matter, which significantly hinders the implementation of the principle of non-discrimination in practice. Discrepancies mainly occur in domestic legal acts due to the improper drafting of national legal provisions and / or their misinterpretation by national judicial or administrative authorities. It should be emphasized that the Member States are obliged to comply with EU law, which is not tantamount only to the obligation of state authorities to respect directly applicable acts, or to implement required regulations into internal law, but also the obligation to interpret and apply internal law in a manner that does not violate the requirement resulting from EU law[8]. Judicial and administrative authorities of the Member States should therefore interpret national law as far as possible, in line with EU law, because the limits of the pro-EU interpretation will be determined by the powers conferred by domestic law[9]. The study uses the legal-comparative method, consisting in a comparative analysis of the legal systems of the Member States and the European Union in the field of non-discrimination on the basis of nationality, rights and restrictions on the freedom of movement of authorized entities. Comparative verification of EU acts with the internal standards of individual EU Member States allows to reveal the degree of advancement of the implementation process of EU law provisions under the free movement of EU citizens and their family members in the discussed area in the legal systems of European Union Member States. The purpose of this analysis is to, inter alia, diagnose areas in which these countries have not implemented or improperly implemented EU regulations, or have misinterpreted them. The second method used is the method of analyzing the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the European Union - the rulings of the CJEU constitute a significant part of the study. The case law in question covers the period from the establishment of the Treaties of Rome to the present day. The use of the latter obligated the author to apply the comparative method of judgments based on same or similar legal bases in similar circumstances from different stages of the evolution of the free movement of citizens of the European Union and their family members under the prohibition of discrimination on the basis of nationality. [1] Cf. Olivier De Schutter, Links between migration and discrimination. A legal analysis of the situation in EU Member States (Brussels: European Commission, 2016), 102 and next; See also Brita Sundberg-Weitman, Discrimination on Grounds of Nationality. Free Movement of Workers and Freedom of Establishment under the EEC Treaty (Amsterdam, New York, Oxford: North-Holland Publishing Co., 1977). [2] Erica Szyszczak, “Antidiscrimination Law in the European Union,” Fordham International Law Journal, no. 32 (2008): 635. [3] The Treaty on European Union (consolidated version) OJ of the EU 2012, No. C 326/01. [4] The Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (consolidated version) OJ of the EU 2012, No. C 326/01. [5] Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council No. 2004/38 on the right of citizens of the Union and their family members to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States amending Regulation (EEC) No. 1612/68 and repealing Directives 64/221/EEC, 68/360/EEC, 72/194/EEC, 73/148/EEC, 75/34/EEC, 75/35/EEC, 90/364/EEC, 90/365/EEC and 93/96/EEC (O.J.E.C. L 158, 30 April 2004). [6] CJEU Judgement of 7 May 1998, Clean Car Autoservice GmbH p. Landeshauptmann von Wien, Case C-350/96, ECLI:EU:C:1998:205. [7] CJEU Judgement of 18 June 2019, Republic of Austria v Federal Republic of Germany, Case C-591/17, ECLI:EU:C:2019:504, pt 41. [8] Marek Górski, “Wpływ orzecznictwa Europejskiego Trybunału Sprawiedliwości na interpretację i stosowanie przepisów o ochronie środowiska,” in Wspólnotowe prawo ochrony środowiska i jego implementacja w Polsce trzy lata po akcesji, ed. Jerzy Jendrośka and Magdalena Bar (Wrocław: Centrum Prawa Ekologicznego Press, 2008), 31. [9] Monika Niedźwiedź, “Stosowanie prawa wspólnotowego przez organy administracyjne,” Casus, no. 32 (October 2004): 6.

Purpose Sports garments play an important role in the well-being of an athlete by protecting the wearer from changing environmental conditions and providing a comfortable feel. Clothing requirements have changed in recent years and demand for apparel with a higher comfort performance has been rising. Hence, the purpose of this study is to explore consumers’ expectations and perception of comfort and to examine how different textiles are perceived by consumers to provide useful knowledge that allows to engineer comfort into fabrics and sports garments. Design/methodology/approach This online survey comprised 292 respondents, classified by sex, age, nationality and physical activity. The respondents were asked a total of 18 questions through the Bristol Online Survey tool to explore expectation, perception and preference of clothing comfort, specifically of sportswear. Findings Fit and comfort are closely linked together, both forming part of the clothing comfort concept. When purchasing garments online, the haptics of fabrics were identified as a crucial missing parameter. However, priorities of attributes within the concept varied according to the person’s sex and nationality. Women put more emphasis on garment fit and showed a higher need for tactile input, whereas men prioritised physiological comfort descriptors, i.e. properties which facilitate thermoregulation. Furthermore, there is an increased importance of physiological comfort parameters for people exercising for 10 or more hours per week. Finally, it was possible to identify common associations and preferences for textile materials (cotton, polyester, cotton/polyester blend and wool). However, consideration should be taken concerning sex and nationality. Originality/value Sex and nationality are parameters modulating the clothing comfort concept and the conceptualised feel of materials. Therefore, the sex and nationality of the end-consumer should be considered during the development phase of sports garments and particular attention should be given to the targeted market in which these will be sold.

Tolerance of others on grounds of race, ethnicity, nationality, religion and sexuality is an important component of social capital but has received scant attention in the social capital well-being ...

EnglishCitizenship is a changing and controversial concept. The aim of this article is to analyze the discourse of social movements in the Southern Basque Country on citizenship. From a qualitative point of view and after analyzing the opinions of members involved in feminism, in Basque language normalization movements, in migration movements and socio-ecology, the main conclusion is that social movements prioritize subjective and collective citizenship. In the case of the Basque Country, this issue is also joined by the complex relationship between citizenship and nationality: there is no official objective Basque citizenship at the state level, which intensifies the debate on citizenship. euskaraHerritartasuna, izatez, kontzeptu aldakor eta eztabaidatua da. Hego Euskal Herriko gizarte-mugimenduek herritartasunaz garatzen duten diskurtsoa aztertzea da artikulu honen helburua. Ikuspegi kualitatibo batetik, feminismoan, euskalgintzan, migrazioen mugimenduan edota sozioekologian aritzen diren kideen iritziak aztertuz, mahaigaineratzen den ondorio nagusia da gizarte-mugimenduek herritartasun subjektiboa eta kolektiboa lehenesten dutela. Euskal Herriaren kasuan, afera horri herritartasunaren eta naziotasunaren arteko hartu-eman konplexua ere gehitzen zaio: Estatu-mailako euskal herritartasun objektibo ofizialik ez da existitzen, eta horrek herritartasunari buruzko eztabaida areagotzen du.

The relevance of the study is determined by the fact that China, like Japan, took oil painting relatively recently. Japan became closely acquainted with Western technology in the 19th century, but at that time they still imposed a taboo on oil painting, the authorities in every way prevented its spread, protecting the traditions of national art. Only the 20th century allowed new trends to finally settle down. The work shows that the understanding of the European painting technology was widely represented in the imperial Celestial Empire. The article shows that the artists did not make a big problem to learn painting skills from the Europeans (originally the Portuguese). They learned the lessons, techniques and technology of European art, despite the fact that they had never had a similar school before. Separately, it is stipulated that cooperation after the formation of the USSR played a great influence on contemporary paintings. This explains the fact that many paintings by Chinese painters are very similar to Russian school of fine art. The authors determine that the Russian style, fully perceived by the PRC, was formed collectively from the Renaissance approach, with the inclusion of impressionism motifs.

Research has linked prison misconduct to reoffending and re-entry experiences, yet no studies have sought to examine the factors influencing misconduct in Northern Ireland or if these factors operate differently for separated prisoners (those claiming their offences are politically motivated and demanding to be held separately to the rest of the prison population) compared to the general prison population. This study addresses this gap by examining the characteristics related to misconduct in Northern Ireland. Using a cross-sectional sample of 892 imprisoned adult men, the findings indicate that increased involvement in misconduct is associated with multiple needs. Younger age, racial/ethnic identity, accommodation issues, addiction, impairments, property offences, previous incarceration, prison complaints, not having a drug test and engagement/suspected engagement in serious self-harm while imprisoned increased the risk of misconduct. Reporting a nationality other than British, Irish or Northern Irish, passing prison drug tests and prison visitation lowered the risk of misconduct. Factors were found to operate in a similar manner for both the general prison population and separated prisoners, with the exception of prison complaints. Given the link between misconduct and reoffending, it is argued that specialist supports are required to address the multiple needs of those who frequently engage in misconduct if efforts to reduce recidivism are to be enhanced.

In the literature on private international law, there are certain terms, which characterize the legal connection between legal persons and a state. On the base of interdisciplinary method, the article firstly analyzes the notions lex societatis, personal law, personal (corporate) statute, state belonging, nationality, domicile and residence of the company and reveals their legal nature and application in various jurisdictions. It is noted that in the contemporary times of legal developments in private international law, the notion “nationality” in relation to companies loses its practical value and becomes obsolete. It is mentioned about the belief of the author regarding inexpediency of application of the notion “nationality” in private international law. The article, secondly, explores the main approaches of determination of personal law of the company: incorporation, real seat and main place of business. The advantages and disadvantages of incorporation and real seat theories were illustrated in light with the law and practice of various states. Furthermore, the theory of control is explored in light with the French, American and British case law and practice of International Court of Justice. The article gives an idea of recent cases of European Court of Justice and specifies that the real seat theory has been put aside in the EC after Centros, Uberseering and Inspire Art.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the components that foster individual readiness for organizational change. To address this question, we conducted an international comparison of the perception of managers at different levels of organizational hierarchy. This research employed a quantitative survey research design administrated to two hundred and fifty-six employees, in different hierarchical levels in organizations, from France, GCC (Arab states of the Gulf Cooperation Council) and India enrolled in several executive training programs. Our research supports the idea the perception of the change process unlike the context of change is a significant determinant of employees’ readiness for change. The study controls for key individual antecedents of change readiness. Accordingly, we have shown that readiness for change may vary according to nationality and hierarchical position of an individual. We conclude that successful implementation of change cannot be reached without a need for change being established, which can be triggered and nurtured through the appropriate change management processes., L’objectif de cet article est d’examiner les dimensions qui favorisent l’aptitude individuelle au changement organisationnel. Pour répondre à cette question, nous avons procédé à une comparaison internationale des perceptions des managers de différents niveaux hiérarchiques. Cette recherche s’est appuyée sur un protocole quantitatif administré à deux cent cinquante-six salariés inscrits dans différents programmes de formation continue et évoluant dans des organisations en France, dans les pays du Golfe (pays arabes du conseil de coopération du Golfe) et en Inde. Notre recherche soutient l’idée que la perception du processus du changement contrairement au contexte du changement est un déterminant significatif de l’aptitude au changement des employés. L’étude retient plusieurs variables de contrôle relatifs à des antécédents individuels clefs de l’aptitude au changement. Il ressort ainsi que l’aptitude au changement peut varier en fonction de la nationalité et de la position hiérarchique de l’individu. Nous concluons qu’une mise en oeuvre réussie du changement ne peut être réalisée sans qu’un véritable besoin du changement ne soit établi, lequel peut être déclenché et consolidé à travers des processus de management du changement adéquats., El propósito de ese artículo es examinar los componentes que favorecen la capacidad al cambio organizacional. Para responder a esa pregunta, llevamos a cabo una comparación internacional de las percepciones de los administradores de diferentes niveles jerárquicos. Esta investigación se apoya en un protocolo cuantitativo administrado a doscientos cincuenta y seis empleados inscritos en diferentes programas de formación continua, desarrollados en organizaciones de Francia, países del Golfo (países árabes miembros del consejo de cooperación del golfo) e India. Nuestra investigación apoya la idea que la percepción del proceso de cambio es un determinante significativo de la capacidad de cambio de los empleados, a diferencia del contexto de cambio. Se estudian muchas variables de control relacionados con antecedentes personales claves de la capacidad al cambio. Resulta que las capacidades de cambio pueden variar en función de la nacionalidad y de la posición jerárquica de la persona. Concluimos que la aplicación del cambio no se puede realizar sin creer una real necesidad de cambio que puede ser provocada y consolidada a través los procesos de gestión adecuados.

Poles on the Brink of Independence Due to the final fall of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, its inhabitants were pushed for 123 years into three completely different and essentially hostile state organisms. In such diverse conditions, a few succeeding generations experienced deep and multilateral civilizational transformations occurring in the 19th century and in the version typical for this part of Europe. In other words, modernity formed here bygone inhabitants and citizens of the Republic in various ways. It was important for further existence of the Polishness and nationality without the state. In this context, the key question arises: who of them, successors of the First Republic tradition, in the time of the Polish state revival, felt still Polish, ready for the construction and defence of the state? In other words, what social capital had the reviving Polish state – the Second Polish Republic – at its disposal in the time of its beginnings? Based on source materials, and primarily on data from the last population censuses and their statistical studies before the First World War, the author tried to estimate the potential number of Poles on the brink of independence. The analysis was connected with an important assumption that primarily these people would be both the main beneficiaries of this radically changed statehood and persons ready to co-shape it actively. The obtained results fit into few similar estimations made until now, constituting material for further reflections.

This paper seeks to open up a field of enquiry and focus on encounters between the colonial regime in India and “foreign” women around the time of the World Wars. The terms on which trans-continent...

La constante politización (y polarización) de ciertos problemas entre la República Dominicana y Haití, ha convertido algunas diferencias en contiendas irreconciliables en ambos lados de la isla. En el lado dominicano, las confrontaciones han alcanzado proporciones repudiables al menos dos veces, específicamente durante la Masacre de 1937 y la Sentencia 168/13 del Tribunal Constitucional. La primera supuso la exterminación de al menos 20,000 personas haitianas o de ascendencia haitiana en comunidades fronterizas en la República Dominicana, y la última se tradujo en la privación de nacionalidad a cientos de miles de individuos de ascendencia haitiana nacidos en la República Dominicana. La desnacionalización de las personas de ascendencia haitiana fue mitigada por el hecho de que el presidente dominicano Danilo Medina aprobó una Ley de Naturalización e inició un Plan Nacional de Regularización. Tomando la República Dominicana como un caso de estudio para explorar la relación entre desnacionalización y apatridia con la condición de refugio, llegamos a la conclusión de que la privación de nacionalidad y la desnacionalización, no siempre equivalen a la persecución estatal, excepto en los casos que resultaron en expulsiones del país de anterior residencia habitual”. Dos puntos específicos dieron forma a esta conclusión: primero, el acto de desnacionalización y expulsión parece haberse sustentado en razones de raza y origen nacional (anterior); y el hecho de que las personas removidas de la República Dominicana por la fuerza, no estarán en capacidad de regresar legalmente a su país de nacimiento sin enfrentar la persecución estatal, ya que el Gobierno dominicano no reconoce a estas personas como nacionales. Esperamos que estos hallazgos beneficien a (ciertos) solicitantes de asilo para defender su derecho a refugio en distintos países de primera entrada donde aún hay casos pendientes.

Cada vez hay más estudios que arrojan luz al entendimiento del papel del amor y sus principales componentes como el compromiso (González & García, 2009). Sin embargo, el aislamiento involuntario por COVID-19, incrementó el intercambio en línea con fines románticos a través de aplicaciones y redes sociales (Sierra, 2020). El presente estudio, buscó explorar cambios en las variables de compromiso, satisfacción, inversión y alternativas antes de la pandemia y la actualidad, así como su relación con el uso de redes sociales. Se trabajó con 391 participantes de nacionalidad mexicana, 56% de mujeres de 18 a 48 años, estudiantes de licenciatura o posgrado, con al menos un año de duración en una relación actual. Se compararon dos momentos: antes de la pandemia y en la actualidad, de compromiso, satisfacción, alternativas e inversión, con una prueba T para muestras relacionadas y un análisis de correlaciones bivariadas para conocer la fuerza de asociación entre las mismas, añadiendo la variable de redes sociales. Los resultados muestran un aumento en la percepción de alternativas a la pareja actual, y una disminución en el compromiso y la satisfacción, siendo la inversión la única variable que permaneció estable. Así mismo, el incremento en las alternativas presentó una correlación positiva ante el uso de redes sociales, e inversa con el compromiso, la satisfacción y la inversión. El presente estudio muestra la importancia de la desconexión física y la conexión virtual, y su efecto en las relaciones de pareja, como consecuencia de la modernidad en una economía frágil y cambiante.

To date, there are no separate studies of the status of a modern Ingush woman, her position in society, etc. At the same time, there are paragraphs, fragments in the works of Ingush researchers, as well as a small number of articles published by Ingush scientists in Russian scientific journals and republican newspapers. This article attempts to partially fill this gap - to describe the place and role of women in modern Ingush society, which have undergone significant transformations due to objective reasons (the collapse of the USSR, the Ossetian-Ingush conflict, the formation of the Ingush Republic , the strengthening of religious sentiments of the population, globalization processes, etc.) In this work, we examined such topical issues as psychological and physical violence in the family, the reasons for this phenomenon in Ingush families; introduced new ethnographic information obtained by us during the research in 2018-2020. We concluded that the topic of violence is relevant not only for the Ingush region, but also for the country as a whole. The lowering of the status of the Ingush was not influenced by Islam, as many authors wrote about, but, rather, by an incorrect interpretation of the norms of religion. Today, women in Ingushetia are becoming more and more independent, as they have become economically independent. Despite this, traditional attitudes continue to play an important role in the life of the Ingush. This is evidenced by the fact that women prefer to marry as a second wife to an Ingush, rather than the first to a person of a different nationality.

Este artigo tem como objetivo apresentar uma fotografia a partir de dados de 28 famílias de brasileiros(as) expatriados(as) que possuem filhos. Com base em Cummins (1983) e Mendes (2015), apresentamos os conceitos de Língua de Herança e de Português como Língua de Herança, respectivamente. Através de um formulário elaborado na plataforma Google Forms, obtivemos informações pessoais e linguísticas a respeito da constituição e interação dos membros de famílias diaspóricas formadas por pelo menos um adulto brasileiro. Investigamos as línguas utilizadas por essas famílias para compreender se o Português como Língua de Herança está se estabelecendo nesses lares. Analisamos também quais os esforços empreendidos pelo pai ou mãe brasileiro(a) para que aconteça a aprendizagem do português pelos filhos que estão crescendo e/ou nascendo no exterior. Concluímos que em famílias compostas por ambos os pais de mesma nacionalidade as condições são mais favoráveis à manutenção e ao uso da Língua Materna dos pais e de Herança dos filhos.

A refugee is a person who, due to a well-founded fear of persecution, for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group and membership of a particular political party, is outside his country of nationality and does not want protection from that country. The refugees, seeking protection in countries that have ratified the 1951 Refugee Convention and the 1967 Protocol or what is often referred to as a third country. This study describes and examines issues, first, regarding the handling of refugee flows in Indonesia according to the perspective of International Refugee Law. Second, Regarding the legal consequences when Indonesia did not ratify the 1951 Refugee Convention agreement and the 1967 Refugee Protocol regarding the status of Refugees to international Refugee law. This study is a descriptive doctrinal legal research. The source used is primary legal material consisting of legal products such as the 1945 Constitution, Laws, International Treaties and other Regulations relevant to Refugee Handling activities. The results of the research show that first, the action of handling refugees in Indonesia from the perspective of international refugee law has been able to realize some of the most important principles of the 1951 Convention and the 1967 protocol on refugee status that is not refoulment, non-expulsion, no differentiate (non discrimination) and also do not commit criminal offenses for refugees who enter Indonesian territory. Secondly, Indonesia as a transit country for asylum seekers and refugees experiences a buildup of refugee flows due to the process of granting an uncertain status of time from UNHCR and moreover, a third country limits the acceptance of refugees. Indonesia did not ratify the 1951 convention and the 1967 protocol and therefore Indonesia did not have the authority to grant refugee status because the granting of status was in the hands of the UNHCR, this was a legal consequence and consequences carried by Indonesia when it did not ratify the 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol. Keywords: Conventions; Refugees; Indonesia Law.

The increasing proportion of immigrants in the Spanish society is creating pressures for the National Health Care System to accommodate the needs of this population group while keeping their costs under control. The Spanish health care system establishes that all people, regardless of their nationality, should be entitled to use health care services with the same conditions as Spanish citizens provided that they are registered in the local population census. Empirical evidence about differences in health status or utilisation between immigrant and Spanish-born population is however insufficient. This study uses the 2003 Spanish National Health Survey to explore whether non-Spaniards, for the same level of need, use health care services at the same rate as national citizens. The findings suggest that the nationality of an individual is an important predictor of health care utilisation, independent of other factors. These results may indicate horizontal inequity in the utilisation of health care with respect to nationality.

Socioeconomic inequalities in health have been an issue in all European countries since the publication of the “Black Report” in the United Kingdom in 1980. However, data show that nowadays there are important socioeconomic health inequalities within EU countries. The purpose of this paper is to review EU-15 government reports that address socioeconomic inequalities in health. We reviewed 101 reports. The pioneer countries in analyzing this topic have a Beveridge-type health system, and they are the leaders over time. The top socioeconomic indicators used are education level, social class, deprivation level of the area, and nationality. Given the current COVID-19 pandemic situation and its economic consequences, EU governments need to continue monitoring the existing inequalities in health and to act transversely in all public policies. © 2021 The Authors. European Policy Analysis published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Policy Studies Organization.

Due to inherent paradoxy and limited sample size, fin-de-siècle English Catholic aesthetics are difficult to define, especially in the case of music. At the turn of the nineteenth century, English music and Catholic theology underwent a period of intense development and reconstruction, yet the intersection of theology and musical aesthetics in this era is largely under-researched. This paper identifies one such intersection using two monumental figures in theology and music: John Henry Cardinal Newman (1801-1890) and composer Edward Elgar (1857-1934). Newman’s theology provided a basis on which fin-de-siècle artists and poets could express their faith; such figures are associated with decadence. For both Newman and Elgar, decadent Catholicism combined with the traditionally Protestant English environment resulted in a complex relationship with their country and the continent. This paper examines this complex and paradoxical relationship between faith and nationality, and thus defines English Catholic aesthetics as they are expressed by Newman and Elgar.

This phenomenological research explored how Asian female international students (AFISs) understand the role of gender in their program experiences and how they cope with the challenges derived from their multiple marginalities—gender, foreign nationality, and race/ethnicity. Based on in-depth interviews with 21 Asian female international graduate students enrolled in various science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) disciplines, we analyzed the ideological undercurrents embedded in their genderblind perspectives and examined their coping strategies in the context of STEM disciplines. Our thematic findings illustrate the participants’ multiple marginalities as manifested in the concept of “gender advantage,” and the precarious power dynamics and ironic coping strategies that they adopt in undergraduate teaching contexts. This study suggests that STEM educators in higher education understand the multifaceted struggles of AFISs who inevitably embody multiple marginalities in their graduate programs and provide culturally relevant support and advocacy-based professional mentoring.

The letter that was sent by Paul to the Philipians contains important messages that are precisely accurate to be implemented in the life of believers nowadays. The condition of the world that doesn’t provide any assurance of security, moreover with the pandemic issue which is still happening, become the most factors of the absence of peace. The government is not capable enough to guarantee the tranquility, but Paul consoles the heart of believers, to remind them that they have the double nationality, both earth and heaven. If the world doesn’t offer and assure a sense of safety, then there is heaven, the one they can yearn to. This trust confirmed with concition that, “God is near” (Phil. 4:5). This article is going to discuss practical steps on how to enjoy a peaceful prosperous by analyzing each and every words in Philipians 4:4-9. Choosing important sentence parts in Greek, translating based on the rules, and finding the intended meaning will be the main activities in this research. At the end of the exploration process, the writer will present the results of the discovery of the valuable truth for today's life in practical and meaningful writing.

In modern times, under the dual crisis of nationality and culture, Zhang Junmai returned to the internal philosophy of “Inner Sage,” whereby he started the global exploration of “Outer King” and constructed his own categorized Neo-Confucianism thoughts based on the contents of Yangming’s philosophy of mind as well as western philosophies. Therefore, by probing into the foundation of Zhang Junmai’s philosophy of mind, this paper explores the educational significance of the view of life based on honesty, the methodology of giving equal importance to learning and doing, and the world’s point of view contained in it, which may serve as a certain reference for the current education development.

While studies have drawn attention to the operationalization, and implementation challenges associated with the ECOWAS free movement protocol, our understanding of how different categories of migrants experience the protocol is far more limited. Drawing on data from interviews conducted with 23 ECOWAS migrants living or travelling to Ghana, immigration officials and a trade union representative, this paper examines the diversity of experiences of ECOWAS migrants in relation to the free movement protocol. The findings suggest that the experiences of ECOWAS nationals in areas such as awareness and knowledge of provisions in the protocol, border crossing, processes of acquiring residence and work permits and renewing permits, and rights of establishment differ remarkably by dimensions of social difference. The gender, social class and nationality of migrants are fundamental and shape the experiences of ECOWAS migrants in divergent ways. These findings have important implication for policies seeking to promote free movement in West Africa.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the “Kriegsgefangenschaft” / “War Captivity” frame, the identification of its slots and their filling based on the headings of German-language memoir and autobiographical texts written by prisoners of war of the First World War. It is noted that these materials did not become the subject of a wide study of Russian-speaking researchers. The author draws attention to the fact that headings, being a strong position of the text, are aimed at attracting the attention of a potential recipient. It has been established that in the course of the author’s semantization, the concept of “captivity” is subject to rethinking: places of stay in captivity (Russia, Siberia) are described as disastrous: the camps become a prison for prisoners of war who, despite the existence of conventions protecting their rights, turn into convicts. It is shown that the slot “time” implies either an exact indication of the historical period (the years of the First World War), or the duration of being in captivity; in isolated cases, we are talking about the age and period of a person’s life. It has been established that the “agent” slot is filled with anthroponyms, indicating nationality, position, rank, profession. The author comes to the conclusion that the identified slots get their further implementation at the text level.

We investigate the racialization of a migrant “other” centred, not on phenotype, but on nationality, in the context of Malaysia, an ethnically diverse host society. Our case study comprises Banglad...