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What is the nature of optimal monetary policy and central bank disclosure when the monetary authority is uncertain about the economic state? We consider a model in which firms make nominal pricing decisions and the central bank sets the nominal interest rate under incomplete information. We find that implementing flexible-price allocations is both feasible and optimal despite the existence of numerous measurability constraints; we explore a series of different implementations. When monetary policy is sub-optimal, public information disclosure by the central bank is welfare-improving as long as either firm or central bank information is sufficiently precise.

El artículo tiene como objetivo presentar las características del proceso de creación de Leyes de Acceso a la Información Pública en Brasil y México, cuyas culturas muestran rastros de opacidad debido a fenómenos como el caciquismo y el patrimonialismo. A través de investigaciones bibliográficas y entrevistas, se comparan las controversias que involucran a la sociedad civil en la inserción del tema en la agenda del gobierno. Primero, se muestra la experiencia del grupo Oaxaca en México, seguida de la movilización de organizaciones en el Foro sobre el Derecho de Acceso a la Información Pública en Brasil. Es posible percibir la multidimensionalidad de los desafíos que permean la cultura de ambas realidades latinoamericanas para la implementación de las medidas de transparencia del Estado.

What are the effects of the International Monetary Fund’s (IMF) monitoring activities? We argue that IMF surveillance exercises – known as Article IV consultations – move financial markets. Our argument is based on the design of the IMF’s surveillance function, which is a relatively strong form of monitoring by the standards of most international organizations (IOs). We test this argument using an event study analysis of 428 IMF Article IV consultations. We find that the average surveillance mission has a substantial impact on sovereign debt with much greater impacts in emerging than high income economies. Interviews with market participants support and help to contextualize these findings. By illustrating the effects of surveillance, this article contributes to our understanding of whether, and to what extent international institutions are a source of vital public information.

How do moral concerns affect fraud and detection, for example, tax compliance and the need for audits? We propose answers by exploring a psychological 2 x 1 x 2 x 1 inspection game which incorporates belief-dependent guilt, unawareness, and third-party audience effects. Novel conclusions are drawn regarding whose behavior is affected by moral concerns (it's the inspector's more than the inspectee's) as well as the policy issue whether to allow the use of a principle of public access whereby tax returns are made public information.

Previous work addressing China’s censorship regime has primarily focused on public information from social media sites and not information shared more intimately. This article focuses on semi-priva...

Asumiendo particularidades observables en la administración pública venezolana durante el período de la revolución bolivariana, con su auge y caída de la bonanza petrolera, el presente trabajo, a grandes rasgos, tiene el objetivo de señalar como en los últimos veinte años se ha hecho uso de omisiones de los poderes, ambigüedades normativas y centralismo en detrimento de los conceptos de transparencia y gobierno electrónico. En este caso la no digitalización, salvo en algunas oficinas de trámites y recepción de dadivas desde el 2015, es una variable tácita en favor del ocultamiento de información pública, algo que acompaña una vertiginosa corrupción percibida por la mayoría de los venezolanos.

Мақолада 2002 йил 12 декабрдаги 439-II-сонли Ўзбекистон Республикаси Қонунининг 8-моддасида белгиланган давлат ҳокимияти ва бошқарув органлари, фуқароларнинг ўзини ўзи бошқариш органлари, жамоат бирлашмалари ва бошқа нодавлат нотижорат ташкилотлари ҳамда мансабдор шахсларнинг жамият манфаатларига таллуқли ахборот билан жисмоний ва юридик шахсларни оммавий тарзда таъминлаш мажбуриятини бажариш ҳолати кўриб чиқилди. Ўрганиш жараёнида ушбу мажбуриятни фақат давлат ва бошқа маъмурий органлар томонидан бажариш ҳуқуқий тартибга солингани, жамият манфаатларига тааллуқли ахборот мазмуни ва рўйхати аниқ берилмагани, ушбу жараённи бошқаришга ваколатли давлат органи нисбатан самарали фаолият кўрсатмаётгани маълум бўлди. Изланишлар натижасида хорижий давлатлар амалиётини инобатга олган ҳолда жамият манфаатларига тааллуқли ахборотга таъриф берилди, унинг рўйхатини шакллантириш, бундай ахборот билан кенг оммани таъминлашга масъулларни аниқлаш, ушбу жараённи тартибга солиш бўйича тавсиялар ишлаб чиқилди.

Kupang City is municipality city and East Nusa Tenggara Capital city at once. Its glowing population, from time to time, causing varied problems, as such, in creasing pollution, limitedness resources, infrastructures and economic growth, thus generate broad impact, without exception, public healt threatening. Mamami Hospital is a prevate ownership healty mean in Kupang city,runing public trasition healt service, by general practioner, medical specialis on tooth , child, midwife service,internal disease, surgical operation, ophthaltmologist, tediarticiant, public care healt reference. Mamami Hospital, estimated, faces to potential problems, first, of its ignorance healt care information by a large member of Kupang‘s population, and second, possesses no available and accurate data on its patiens recording on digital device. Personally to thanks every one, the owner especeally, who received me to practice my digital device application skill at Mamami Hospital, writer would like to contributed a public information for mamami hospital. Further information on method of this research, researcher uses discription, bibliography observation and interview. Based on above finding, writer apprently suggest Mamami Hospital’s, agent to answer its need to cultivate in their relationsip with patients by public health information from digital device. This public information facilitate them to communicate each other on their need.

El presente artículo es una aproximación al fenómeno reciente, proble- mático y no natural de la transparencia en los organismos del Estado, así como su compleja relación con el ámbito de la Defensa y Fuerzas Armadas. Se realizará en primera instancia un abordaje teórico sobre la transparencia. Posteriormente, un recuento de los procesos históri- cos-normativos de Chile en la materia, junto con una revisión de la Ley 20.285 “Sobre acceso a la información pública” de 2008 así como de los cuerpos normativos vinculados a las Fuerzas Armadas y ámbito de la Defensa que limitan su aplicación. A partir de esto, se sostendrá que muchos de los desafíos que enfrentan actualmente las Fuerzas Arma- das en materia de transparencia son los desafíos que, transversalmen- te, deben afrontar los organismos de la Administración Pública.

Openness of public life is a pillar of civil society development Openness of public authority is a key condition for the functioning of democracy in the state, it is a fundamental value of the rule of law and a multiplier of social control. The essence of the right to public information in the Polish legal system is the fact that it is regulated in the Basic Law. Establishing the right to public information on the pages of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland enabled the citizens to its direct application. According to Article 61 of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland, the activities of public authorities in Poland are open and every citizen has the right of access to information. The concept of openness of public life and the right of access to information are understood as a citizen’s privilege to information on matters relating to the activities of government, the implementation of public tasks and the functioning of the state. Access to public information is also one of the forms of civic activity, which contributes to the development of democracy at both local and central level. In Poland, the continuation of the principle of openness and the right of access to public information, regulated by the Constitution, is provided for in the Act on Access to Public Information of 6 September 2001. The act defines what constitutes public information, distinguishes entities obliged to provide it and presents forms of providing access to and requesting public information. A review of Polish academic literature reveals a multitude of studies on openness of public life and access to public information. However, it also indicates the lack of exhaustive titles, constituting an analysis of this matter on the basis of the law of the Member States of the European Union. Therefore, the aim of this article, which has a source character, is to present the way of regulating access to public information, including both constitutional and statutory level. The starting point for the solutions in this study will be the contents of the constitutions of the Member States and the laws regulating access to public information in their current wording. The research will also include literature analysis. Due to the adopted concept, the subject of comparison will be selected issues that provide answers to the questions of whether access to public information has been regulated in the provisions of the constitution and how the notion of public information is defined in the law, as well as whether the statutory regulations constitute a development of the constitutional norms.

The openness of public information is an essential or inseparable part of democracy. The principles of democracy are participation, inclusion, representation, transparency, accountability, responsibility, free and fair competition, and solidarity. Transparency and participation are linked to the openness of information that allows people to get accurate and sufficient information. This research focuses on the dynamics of democracy in transparency and participation through the openness of public information in Pemalang Regency. The method that used in this research is the qualitative method, since the data is obtained from observation, interviews, and documentation. The result shows that information is restricted by the classification of public information, mechanism access, limitation of tools to deliver the information. Moreover, the database of information has not met the requirement for more up-to-date information. Also, the level of participation of the people in public information in Pemalang Regency is still low.

This article addresses the issues of public information and citizen participation as elements for the construction of democracy. The new information and communication technologies allow greater inf...

Two voting system referendums in the same year in two countries with institutional and cultural similarities provide an excellent opportunity for comparison, particularly given the significant diff...

Purpose: The purpose of the text is to analyze response letters from all Polish regional courts to requests submitted under the administrative procedure for accessing public information. Design/Methodology/Approach: Based on the data on response letters received from regional courts and the court-sized quartiles, we studied whether there were considerable differences in response quality. We tested the hypothesis using Chi-square. Findings: The outcomes show that larger courts that, as proven by other research, are in principle characterized by higher judiciary effectiveness, less often provide complete public information. That also means that courts, which are more focused on their primary functions' performance, show the lower performance of secondary administrative tasks such as public information disclosure. Practical Implications: This result has got many practical implications because courts are amongst the entities obliged to provide public information. Originality/Value: It is an article of its kind trying to shed light in an issue which is not very well examined so far., peer-reviewed

Open Government is one of the main roads for accelerating development and ensuring sustainable development.One of the strategies to encourage open government is by implementing what is the mandate of the Law on public information openness well.For citizens, this law means a guarantee to citizens to obtain public information in order to increase their active role in governance.As for government institutions, the law provides the obligation to government institutions to open access to public information, actively (without preceded by the request), and passively (with the request by the requestor) to the community.However, when citizens try to access the public information, it is not uncommon for the answer to be obtained is "This is the system", "The procedure is like this", "I am not authorized".This is the background of research on how collaboration among local government institutions in Padang Panjang Municipality in realizing public information openness.With qualitative descriptive method, through the analysis of data in ethics and emic found that Local Government of Padang Panjang Municipality developed collaboration among government institutions that marked by the cooperation, interaction, compromise of some related elements to encourage public information openness.One of the ways implemented by Local Government of Padang Panjang Municipality is by the establishment of Management Officer of Information and Documentation or Pejabat Pengelola Informasi dan Dokumentasi (PPID) or consisting of Main PPID (PPID Utama) and Asssisytance PPID (PPID Pembantu).For the future, it is required a clear Standard Operating Procedure for the local government work unit to network each other in encouraging the openness of public information, so the impression that the responsibility of creating public information openness in Padang Panjang Municipality is only a function of PPID can be eliminated.

Sustainability issues have been seen as a promising paradigm for achieving a better future. Firms in the logistics service sector are still lacking clear value propositions on sustainable development. While many organizations publish their mission statements publicly as kinds of public information, reviewing mission statements is an appropriate means to evaluate an organization's strategy. This study focuses on the public information such as mission statements of the top 50 global 3-PL companies and the relevant sustainable development. A comprehensive content analysis identified four major content dimensions of mission statements relating to sustainability development. The dimensions are driving forces, approaches, responsibility to stakeholders, and competitive values. This paper offers a good methodological reference for researchers or practitioners managing the public information of organizations. Network analysis reveals that the location of companies has a limited effect on their mission and strategy as they all provide global service.

This research aims to determine the level of information literacy, internet utilization as a source of information literacy, and internet utilization to increase student reading interest at Institut Keguruan dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Siliwangi (IKIP Siliwangi). This research uses qualitatif descriptive method. Data were collected using questionnaires, interviews, and documentation studies. Selection of research subjects using the snowball sampling technique. This research's subjects consisted of 23 students related to literacy, 16 students related to information literacy, 18 students related to the results of internet utilization in increasing students' reading interest, and 1 lecturer of Community Education at IKIP Siliwangi. The results showed that students 'understanding of information seeking and information selection was still low compared to students' understanding of information dissemination. Students are still not optimal in using information literacy. Only a few students understand information literacy, how to use information literacy, and select information. Students understand the use of the internet and use it only for social media activities, but low in utilizing the internet as a learning source. Also, the results of the study indicated that students' reading interest was low. Students choose to use the internet instead of reading books. Students do not feel the need to come to the library to find books that match what they need to learn. Therefore, students have to understand the concept of information literacy and take advantage of various applications that support learning.

Currently, the fast spread of COVID-19 is the cause of a sanitary emergency in Brazil. This situation is largely due to President Bolsonaro’s denial and the uncoordinated actions between the federal and local governments. In addition, the Brazilian government has reported that it would change its method of sharing information about the pandemic. On June 6, 2020, the presentation of accumulated cases and deaths was stopped, and the Supreme Court of Brazil determined that the federal government should continue to consolidate and disseminate the accumulated figures of cases and deaths. However, doubt about the transparency of the data remained. We used data reported by the government from Situation Reports 38–209 of the World Health Organization to assess the Benford’s law fulfillment as an indicator of data quality. This rapid evaluation of data quality during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil suggests that the Brazilian public health surveillance system had an acceptable performance at the beginning of the epidemic. Since the end of June, the quality of cumulative death data began to decrease and remains in that condition as of August 2020. A similar situation has existed since August, with the data of accumulated new cases.

No seculo XXI, o acesso a informacao tem crescido consideravelmente. O Turismo representa grande parcela da economia mundial, portanto os cidadaos que tem interesse no desenvolvimento economico, teoricamente, se preocupam com o crescimento sustentavel deste setor. Neste sentido, precisa-se de fontes de informacoes compreensiveis, conforme exigencias legais, para acompanhar as acoes realizadas no âmbito do Turismo. O objetivo deste trabalho e analisar as condicoes da divulgacao das informacoes publicas, se preenchem os requisitos minimos da Lei no 12.527/2011, no Brasil, conhecida como Lei de Acesso a Informacao (LAI). Esta e uma pesquisa de carater transversal, exploratorio-descritivo, utilizando analise documental, realizada nos sites oficiais dos Orgaos de Turismo dos estados da regiao Nordeste do Brasil. Quanto a obrigatoriedade legal de divulgacao de informacoes relacionadas a gestao publica, observaram-se falhas de comunicacao e, ate mesmo, falta de informacao, prejudicando os interesses dos cidadaos. Conclui-se que ha necessidade de maior divulgacao e compreensao da referida lei para contribuir para o efetivo exercicio da cidadania. Palavras-chave: Lei de Acesso a Informacao. Transparencia. Turismo. Cidadania. ABSTRACT In the 21st century, access to information has grown considerably. Tourism represents a large part of the world economy, so citizens who are interested in economic development, theoretically, are concerned with the sustainable growth of this industry. In this sense, understandable sources of information are needed, according to legal requirements, to monitor the actions carried out within the scope of Tourism. The objective of this work is to analyze the conditions for the disclosure of public information, if they meet the minimum requirements of Law 12527/2011 in Brazil, known as Freedom of Information Act (FOIA). This is a cross-sectional, exploratory-descriptive study, using documentary analysis, carried out on the official websites of the Tourism Agencies of the states in the Northeast region of Brazil. As for the legal obligation to disclose information related to public management, there were communication failures and, even, lack of information, harming citizens' interests. It is concluded that there is a need for greater disclosure and understanding of the referred law to contribute to the effective exercise of citizenship. Keywords: Freedom of Information Act. Transparency. Tourism. Citizenship.

Research Summary How emotions impact firm valuation is empirically understudied because affective traits are difficult to quantify. However, using artificial emotional intelligence, positive and negative affects can be identified from facial muscle contraction‐relaxation patterns obtained from public CEO photos during initial coin offerings, that is, blockchain‐based issuances of cryptocurrency tokens to raise growth capital. The results suggest that CEO affects impact firm valuation in two ways. First, CEOs' own firm valuations conform more to those of industry peers if negative affects are pronounced (conformity mechanism). Second, investors use CEO affects as signals about firm value and discount when negative affects are salient (signaling mechanism). Both mechanisms are stronger in the presence of asymmetric information. Managerial Summary The purpose of this paper is to advance our understanding of how CEOs' affective traits influence firm valuation by both, CEOs themselves and investors. The effect of CEO emotions is plausibly particularly pronounced for start‐up firms, whose success prospects critically depend on their leaders. My results suggest that CEO emotions impact underpricing in initial coin offerings twofold. First, negative emotions are associated with CEOs choosing an underpricing level that closely conforms to their peer firms' average. Second, investors react to negative CEO emotions by demanding higher discounts on firm value. These effects are more pronounced when there is relatively little public information about the ICO firm. My paper is accompanied by artificial emotional intelligence software for implementation in practice and future research.

Perelik prohramnykh produktiv v haluzi okhorony atmosfernoho povitria.Available at: https://menr.gov.ua/content/perelik-programnih-produktiv-v-galuzi-ohoroni-atmosfernogo-povitrya.html The object of research is monitoring the state of atmospheric air pollution in agglomerations with subsequent informing the population. Monitoring the state of the city's atmospheric air is of great importance both at the state level and for the public. In this work, public monitoring of atmospheric air is created on the example of the city of Poltava (Ukraine). The creation of a network for public monitoring of the state of air pollution in the city provides for independent monitoring of air pollution, based on decrees and other guidelines on air quality. In accordance with the existing requirements, the state monitoring of atmospheric air has a number of disadvantages, namely: –lack of monitoring of suspended solids, including PM2.5 and PM10; –monitoring of atmospheric air pollution at stationary observation posts is carried out a maximum of 4 times a day; –lack of a system of informing the population about the state of the air in the city, in particular, PM2.5 and PM10 pollution –lack of automated systems for analyzing air quality, that is, monitoring is carried out by sampling. In contrast to the conduct of state observation, public monitoring will provide not only informing the population, involving them in monitoring, but will also increase environmental awareness, responsibility, and create an additional tool for controlling air pollution. For the effective functioning of the public monitoring network, rules have been developed for conducting public monitoring of the state of atmospheric air pollution in the city with a description of the location of pollution sensors, their operation and basic requirements. Also, a website has been developed based on the monitoring database, reflecting the results of public monitoring. Taking into account that if the database contains data on the indicators of installed sensors (point measurements), then the site for informing the population is a visualization of the control results throughout the city, that is, it will act as a model for the distribution of pollution in the city's atmospheric air.

In the conditions of increasing legal and sociotechnological problems of the convergent information and communication environment, IT security of the State acquires strategic importance. Inaccurate information about the processes taking place in the society constitutes the apparatus of the information sphere of the society and can influence adoption of decisions made in the field of public administration. Dysfunctions of the institutions and media of mass media and communication are increasing, methods of mass information manipulation are actively applied, which adversely affects both making decisions in the field of public administration and implementing one of the main functions of interaction between the society and the state, namely: receiving and providing public information services by citizens. There is an urgent need for the formation of the state system of administration of security and reliability of information services provided to citizens. This is particularly relevant for emergency situations where the life and health of citizens are at risk.

Public information services from the government are realized through by disseminated information. The Implementation of maximum disseminated information is not always be fulfilled by the government itself, but need to involvement from other parties both private or public. The concept of partnership is one of way to achieve a high bureaucratic efficiency. Therefore, Dinas Kominfotik Provinsi Lampung and Perum LKBN Antara are cooperating to carry out public informasition dissemination. The one of the success factors in a partnership is the stage of building partnership itself. Therefore this study will discuss about the stages of building partnerships as: initiation, preparation, structuring, integration, implementation of partnerships, maintenance of partnerships, and interaction between actors. With a descriptive qualitative research method, this research will discuss obout detail of the stages building a partnership between Dinas Kominfotik Provinsi Lampung and Perum LKBN Antara

As the first nation in the world to introduce a freedom of information policy, Sweden has attracted relatively little attention in the historiography of information. This article analyzes ...

En la presente investigación, se revisa el marco legal de la transparencia y el derecho de acceso a la información pública, iniciado desde los antecedentes del derecho humano a la información desde una perspectiva internacional. Así mismo, la evolución que ha tenido la estructura legal de la transparencia y derecho a la información pública, brinda seguridad jurídica a los ciudadanos para que puedan acceder a la información que les interese de las gestiones y desempeño del gobierno. También, se revisa el proceso de construcción de ciudadanía, donde el derecho de acceso a la información cobra vital importancia y se investiga el número de solicitudes que han realizado al Instituto Nacional de transparencia, acceso a la información y protección de datos personales (INAI) de 2003 a 2019.

El acceso a la información pública y la protección de datos personales son derechos reconocidos en la Constitución mexicana, los cuales cobran mayor relevancia en época de la pandemia. El Estado debe ser claro en las medidas políticas, económicas, jurídicas y de otra índole que se están tomando para contener laenfermedad, pero esa claridad solo es una parte del acceso a la información, pues es necesario también que los ciudadanos conozcan los hechos reales y el calendario para regresar a la nueva normalidad. La protección de datos implica, por su parte, que se respete la recolección de información personal durante la pandemia y que ésta cumpla con los principios establecidos por las leyes.

Since the first approval of a biosimilar medicinal product in 2006, scientific understanding of the features and development of biosimilar medicines has accumulated. This review scrutinizes public information on development programs and the contribution of the clinical studies for biosimilar approval in the European Union (EU) and/or the United States (US) until November 2019. The retrospective evaluation of the programs that eventually obtained marketing authorization and/or licensure revealed that in 95% (36 out of 38) of all programs, the comparative clinical efficacy studies confirmed similarity. In the remaining 5% (2 out of 38), despite meeting efficacy outcomes, the biosimilar candidates exhibited clinical differences in immunogenicity that required changes to the manufacturing process and additional clinical studies to enable biosimilar approval. Both instances of clinical differences in immunogenicity occurred prior to 2010, and the recurrence of these cases is unlikely today due to state-of-the-art assays and improved control of process-related impurities. Biosimilar candidates that were neither approved in the EU nor in the US were not approved due to reasons other than clinical confirmation of efficacy. This review of the development history of biosimilars allows the proposal of a more efficient and expedited biosimilar development without the routine need for comparative clinical efficacy and/or pharmacodynamic studies and without any compromise in quality, safety, or efficacy. This proposal is scientifically valid, consistent with regulation of all biologics, and maintains robust regulatory standards in the assessment of biosimilar candidates. Note: The findings and conclusion of this paper are limited to biosimilar products developed against the regulatory standards in the EU and the US. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s40259-020-00422-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

We conduct a laboratory experiment to test how information about charities’ qualities and its public visibility affect giving. We first show theoretically that a perceived increase in charities’ qualities represents a decrease in the price of charitable output, which could generate both an income and substitution effect on nominal giving. On the one hand positive news about charities’ qualities can increase giving, since donors realize that it is cheaper to generate charitable output. On the other hand positive news can reduce nominal giving because a smaller donation can generate an equal or higher level of charitable output. We then hypothesize and test that such negative income effect may be dominant among image-motivated donors whenever the quality of giving has a social signaling value: donors can “give less, but show that they give smart”. We find that when information is public, 34% of donors trade-off the quality and quantity of their donations. We show that these donors are relatively more motivated by social recognition, and strategically use positive public information to give less. The effect of public information is causal: when information about charities’ qualities is privately received, giving is always increasing in the quality of the news, and bad news has no effect on giving.

The provisions of the Act on Access to Public Information regulate, among others, the subjective and objective scope of the right to public information, reasons for restricting access to information, procedure and form of disclosure, rules for creating and publishing information in the Public Information Bulletin, costs of activities leading to the disclosure of information and the establishment of complaint proceedings in the event of refusal to provide the public information requested. Therefore, it is worth to pay attention to several problems arising from the analysis of statutory provisions and the practical consequences of applying the Act of 6 September 2001 on Access to Public Information. The current, extremely extensive, output of doctrine and jurisprudence allows for a fairly “efficient” summary of the considerations made in both literature and judicial and administrative case law.

A manager who learns privately about a project over time may want to delay quitting it if recognizing failure/lack of success hurts his reputation. In the banking industry, managers may want to roll over bad loans. How do distortions depend on expected project quality? What are the effects of releasing public information about quality? A key feature of banks is that managers learn about project quality from bad news, i.e., a default. We show that in such an environment, distortions tend to increase with expected quality and imperfect information about quality. Results differ if managers instead learn from good news. (JEL D82, D83, G21)

The transparency of the public information’s and the access to the information are subjects of discussion. In Brazil the Law of access to the information n° 12.527/2011 comes evolving in the greeting of obligations. The Decree no 7.724/2012, that the regalement, focuses in the articles 7o and 8o the dissemination of the information in half electronic, accosting the transparency in the active form. One of the important pillars in the implantation of this type of transparency are the federal institutions of Brazilian upper education (IFES), especially those that form professional of the information, such as the archivists. In this sense, the general aim of this studio is to know the current situation of the active transparency of the thirteen IFES Brazilian that ofertan the course of Graduation in Archivology; And like specific aims research-: comprise the articles 7° and 8° of the Decree no 7.724/2012; averiguar the existence of components curricular of the courses of Archivology gone back to the transparency and access informational; And verify the indicators of transparency that are recorded in the electronic portals of the IFES selected. For so much, it develops a studio of descriptive nature-analytical and comparative, by means of the identification and analysis of the criteria of active transparency. Like results ascertains that although they exist some items of the active transparency foreseen by law, which were not contemplated, as what treats of the divulging in details of the formats used to have the information, and contemplated partially like what accosts the guarantee of the accessibility, he majority of the devices of active transparency come being fulfilled total or partially. Besides, it observed that the five IFES (Federal University of Santa Maria, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Federal University of the Saint Spirit and Federal University of General Mines), Which ofertan courses of Archivology with components curricular addressed to the transparency and access informational, were those that fulfilled totally the main number of requirements. However, in spite of the University of Brasilia and of the Federal University of Paraiba do not have of any component curricular gone back to the thematic, also fulfilled big part of the requirements. This constatation shows that the Graduation in Archivology can insider in the development of the active transparency in the electronic portals of the IFES Brazilian. However, it remains evident that this is not a rule, as the other IFES that do not have components curricular fulfilled the majority of the requirements.

The purpose of this study was to determine if any correlations could be identified from the form 483 observations issued by the US FDA during routine GMP inspections of drug substance and drug product manufacturing sites. The data analysed encompassed inspection observations from 2014 through 2018. The intent of the study is to provide unbiased insight to regulatory trends and to understand any underlying factors that may contribute to a sites non-compliance status. The data sets utilized in this study was derived from the US FDA public information database: Inspection Classification Database which was part of a 2009 open government initiative. The inspection observation data sets are ones that has been classified. The study results provide insights into domestic and foreign inspection trends. The assessment of 2014-2018 form 483 observations from FDA database revealed that the number of 483 forms issued has been on the increase however the number of observations has declined.

Ehrmann et al. contains very useful international evidence on the efficacy of forward guidance at anchoring expectations of future policy rates at the ELB. The authors give one finding particular attention, that short-term time-consistent forward guidance raises the responses of expected future policy rates to macroeconomic data surprises. I argue that this empirical result should be interpreted with caution. Nevertheless, the paper’s development of a novel theoretical explanation for it based on financial market prices’ imperfect information aggregation merits the reader’s attention. I conjecture that such “imperfections” are welfare improving in standard New Keynesian models.

Online communities, like Wikipedia, produce valuable public information goods. Whereas some of these communities require would-be contributors to create accounts, many do not. Does this requirement catalyze cooperation or inhibit participation? Prior research provides divergent predictions but little causal evidence. We conduct an empirical test using longitudinal data from 136 natural experiments where would-be contributors to wikis were suddenly required to log in to contribute. Requiring accounts leads to a small increase in account creation, but reduces both high- and low-quality contributions from registered and unregistered participants. Although the change deters a large portion of low-quality participation, the vast majority of deterred contributions are of higher quality. We conclude that requiring accounts introduces an undertheorized tradeoff for public goods production in interactive communication systems.

Law Number 40 of 1999 concerning the Press is one of the legal regulations that have a role in efforts to realize a good life together. The struggle of the Indonesian press to achieve freedom was finally achieved after the enactment of Law Number 40 of 1999 concerning the Press. The purpose of this study is to find out how the freedom and role of the press in law enforcement are reviewed from the perspective of Law Number 40 of 1999, concerning the press. This study uses a sociological juridical method, the results of research conducted on real facts in society with the intent and purpose of finding facts, then proceeding with finding problems, ultimately leading to problem identification and leading to problem solving. The results of the research include the press trying to carry out its functions, rights, obligations, and roles, so the press must respect the human rights of everyone. The press has an important role in realizing Human Rights (HAM), as guaranteed in the Decree of the People's Consultative Assembly of the Republic of Indonesia Number: XVII/MPR/1998. Based on the results of the research above, it is necessary to uphold the freedom of the press in conveying public information in an honest and balanced manner and that freedom of the press is not absolute for the press alone, but to guarantee the rights of the public to obtain information. what happened in the context of realizing press freedom as contained in Law/040/1999 concerning the Press.

Background Unregulated use of pharmaceuticals for cognitive enhancement has become a topic of growing concern, as recent studies indicate a growing prevalence in several countries. Prescription stimulants, also termed Study drugs (SDs) are typically accessed through peers but new studies show that social media platforms may play an important role in the diffusion of these pharmaceuticals. While there is scholarly focus on supply and purchasing practices, other aspects of drugs on social media have received less attention. The aim of this article is to show how SDs are portrayed on Instagram and to discuss some of the implications. Methods To find and collect Instagram posts related to SDs we conducted hashtag searches with a number of relevant terms; #studydrugs, #nootropics, #cognitiveenhancers, #smartdrugs, and #modafinil. A total of 563 posts including a selection of post comments, were included in the study and analyzed using the Content Analysis method. Results SD-related posts can be categorized into four main types; sales advertisement, personal experience, public information, and motivational quotes. Regardless of its kind, the majority of posts mainly express a positive sentiment towards SDs and SD use. Comments below posts show that people are influenced by SD-related posts and use Instagram for a variety of reasons in relation to their own SD praxis Conclusion This study reveals that Instagram is used to facilitate not only access to SDs, but also a great deal of communication that generally seeks to motivate, promote or encourage the use of pharmaceuticals for enhancement. The positive sentiment towards SDs may play an important role as it provides a false sense of security to current and potential users by posting content that portrays this kind of drug use as the easy and safe solution to social and personal pressures of becoming a successful individual.

Through the comprehensive application of NIT, CT and communication technology, an open PO information management platform is constructed to improve the quality and level of PO information management. Therefore, this paper discusses the feasibility, design and implementation of logistics public information platform based on PO network. The results show that the biggest change of SC service profit model is 44%, and the smallest change of after-sales service profit model is 1.2 billion yuan.

Investigaciones realizadas a través del centro de transparencia de la Universidad de Sonora describen que los municipios del sur de Sonora no cumplen con la Ley de Transparencia y acceso a la información pública, por otra parte está la falta de administración de la información para hacer del conocimiento público la rendición de cuentas de cada uno de los municipios; existen comités que definen las políticas de funcionamiento del comité de transparencia, a nivel estatal y municipal, siendo su actividad primordial lo que está estipulado en su objetivo específico que es: “acordar las políticas necesarias en cuanto a la instrumentación, coordinación y supervisión de la ley de transparencia, lo mismo para la obtención de la información en términos de las disposiciones aplicables en la materia, que garanticen el derecho de acceso a la información”, para cualquier ciudadano. (Secretaría de Gobernación , 2016, pág. 5).En todo este tiempo desde que se puso en marcha este escenario de transparencia, al menos en los municipios del sur del estado no se ha cumplido cabalmente con las obligaciones de la ley. Esta situación que se vive en los ayuntamientos de los municipios del sur de Sonora, hace pensar que el contexto de donde se parte para aplicar la ley de transparencia, no son los adecuados o pertinentes para el nivel de crecimiento social de una población encarecida en todos los aspectos que conforman su diario vivir, por lo que se requiere de un análisis de los procedimientos de aplicación de la ley por los responsables de los departamentos encargados dentro de los ayuntamientos mencionados.

Methods for the analysis of “big data” on citizen-government interactions are necessary for theoretical assessments of bureaucratic responsiveness. Such big data methods also stand to benefit practitioners' abilities to monitor and improve these emerging transparency mechanisms. We consider supervised latent Dirichlet allocation (sLDA) as a potential method for these purposes. To this end, we use sLDA to examine the Mexican government's (non)responsiveness to all public information requests filed with the federal Mexican government during the 2003–2015 period, and to identify the request topics most associated with (non)responsiveness. Substantively, our comparisons of the topics that are most highly predictive of responsiveness and nonresponsivess indicate that political sensitivity plays a large and important role in shaping official behavior in this arena. We thus conclude that sLDA provides unique advantages for, and insights into, the analysis of (i) textual records of citizen–government interactions and (ii) bureaucratic (non)responsiveness to these interactions.

Se dice que los principios de probidad, transparencia y especialmente el derecho de acceso a la información pública son mecanismos de control de la autoridad. El año 2008 Chile fijó un nuevo marco normativo para ellos por medio de la promulgación de la Ley N° 20.285, Sobre acceso a la información pública. Con ello, el país buscaba fortalecer la transparencia pública y modernizar los procedimientos administrativos que existían en materia de acceso a la información. Este trabajo tiene por objeto revisar la importancia del derecho de acceso a la información como derecho fundamental y cuál ha sido el reconocimiento del derecho en Chile. Lo anterior, para luego plantear que trascurridos 10 años desde la entrada en vigencia de la Ley, los esfuerzos hacia una mayor transparencia han sido insuficientes, que no existen importantes innovaciones en materia de reformas y que, si lo que se pretende es fortalecer la gestión pública, el gobierno abierto y la democracia, el principal desafío sigue siendo el reconocimiento explícito del derecho de acceso a la información como un derecho fundamental en el texto constitucional.

The latest data stated that the rate of deforestation has reached 2.83 million hectares per year during 1997 to 2000 and was reduced to 1.08 million hectares per year 2000-2005. It included the population ofironwood, population of ironwood is thinning because of the loggers who are logging ironwood as a good effort. Ironwood has been classified as endangered, but in the District of Kintap there are still many loggers of stump ironwood. Respondents need to have knowledge about the population of ironwood plant to measure the extent of respondents understanding related to their habits, especially in terms of ironwood conservation. People’s habit to use the ironwood plants in the district Kintap is the behavior of the villagers who live in the area near the forest who are not concerned about the reduction in the plant population. The purpose of this study are (1) to describe the knowledge and the habitof the loggers and collectors about the scarcity of the ironwood plantpopulation in Kintap district (2) Create public information material that is made by the results of the research know ledge and habits of loggers and collectors of the population ironwood plants in Kintap district as leaflets. The results showed (1) Knowledge of the loggers and the collectors about ironwood plant population, they knewabout the breeding, growth, utilization, distribution and conservation, but not very aware of the rules. Loggers and collectors habit on logging and selling is always done without making purchaselicense. In addition, they did not care about the preservation of ironwood (2) the result of the leafle treadability assessment of loggers, collectors and the public are rated high. Result of the validation by the three validators categorized as very valid.

Nathan Lyons was born in Queens, New York, in 1930, and became interested in photography in his teens after his family moved to Manhattan. In 1948, he enrolled in a two-year business administration program at the New York Agricultural and Technical Institute in Alfred, New York (now Alfred State College of Technology). He left Alfred to enroll in the United States Army, and served in the Korean War from 1950 to 1954 as a photographer. He returned to Alfred in 1955, where he majored in English and also studied photography and visual books under John Wood [Image 1]. IMAGE 1. Untitled (New York City) (2013) by Nathan Lyons; © Estate of Nathan Lyons. In 1957 Lyons joined the staff of the George Eastman House (now George Eastman Museum) in Rochester, New York, as the director of public information and editorial assistant. After two years, he was promoted to assistant director and editor of publications, and eventually became associate director and curator of photography in 1965. Lyons left the Eastman House in 1969, the year he founded the Visual Studies Workshop (VSW) in Rochester, a graduate program and artist space dedicated to artist books, photography, and the moving image. In addition to being an artist and educator, he was instrumental in the creation of many important arts and educational organizations, including the Society for Photographic Education and the New York …

Using public information from birth certificates and prison records from Florida, we adopt a reduced-form approach to estimate the effect of relative age on the probability of incarceration in adul...

We explore the combined impacts of costly information acquisition and public disclosure for investors. When there are only outsiders in the market, disclosure with low public information precision ...

El principio de transparencia es y debe ser, una noción consustancial en cualquier sociedad democrática avanzada. La rendición de cuentas por parte de los que ostentan el poder público, así como el acceso a la información pública, son aspectos que preocupan cada vez más a la ciudadanía. El escenario de desafección política, surgido sobre todo durante los primeros años de la reciente crisis económica, dio lugar a una tendencia en convertir en derecho positivo lo que hasta ahora había venido configurándose como un mero principio de buena fe que se presuponía en la actuación de los poderes públicos. Es así como la mayor parte de las Comunidades Autónomas profundizó sobre esta cuestión, con ciertas diferencias en cuanto a la extensión de su contenido y posterior desarrollo. En este estudio, se realizará un breve repaso de la configuración de la transparencia en España, tanto a nivel estatal como autonómico, centrándonos en la implementación de la Ley 1/2014, de 24 de junio, de Transparencia Pública de Andalucía, analizando su aplicación efectiva cuatro años después de su aprobación. Para ello se atenderá al uso realizado del Portal de Transparencia Andaluz, al conjunto de solicitudes de acceso a información públicas recibidas, y se comparará con los datos obtenidos a nivel estatal, gracias a la información facilitada por el Portal de Transparencia Estatal.

In order to counteract today’s sophisticated and increasing number of cyber threats the timely acquisition of information regarding vulnerabilities, attacks, threats, countermeasures and risks is crucial. Therefore, employees tasked with information security risk management processes rely on a variety of information security data sources, ranging from inter-organizational threat intelligence sharing platforms to public information security data sources, such as mailing lists or expert blogs. However, research and practice lack a comprehensive overview about these public information security data sources, their characteristics and dependencies. Moreover, comprehensive knowledge about these sources would be beneficial to systematically use and integrate them to information security processes. In this paper, a triangulation study is conducted to identify and analyze public information security data sources. Furthermore, a taxonomy is introduced to classify and compare these data sources based on the following six dimensions: (1) Type of information, (2) Integrability, (3) Timeliness, (4) Originality, (5) Type of Source,and (6) Trustworthiness. In total, 68 public information security data sources were identified and classified. The investigations showed that research and practice rely on a large variety of heterogeneous information security data sources, which makes it more difficult to integrate and use them for information security and risk management processes.

Background: Acute stroke treatment shows time-dependent benefit to prevent disability. Public information campaigns and streamlining of emergency management have been performed, but still, only one-third of acute stroke patients are admitted >4.5 hrs after symptom onset. Patients and methods: We interviewed 15 patients, presenting >4.5 hrs after symptom onset, regarding symptom recognition, emotions and their first action after symptom onset. Recorded interviews were analyzed by standardized descriptive analysis. Based on the results, a quantitative survey was developed. One hundred consecutive stroke unit patients surveyed to compare patients presenting within 4.5 hrs and more than 4.5 hrs of symptom onset. Results: Patients predominantly noticed symptoms by themselves. The most commonly expressed feelings were uncertainty and shame. The most frequent action was waiting. Patients described moderate knowledge about stroke in general, but felt less informed regarding their stroke risk. Magazines (51%) were the most frequently indicated source of information, while general practitioners only accounted for 26%. Significantly better knowledge was shown in the answers on closed questions compared to open questions, although the same items were named. Conclusion: Shame, uncertainty and insufficient individual risk knowledge about stroke were the most important factors delaying admission after stroke. Individual risk counseling could be investigated to close the gap between general stroke knowledge and recognition of own stroke risk.

We develop a tractable and versatile model of pretrial negotiation in which the negotiating parties are optimistic about the judge's decision and anticipate the possible arrival of public information about the case prior to the trial date. The parties will settle immediately upon the arrival of information. However, they may also agree to settle prior to an arrival. We derive the settlement dynamics prior to an arrival: negotiations result in either immediate agreement, a weak deadline effect—settling at a particular date before the deadline, a strong deadline effect—settling at the deadline, or impasse, depending on the level of optimism. Our findings match stylized facts.

This study investigates whether major USDA reports still provide important news to changing crop markets. The news component of each report, or market "surprise," is measured as a difference between the USDA estimate and its private expectation in corn, soybeans, and wheat markets. Changes in the relevance of USDA information are assessed by examining changes in the magnitude of market surprises and shifts in the futures price reaction to these surprises, which isolates the impact of each report. The stable size of market surprises over time suggests that competition from alternative data sources has not reduced the news component of USDA crop reports. Increasing price reaction to most reports, including those facing competition from alternative information sources, suggests that value of public information may be enhanced in uncertain markets affected by structural changes. Office of the Chief Economist of the U.S. Department of Agriculture [58-0111-15-014] Published version Funding support from the Office of the Chief Economist of the U.S. Department of Agriculture under Cooperative Agreement No. 58-0111-15-014 is gratefully acknowledged. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily reflect the view of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Public domain – authored by a U.S. government employee

Public administration scholars have so far largely viewed big data as a kind of technocratic transformation. However, through citizens’ digital records, use of service apps, social media, digital sensors, and other digital footprints, big data also gives policymakers insights into citizen choices and is therefore potentially supportive of public values such as participation and openness. Focusing on two underexplored countries, Germany and the Netherlands, this article develops a public values framework for big data that considers citizen values alongside technocratic ones. It takes the particular case of public information agencies such as ombudsmen and courts of audit, examining the functions they play and whether they have the capacity to address tensions arising between technocratic and citizen values. The study finds that, while capacity does exist, it is heavily tilted toward technocratic values, with no capacity to address participative values. Finally, five propositions are advanced, which describe where the tensions lie and therefore where the attention of public information agencies should best be focused.