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Research on the social dimensions of climate change is increasingly focused on people's experiences, values and relations to the environment as a means to understand how people interpret and adapt to changes. However, a particular challenge has been making seemingly temporally and geographically distant climate change more immediate and local so as to prompt behavioural change. Environmental humanists, anthropologists and historians have tried to address the challenge through analysis of the experiences, philosophies and memories of weather. Archaeology, commonly preoccupied by hard science approaches to climate change, has largely been absent from this conversation. Nevertheless, with its insights into material outcomes of human experiences and relations, it can become integral to the discussion of ‘weathering’ climate change and historicizing weather. Here, drawing on the subtleties of responses by Ilchamus communities in Kenya and using a mix of historical and archaeological sources, we highlight their experiences of weather since the end of the Little Ice Age and explore the potential of building archaeologies of weather.

International enterprises (in this paper, international companies are understood as companies that sell their products and services abroad) are precious for the national economy because, through their experience in international sales, they stimulate the development of other companies in the same industry and their subcontractors. The knowledge that these companies have gained on international markets through the spillover effect spreads on their suppliers, as well as through imitation or cooperation on their competitors. Also, international companies (in the meaning: domestic export companies) are often the first to use new technological solutions and product innovations, which contributes to the modernization of products in the entire business sector. Dynamic and robust international companies usually also build networks with entities from different countries in order to cooperate on development, negotiation, and sales, which also encourages similar activities of their competitors. For all these reasons, national governments should take action to help to export companies, or at least monitor the problems that such entities report. The purpose of the publication is to draw attention to the higher demand for the debt that exists in such enterprises and to discuss the reasons for this. In particular, the purpose of the publication was to verify 2 research hypotheses: H1: Internationalization increases indebtedness of a company measured with the debt to equity ratio, and H2: The scale of internationalization (measured with the share of foreign sales to total sales) is positively related to the level of indebtedness (measured with the debt to equity ratio). For both hypotheses we found no grounds to reject these hypotheses. In the opinion of the authors, the demand for debt from exporters should be monitored, especially in terms of the availability of this form of financing for exporters from the SME sector. The paper used the Arellano-Bond model and data downloaded from the Orbis database for years 2007 – 2017.

Purpose The complex and occasionally chaotic nature of health care has been previously described in the literature, as has the broadening recognition that different management approaches are required for different types of problems rather than a “one size fits all” approach. The CYNEFIN framework from Snowden outlines a consistent cognitive approach that offers the leader and leadership team an ability to urgently apply the correct actions to a given situation. This paper proposes a variant CYNEFIN approach for healthcare. Design/methodology/approach Consistent and accurate decision-making within health care is the hallmark of an effective and pragmatic leader and leadership team. An awareness of how one’s cognitive biases and heuristics may adversely impact on this cognitive process is paramount, as is an understanding of the calibration between fast and slow thinking. Findings The authors propose a variant CYNEFIN approach for health care of “act-probe-sense-respond” to resolve complex and time-critical emergency scenarios, using the differing contexts of a cardiac arrest and an evolving crisis management problem as examples. The variant serves as a pragmatic sense-making framework for the health-care leader and leadership team that can be adopted for many time-critical crisis situations. Originality/value The variant serves as a pragmatic sense-making framework for the health-care leader that can be adopted for many crisis situations.

The release of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals and the Paris Climate Change agreement highlighted the importance of global sustainability internationally. Here, we outline a vision and strategies for developing northern Australia that demonstrate how a focus on sustainable prosperity can both expand historical approaches and current government plans and integrate the biophysical realities with the social, political, and cultural characteristics of the region. We highlight examples of the significant horizontal and vertical integration opportunities that this expanded vision and related strategies provide for (a) land (carbon farming, targeted food production systems, and native title arrangements); (b) water (water resources management); (c) energy (renewable energy production, storage, and distribution); (d) workforce (culturally appropriate ecotourism, Indigenous ranger programs, and protected area management); (e) knowledge services (health care and innovative employment opportunities); and (f) governance (greater participatory governance). We found that realisation of even 10% of these emerging opportunities over the next 10 years alone could result in economic growth worth over AUD 15 billion and 15,000+ jobs for northern Australia as well as the further ecological and social benefits derived from a sustainable prosperity strategy.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the effectiveness of negotiation training delivered to senior clinicians, managers and executives, by exploring whether staff members implemented negotiation skills in their workplace following the training, and if so, how and when. Design/methodology/approach This is a qualitative study involving face-to-face interviews with 18 senior clinicians, managers and executives who completed a two-day intensive negotiation skills training course. Interviews were transcribed verbatim, and inductive interpretive analysis techniques were used to identify common themes. Research setting was a large tertiary care hospital and health service in regional Australia. Findings Participants generally reported positive affective and utility reactions to the training, and attempted to implement at least some of the skills in the workplace. The main enabler was provision of a Negotiation Toolkit to assist in preparing and conducting negotiations. The main barrier was lack of time to reflect on the principles and prepare for upcoming negotiations. Participants reported that ongoing skill development and retention were not adequately addressed; suggestions for improving sustainability included provision of refresher training and mentoring. Research limitations/implications Limitations include self-reported data, and interview questions positively elicited examples of training translation. Practical implications The training was well matched to participant needs, with negotiation a common and daily activity for most healthcare professionals. Implementation of the skills showed potential for improving collaboration and problem solving in the workplace. Practical examples of how the skills were used in the workplace are provided. Originality/value To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first international study aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of an integrative bargaining negotiation training program targeting executives, senior clinicians and management staff in a large healthcare organization.

An exploration into one of Central America’s indigenous nations using a UNESCO 2030 Objective and a business SWOT. The authors have visited the Mayangna people and read about them as part of the empathy process. They are doing this with the hope of eventually creating a culturally sensitive program to help the Mayangna leadership achieve whatever goals they set for their nation and for their communities. This is a special region of a special country and quite remote from the typical tourist destinations. Through the work with the Autonomous University of the Caribbean Coast, introductions and access were obtained to the Sumu-Mayangna Nation. This work explores with one Indigenous Nation but there are more than 77 million Indigenous and Afro descendent persons in Latin America and Caribbean alone. Estimates are that there are 45,000,000 indigenous persons in more 800 different groups in Latin America. There are about 7.5 million Indigenous persons in Central America. In Nicaragua, the estimate is 520,000. In this paper, the focus is on one group with a methodology that may be helpful in assessing other indigenous groups in the future. The paper is an exploration of what we know to date in June 2018. The goal is to build to a multi-university interdisciplinary program working with the indigenous communities to accomplish the goals of those communities.

In September 2017, the Royal Australasian College of Medical Administrators adopted a new clinical governance framework that recognised healthcare as a complex adaptive system, and embraced the need for resilient thinking and understanding the differences between work-as-imagined by managers and work-as-done at the front line of patient care. Directors of medical services may soon be implementing the framework in health services across Australia. This perspective describes a new conceptual model that underpins the Royal Australasian College of Medical Administrators framework, and characterises the challenges faced by all healthcare professionals when trying to achieve safe care for patients in an environment of variable complexity and unpredictability.

This commentary explores the intersection of the different ethical concerns raised by the contributors. In particular it discusses the need to move beyond simple rule following and regulation in order to incorporate the dual notions of ‘care of the self’ and the ‘constitution of persons through their relationships to other persons’ as fundamental to the creation of ethical subjects within the field of African archaeology.

It has long been recognized that archaeology in sub-Saharan Africa, and its public manifestation through the medium of museums, emerged within the context of European colonial rule, and that legacies of colonialism continue to shape archaeological practice across the continent. Following independence there has been steady indigenization, initially in terms of personnel but subsequently also in terms of organizational structure and research agendas. Recent calls for a ‘post-colonial archaeology’ liberated from the constraints imposed by ‘the colonial archive’, have highlighted many of the challenges that remain. Nevertheless, indigenization has also resulted in the production of more nationalistic and/or Afrocentric perspectives. These echo some of the sentiments voiced by the first generation of African political leaders regarding the need to recover a truly ‘African past’, which have also been revived in more recent calls for an African Renaissance as articulated by NEPAD, among others. This pap...

The phrase ‘long term’ is increasingly used as a keyword descriptive for research proposals and outputs claiming to contribute to debates on past and future climate change, sustainable economies, and the resilience of different landscapes. Scholars from across the environmental and social sciences and the humanities are engaged in this kind of research and are keen to see their results used to influence policy and practice. While ostensibly addressing mutually common issues, scrutiny of these studies indicates very divergent uses of the term ‘long term’. Such variation can act as an impediment to the development of truly interdisciplinary historical ecologies, especially since scholars often fail to specify the precise temporal range they have in mind when they employ the phrase ‘long term’. This chapter reviews these alternative understandings of the term and their associated problems, and offers some suggestions as to how these might be overcome.

The debate on the production and use of stem cells is probably the highest profile scientific news story in recent memory, and the ethical, moral, and scientific issues raised are numerous and complex. Yet, somewhere in between adhering to party lines, pandering to campaign contributors, following their own religious beliefs, and succumbing to the self-interest of those whose loved ones may benefit from stem cell technology, politicians have managed to morph the debate into another round of Roe v Wade (1973). It does not seem to matter that Jane Roe (aka Norma McCorvey) is now a born-again Christian and a staunch pro-life advocate or that Henry Wade passed away in 2001, their names are immortalized in this eternal debate. Both Democrats and Republicans, with very few exceptions, aver their age-old party rhetoric; pro-life advocates talk of infanticide, and the opposition speaks of a woman’s right to choose. Even President Bush, himself, openly admits to basing some of his science-related decisions upon his fervent Christian beliefs. However, an important fact has been lost in the redundancy: the subject matter of the stem cell debate is not abortion rights, but rather, the use of nonimplanted frozen embryos to procure embryonic stem cells (ESCs)—stem cells that have the potential of becoming the pivotal weapon in the fight against Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, diabetes, and a host of other debilitating diseases.

For most archaeologists across the globe, mention of Africa in the context of archaeological research will probably bring to mind the important discoveries of early stone tools and hominid remains in eastern and southern Africa, the spectacular stone-walled enclosures and other structures at Great Zimbabwe, and images of ‘tribal’ culture, subsistence practices, artefacts and housing that, to some Western eyes at least, can seem reminiscent of a more distant non-African past. For some, the architectural and artistic splendours of Egyptian civilization may also form part of this image of archaeology on the continent, although for complex geopolitical, historical and academic reasons the study of Egyptian archaeology, in all but a few instances, continues to be regarded as distinct from that of the rest of Africa. While accepting that the preceding sentences are something of a caricature of the non-Africanist’s understanding and perception of the work of archaeologists on the continent, and that general introductory texts on archaeological methods and theory nowadays give wider coverage of African case-studies than was the case even a decade ago (e.g. Renfrew & Bahn 1991; Fagan 1995), the level of awareness of the breadth of African archaeology, current discoveries and research issues, as well as the many problems that practitioners and managers face on a daily basis, remains abysmally low.

LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS PART 1: INTRODUCTION PART II: DOING AFRICAN ARCHAEOLOGY: THEORY, METHOD, PRACTICE PART III: BECOMING HUMAN PART IV: HUNTERS, GATHERERS, AND INTENSIFIERS: THE DIVERSITY OF AFRICAN FORAGERS PART V: FOOD FOR THOUGHT: THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF AFRICAN PASTORALIST AND FARMING COMMUNITIES PART VI: POWER, PRESTIGE, AND CONSUMPTION: AFRICAN TOWNS AND STATES AND THEIR NEIGHBOURS PART VII: AFRICAN SOCIETIES AND THE MODERN WORLD SYSTEM INDEX

Nouvelle etude des Dogons du Mali qui s'interroge sur la pertinence des textes de M. Griaule pour les chercheurs et les Dogons d'aujourd'hui. L'image que celui-ci donne de la religion Dogon ne correspond pas du tout a sa realite sur le terrain, probablement en raison de plusieurs facteurs, le cadre de sa recherche sur le terrain, son approche, le contexte politique, ses informateurs et les valeurs de la culture Dogon. Suivi de plusieurs commentaires et d'une reponse de l'A.

Faculty and students in several disciplines at four institutions in the United States and Nicaragua are collaborating on technology entrepreneurship education for economic empowerment in Esteli, Nicaragua. The project aims to demonstrate a new paradigm for development that is rooted in education. The effort will focus on design and delivery of new curriculum for collaborative, interdisciplinary product development. To demonstrate the curriculum, the effort will launch cross- cultural student teams to identify and develop markets, partners, and technology for entrepreneurial ventures in Nicaragua, utilizing Nicaraguan materials and skills. The envisioned long term goal is local economic empowerment and a sound, collaborative process for technology innovation and product development that is both replicable and transferable. The proposed program includes six sequential phases; phase one is complete and phase two is in progress. This paper discusses the goals, results, and assessment of the first two phases in the context of the ongoing project.

Dr Finlayson has provided a valuable and timely review of the work of the various British Academy-supported Schools, Institutes and Societies abroad, and of the main challenges they face. It is interesting to find that many of the same issues with which the BIEA has to deal are common to the other institutions, especially those with overseas bases. Thus, there is very little to add in terms of generalities to Dr Finlayson’s summary except to note that, despite being ‘research positions’, all of the senior appointments at these institutions come with a range of administrative duties that typically include handling local staff recruitment and management, day-to-day overview of operations and budgets, liaison with local research institutions and similar bodies, fundraising and various editorial responsibilities, among others. This is not to bemoan the fact; rather, it is to make the point that while the administrative load may be different from that faced by colleagues in British universities, these appointments can in no way be regarded as extended sabbaticals. Finding the right balance between, on the one hand, administrative and editorial responsibilities, and on the other, individual research and publication output is one of the biggest challenges, and at times the former have to be given precedent over the latter. This is particularly the case for an institution such as the BIEA, which has to respond to the demands of several different constituencies, comprising British-based researchers and the UK research community, researchers and students based in the region, local and overseas members and the broader research community with an interest or specialisation in the subject areas the Institute supports. Satisfying the expectations of these different constituencies often requires quite different strategies.

L'Occident a souvent stereotype les Africains parmi lesquels les Khoisan d'Afrique du Sud. Les musees se sont efforces de changer ces apriori mais les expositions sont interpretees de maniere differente selon les cultures : alors que l'exposition « Miscast: Negotiating Khoisan History and Material Culture » a la Gallerie nationale d'Afrique du Sud visait a corriger les stereotypes, les Africains ont encore eu l'impression d'etre humilies

(1989). The Archaeology of Ritual and Magic. By Ralph Merrifield. Archaeological Journal: Vol. 146, No. 1, pp. 651-652.