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This study aims to assess the potential of urban agriculture to secure daily needs during the armed conflicts, in addition to assess the contribution of urban agriculture in alleviating poverty level and unemployment rate for its practitioners. A combination of both quantitative and qualitative research methods was employed in this study. In the quantitative design, 129 randomly selected urban farmers from the area of the survey completed the self-administered close-ended questionnaires, whereas the statistical analysis presents the socio-demographic, economic, and other aspects of the households. The qualitative data collection included interviews with six governmental and nongovernmental officials.The results show that 89.2 percent of the urban agriculture practitioners are feeling food security. However, a small percentage of the households who practice urban agriculture are still experiencing difficulties with food security. In the meantime, the armed conflict forced most of the urban farmers to evacuate their homes or lands; thus, only 34.9 percent of urban farmers managed to gain food during the 2014 armed conflict.In a nutshell, urban agriculture significantly and positively contributes to alleviating household food insecurity in the study area. However, its role was very limited during the 2014 armed conflict.

\This study was conducted with the aim of analyzing the effect of unemployment on the poverty level, the effect of the human development index (HDI) on the poverty level, gross domestic product (GDP) on the poverty level, and the effect of unemployment, HDI and GDP on the level of poverty. This study uses secondary data obtained from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) and other related sources. Data were analyzed using the multiple linear regression model using SPSS 25 Application. The results of this study indicate that: (1) Unemployment has a positive and insignificant effect on the level of poverty; (2) Partially, the HDI and GDP have a negative and insignificant effect on the level of poverty; (3) Simultaneously Unemployment, HDI and GDP have a significant effect on the level of poverty. The results of this study indicate that in order to significantly reduce the Poverty Level in East Luwu, the three independent variables must be the attention of the East Luwu Government in making development policies. Increase the HDI mainly in terms of education and health to provide more competitive human resources, pursue high GDP growth level, and be more qualified and inclusive to reduce poverty levels in East Luwu.

Economic development in Indonesia is a process of building a complete human being, so that it can improve the community welfare. The main goal of economic development is poverty alleviation. The government through Nawacita is committed to developing Indonesia from the periphery, including by increasing development in villages. One of the government expenditures aimed at reducing poverty in rural areas is through financial assistance, namely the Village Fund. In addition to village funds, the quality of human resources also determines the poverty levels in each region. The quality of human resources includes the dimensions of one's education and health. The research objective was to analyze the effect of village funds and the quality of human resources on the poverty level and community welfare in the regencies/cities of Bali Province. The data used is panel data for regencies/cities in Bali Province in 2015 – 2019 obtained from the Central Statistics Agency for Bali Province, the Bali Province Community and Village Empowerment Service and the Directorate General of Fiscal Balance (DPJK)-Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Indonesia. The data analysis technique used in this study is descriptive statistics and path analysis. The results of the research analysis show that the village funds have no negative and insignificant effect on poverty levels. The quality of human resources has a negative and significant effect on the level of poverty. Village funds have no positive and insignificant effect on community welfare. The quality of human resources has a positive and significant impact on community welfare. The poverty levels have a negative and significant effect on community welfare. The Village funds indirectly have no significantly effect on community welfare through poverty levels. The quality of human resources indirectly has a significantly on community welfare through the poverty levels in the regencies/cities in the Province of Bali.

The purpose: The aim of the article is an attempt to assess the impact of family allowances on the level of poverty among children in selected EU countries. In the paper the division of EU member states by the date of accession to the Community was applied. Methodology: The implementation of the purpose required the use of descriptive and statistical methods, in particular the linear regression method. The ANOVA hypothesis verification method and the Wilcoxon pair order test were also applied using the numerical values of the variables published by the Central Statistical Office for 2015-2016. Results: In the article the essence of the 500+ Program against the background of family benefits in the EU, the level of poverty in Poland and selected countries were described. On the basis of Statistical data downloaded from Eurostat databases for 2016, an attempt was made to assess the impact of the amount of aid programs on the poverty level among h children based on the linear regression method

Regencies/cities in the Province of Bali as one of the areas experiencing problems with the rate of economic growth, income disparities and the development of poverty levels are not evenly distributed between regions These problems can be influenced by several factors, such as the tourism sector and the quality of human resources. Research purpose is to analyze the influence of the tourism sector and the quality of human resources on economic growth, income disparities and poverty levels in regencies/cities in Bali Province. The data used is secondary data, namely regency/city panel data in the Province of Bali in 2010-2019 which was obtained from the Central Statistics Agency for the Province of Bali. The data is then analyzed by path analysis using Partial Least Square. The results of the analysis show that the tourism sector and the quality of human resources have a positive and significant effect on economic growth. The tourism sector and economic growth have a positive and significant effect on income disparities, but the quality of human resources has a negative and insignificant effect on income disparities. The tourism sector and economic growth have a negative and insignificant effect on the level of poverty and the quality of human resources has a negative but significant relationship to the level of poverty, while income disparity has a positive and significant effect on the level of poverty. The tourism sector indirectly has no significant effect on income disparities through economic growth, while the quality of human resources indirectly has a significant effect on income disparities through economic growth. The tourism sector and the quality of human resources indirectly have no significant effect on the level of poverty through economic growth and income disparities, while economic growth indirectly does not significantly affect the level of poverty through income disparities in regencies/cities in Bali Province.

Poverty is one of the main problems of the government that is prioritized in developing the development strategy of every country including Indonesia. The poverty rate in Indonesia is still relatively high, so the government focuses on decreasing the existing poverty level by improving the welfare of the population. Therefore, it is very important for the government to know the severity of poverty in Indonesia so that it can take a policy to reduce the existing poverty level. The purpose of the research was to group the severity of provincial poverty in Indonesia with a Discriminant Analysis. The stages of discriminant analysis include testing of normal multivariate distribution, testing of homogeneity of covariance variants, discriminant analysis by stepwise method, then continued calculation of classification accuracy value. The results of this research show that the large classification rate obtained is only 67.7% which means that not all provinces are able to be classified appropriately based on the variable open unemployment rate (TPT).

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the incremental associations between the implementation of expanded Medicaid eligibility and prerelease Medicaid enrollment assistance on Medicaid enrollment for recently incarcerated adults. DATA SOURCES/STUDY SETTING: Data include person‐level merged, longitudinal data from the Wisconsin Department of Corrections and the Wisconsin Medicaid program from 2013 to 2015. STUDY DESIGN: We use an interrupted time series design to estimate the association between each of two natural experiments and Medicaid enrollment for recently incarcerated adults. First, in April 2014 the Wisconsin Medicaid program expanded eligibility to include all adults with income at or below 100% of the federal poverty level. Second, in January 2015, the Wisconsin Department of Corrections implemented prerelease Medicaid enrollment assistance at all state correctional facilities. DATA COLLECTION/EXTRACTION METHODS: We collected Medicaid enrollment, and state prison administrative and risk assessment data for all nonelderly adults incarcerated by the state who were released between January 2013 and December 2015. The full sample includes 24 235 individuals. Adults with a history of substance use comprise our secondary sample. This sample includes 12 877 individuals. The primary study outcome is Medicaid enrollment within the month of release. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Medicaid enrollment in the month of release from state prison grew from 8 percent of adults at baseline to 36 percent after the eligibility expansion (P‐value

Farmers' household income is an indicator of the level of prosperity by looking at the amount of expenses and family expenses. Mango production, which has increased every year, needs to be assessed according to the level of household poverty. The purpose of this study was to determine the household level of mango farmers in Situbondo Regency. The research location was determined purposively in the Makmur Jaya I Farmers Group, Jangkar District, Situbondo Regency. Population and sample with saturated sampling technique with a population as well as a sample of 25 respondents. Data were collected through primary data (direct interviews using a questionnaire) and secondary data from related agencies and literature related to this study. The data were analyzed by using quantitative descriptive analysis which was measured using Sajogyo's poverty theory. The prosperity level of the members of the Makmur Jaya I Farmer Group is in the decent living category of 64% and the moderate category of 36%. None of the mango farmers in this group are below the poverty line.

This study aims to see the causality between the Human Development Index (HDI) and the Poverty Level in Aceh Province. Where to identify whether HDI has an effect on the poverty level or the poverty level which affects HDI more. This study uses Granger Causality analysis and PVAR Modeling to find answers to the research objectives. As well as using regional Panel data for a period of 2015 to 2019. The results show that there is a causal relationship between HDI and poverty levels in Aceh Province. Where the HDI affected negatively the level of poverty. Where it can be used as input for social and population policies of Aceh Province, namely the need to increase development that concentrates on HDI. In addition, it is necessary to know the level of inequality of HDI between regions in Aceh Province considering that HDI can affect the level of poverty.

Poverty refers to a person's inability to get a stable livelihood and provide a decent income to support his/her life in a sustainable manner. Poverty is a problem deserving undivided attention in any country. Poverty is triggered by various factors, including low investment levels, high unemployment rates, and slow economic growth. This study aims to: 1) determine the effect of inflation rate and private investment on the unemployment rate; 2) determine the effect of inflation rate and private investment on poverty level; and 3) determine the effect of unemployment rate on poverty level. This study uses time series data from 2012 to 2018 and path analysis. The findings indicate that inflation has a positive effect on unemployment and poverty, and the level of private investment has a negative effect on unemployment and poverty.

Purpose of this observation to find out effect of economic growth on poverty levels in the period 2010-2019. The variable used is the percentage of poverty level as the dependent variable and the Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) and the Open Unemployment Rate as independent variables. The data used in this study are secondary data obtained from BPS North Sumatra. The analytical method used is a multiple linear regression model or Ordinary Ordinary Least Square (OLS). In processing data, the authors use the help of Eviews 8.1 software. Based on the estimation results it is found that there is no correlation between the rate of economic growth and the poverty rate in North Sumatra and the variable Open Unemployment Rate has a positive and significant effect on poverty levels in North Sumatera Province.

Various economic literature has been widely disclosed that the level of income, the allocation of the education budget, the level of investment and infrastructure spending are fundamental factors directly affecting the level of poverty. In the end, reducing poverty levels is expected to improve the quality of human development. The purpose of this study is to look at the effect of education budget allocation, health budget allocation, infrastructure budget allocation, population, open unemployment rate and inflation on poverty levels in Papua Province and see the effect of poverty levels on HDI in Papua Province. This study uses quantitative methods to analyze the effect of independent variables on HDI with poverty as an intervening variable in Papua Province. Data was taken from 2010-2017 and came from 29 regencies in Papua Province in Indonesia. The analytical tool used is Multiple Linear Regression with Panel Data. The findings of this study are significant education and health budget allocations to poverty levels, whereas for infrastructure allocation budgets, the population is not significant to poverty levels. Open unemployment and inflation are significant for poverty levels. Poverty Level Installed is very significant on the Human Development Index

Economy development in Indonesia is quite prospective, especially on four variables of both macro and micro economy, such as production level, national income, investment since 2004 until 2018 can be categorized experiencing rapid growth and the level of unemployment and poverty is getting lower.However, collectively, coefficient correlation r = 0,961 demonstrates that the influence of rice, corn and soybeans production level are very strong on national income level and coefficient determination R2 = 0,924 or 92,4 % demonstrates that the amount of contribution of influence on rice, corn, and soybeans production level collectively in 92,4% upon national income level, while it gives negative influence on unemployment level which means that more increase in national income level 2,765, it makes lower unemployment level, while investment level is still give positive influence on unemployment level which means unable to influence the level of decrease upon unemployment, however, collectively, the value of coefficient correlation r = 0,940 demonstrate that the influence of national income and investment level are collectively very strong and coefficient determination is R2 = 8,884 or 88,4 % which means the contribution of influence on national income and investment level are collectively in 88,4% and level of unemployment gives positive influence on poverty level that means more increase in unemployment also more increase in poverty that is if unemployment increase one score, poverty is also increase in 2,717 on Constanta 83266, while coefficient correlation r = 0,949 meaning the influence of unemployment level is very strong on poverty and determination in R2 = 0,901 or 90,1 % demonstrate that the amount of contribution of the influence on unemployment level in 90,1%.

Purpose of the study: This study tried to examine the correlation between social capital and the poverty level of farmers in Aceh. It was linked to the uneven agricultural development of some rural areas in Aceh had caused the poverty rates in villages are higher than in the urban areas. Hence the social capital is important as other capitals in development and become the energies for the development and decreases the rate of poverty. Methodology: This research used a quantitative method by distributing the questionnaire to 300 respondents in Aceh Tamiang, Pidie Jaya and Aceh Tengah, Indonesia. The data analyzed by using the Spearman correlation with the assistance of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences to determining the relationship between two variables; social capital and poverty in farmers. Main Findings: This study found that there is a positive and significant correlation between social capital and the level of poverty. Famers who have a higher stock of social capital are found to be lower in the poverty rate. Applications of this study: The finding of this study is useful for the government of the Aceh government to explore and strengthen farmers' social capital to empowering their economies. It would be relevant to decreasing the poverty rate according to farmers in Aceh. Novelty/Originality of this study: The case of poverty in Aceh was widely explained by the numbers of the researcher. But there is no recent publication that has explained the relationship between poverty and social capital in Aceh. Therefore a strong level of social capital will be able to significantly reduce poverty in Aceh.

Social tension is a multidimensional concept, reflecting, among other, the degree of dissatisfaction with living conditions. The major “sorepoints” are the living standard decline, high and rising poverty level, lack of housing, labor conflicts, etc. The article presents the results of statistical analysis of social tension level in Russian regions. The analysis was carried out for years 2016 and 2018 using data provided by the Federal State Statistic Service of Russian Federation (Rosstat). Definition of principal and relevant living standard criteria was accented in the research. The obtained results were compared using econometric modeling tools.

The presented study examines methodological approaches to poverty assessment as a social indicator of economic security of Russian regions and countries of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU).Aim. The study aims to analyze the level of poverty in Russian regions, including in relation to the dynamics of inequality indicators.Tasks. The authors address the problems of developing a comprehensive approach to poverty assessment in Russia with a view to further develop public policy measures that would allow for a radical reduction in poverty and analyze the dynamics of the poverty level indicator in the EAEU countries, determining the distinctive features of this phenomenon in the countries that are most economically integrated with Russia.Methods. This study uses the methods of systems analysis, econometric analysis, evolutionary-institutional theory, and historical approach.Results. Analysis of the absolute poverty indicator in regions shows a significant disparity between regions in terms of the proportion of citizens with incomes below the absolute poverty line. In all EAEU countries, the level of poverty decreased over the past 12 years, but the dynamics of this indicator is diverging.Conclusions. It is not uncommon for the regions of the Russian Federation with lower absolute poverty to have a higher Gini coefficient. EAEU countries use different methods for calculating the poverty level. Looking ahead, it seems appropriate to standardize the methodology for calculating poverty levels in EAEU countries, introduce a uniform standard for calculating this indicator, and develop joint comprehensive measures aimed at reducing poverty in EAEU member states.

The issue of poverty is still a strategic development issue carried out by the Bali Provincial Government. The poverty reduction efforts have been carried out by the regencies/cities of Bali Province with various development programs, but the number of poor people still shows that there is a level of poverty inequality between regencies/cities in Bali Province. This study aims to examine and analyze the influence of social and economic factors on poverty levels in the Bali Province, Indonesia. The social factors in question are population density, unemployment rate, education, and life expectancy. While several economic factors studied included investment, income distribution, and contribution of the agricultural sector. The data in this study are panel data covering socio-economic data and poverty levels in nine regencies/cities in Bali Province during the period 2007-2017. Data analysis was carried out with a quantitative approach using panel data multiple regression methods and equipped with descriptive analysis. The results of the study showed that education, investment, and the contribution of the agricultural sector has a negative effect on poverty levels. Population density, unemployment rate, life expectancy, and income distribution has a positive effect on poverty levels. Suggestions to policy makers, first, the regencies with low investment levels (Bangli, Karangasem, and Jembrana Regencies) to make innovative breakthrough efforts to attract investors to invest according to the potential of each region to support the sustainable development of Bali; and second, the consistency of pro-poor principles of social assistance spending policies. KEY WORDS Poverty level, population density, unemployment rate, education, life expectancy, investment, income distribution, contribution of agricultural sector.

This study aims to: 1) Know and analyze the development of economic growth, minimum wages, number of workers and poverty levels in Jambi City; and 2) To find out and analyze the influence of economic growth, minimum wages and the number of workers and poverty levels in Jambi City. The analytical tool used in this study is multiple linear regression.The results of this study are that economic growth in Jambi City experienced fluctuations during 2000-2017. The minimum wage in the city of Jambi has increased annually during 2000-2017. Labor in Jambi City experienced fluctuations during 2000-2017. The poverty rate in Jambi City experienced annual fluctuations during 2000-2017. From the results of the processed multiple linear regression that the variable economic growth, minimum wage, labor simultaneously have a significant effect on the level of poverty, it can be seen from the significant value of 0.002 which is smaller than 0.05. While partially the independent variables that influence the poverty level are minimum wages and labor, it can be seen from the significant values ​​smaller than 0.05. Keywords: Economic Growth, Minimum Wage, Number of Labor, and Poverty Levels.

This research was conducted in the Southwest Sumba regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province. This regency has a great potency of natural resources but with higher poverty level due to the low human resources, limited investments and available technology. The poverty can be solved through the development of sustainable horticulture agribusinesses. The multi-dimensional scaling (MDS) analysis, as a modification of the rapid appraisal of the Status of Farming (RAP-farm) method, was used in this study. The results of the analysis showed that sustainability status of the development of horticulture agribusiness in the Southwest Sumba regency was less sustainable, valued 43.72. This value was obtained according to the assessment of 37 parameters from five dimensions with different sustainability statuses, of which only ecology was quite sustainable (52.12), whereas economy (49.01), social (46.76), technology (43.8), and institutions (48.91) were less sustainable. The sensitive parameters toward the development of sustainable horticulture agribusinesses were (1) land slope and erosion frequency, (2) horticulture products prices and cultivated lands sizes, (3) government service existences and the assistance and extension intensity, (4) soil preparation techniques and compost making, and (5) the existence and conflicts among the farmer groups. Keywords: poverty, horticulture, agribusiness, sustainability, Southwest Sumba.

This paper addresses the experiences of social work students who offered social work services to clients at a clinic offering free medical care to those who are indigent and lack health insurance in a community in the United States. The study found that students’ attitudes toward poverty were challenged from the micro to the macro level. Utilizing the structural explanation of poverty, structural social work and Freire’s pedagogy of oppression, the study explored how students’ attitudes toward poverty were affected as they provided services to clients who are hovering at or below poverty level.

This paper aims at calculating and analyzing the Index of Syariah Financial Inclusion (ISFI) during the period of 2015-2018 and its correlation with poverty level in Indonesia. Using the secondary data of 33 provinces in Indonesia from Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS), Bank Indonesia and Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK) and Index of Financial Inclusion (IFI) method, this paper found that the Index of Syariah Financial Inclusion is generally low and DKI Jakarta is the most financially inclusive province of Indonesia. Furthermore, the results show that the Index of Syariah Financial Inclusion is negatively correlated with the poverty level. This conclusion suggests the promotion of Syariah Financial Inclusion to be a policy priority in Indonesia to achieve the central goals of inclusive growth, welfare and economic development.

BackgroundSocioeconomic factors may impact the efficiency of COVID vaccine rollout; however, there are limited studies that examine how state socioeconomic status influences the speed of vaccine distribution. This study aimed to demonstrate how employment rates as one of the main socioeconomic factors affect vaccine coverage in 50 states of the United States.MethodsThis study has obtained vaccine data for the 50 states in the United States, available in the electronic online database ourworldindata.org. In addition to employment rates, other socioeconomic determinants including poverty level, uninsured rates, population density, homeownership, educational level, the percentage of the elderly population, and educational level were obtained from ourworldindata.org data platform. Data from these 50 states were used for regression analyses to examine the relationship between socioeconomic and vaccination rates.ResultsOur study revealed a positive linear association between unemployment and vaccine rates, and states with higher unemployment rates were more likely to have higher vaccination rates. However, other socioeconomic measures do not significantly associate with vaccine coverage.ConclusionDespite other studies showing that vulnerable populations had lower vaccine rates, this study shows that states with higher unemployment rates are more likely to be vaccinated. However, the finding suggests a need for more research for the states with higher than 5% unemployment rates, as they had a lower vaccine coverage than states with a range of 4% to 5% unemployment rates.

Background Dermatology practice has recently seen multiple changes. A better understanding of trends pertaining to dermatology practice setups is necessary. Objective To analyze the recent changes in dermatology practice in terms of geography, practice size, and gender distribution as well as to analyze the availability of dermatologists based on zip codes' income levels. Methods This was a cross-sectional study. We extracted data on the sex and billing addresses of dermatologists from Medicare provider utilization and payment data for 2012 and 2017. We used 2017 tax returns data to calculate the poverty level for each zip code. Results Between 2012 and 2017, the number of solo practitioners decreased, while that of dermatologists working in large groups increased. The southern region experienced the largest changes. The male-to-female ratio decreased. Dermatology practices mainly comprised mixed genders, with a higher proportion of all-male groups versus that of all-female groups, but this difference decreased over time. In the northeastern and western regions, more than one third of dermatologists were located in the wealthiest zip codes. Limitations The Medicare data may not be exhaustively representative of the dermatology workforce, and the zip codes of 489 dermatologists' billing addresses were missing in the tax return dataset. Conclusions These findings provide an understanding of the recent changes pertaining to dermatology practice setups and of the substantial health care disparities based on geographic distribution.

Purpose: Poverty is a risk factor for poor child health outcomes, and these risks may be more pronounced in high risk populations, including those in the child welfare system. The objective of our study was to analyze the association between family poverty level and child health outcomes in school-aged children referred to protective services for abuse or neglect. Methods: We conducted a secondary analysis using longitudinal cohort data of school-age children 5-9 years old from the Second National Survey of Child and Adolescent …

Like all infectious diseases, the infection rate of COVID-19 is dependent on many variables. In order to effectively prepare a localized plan for infectious disease management, it is important to find the relationship between COVID-19 infection rate and other key variables. This study aims to understand the spatial relationships between COVID-19 infection rate and key variables of air pollution, geo-meteorological, and social parameters in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The relationship was analyzed using Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) model and Geographic Information System (GIS) by means of COVID-19 infection rate as a dependent variable and 17 independent variables. This study revealed that air pollution parameters like PM2.5 (p

* Abbreviations: ACA — : Affordable Care Act COVID-19 — : coronavirus disease ESI — : employer-sponsored insurance FPL — : federal poverty level In addition to the devastating health effects of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, the United States is experiencing the highest rates of unemployment since the Great Depression.1 One important and overlooked consequence of unemployment is the loss of employer-sponsored insurance (ESI) coverage for children whose parents lose their jobs. It is estimated 27 million US adults will become uninsured because of unemployment and lose ESI during the pandemic.2 During the pandemic, >4 out of 10 parents with children

ImportanceEliminating disparities in the burden of COVID-19 requires equitable access to control measures across socio-economic groups. Limited research on socio-economic differences in mobility hampers our ability to understand whether inequalities in social distancing are occurring during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.ObjectiveTo assess how mobility patterns have varied across the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic, and identify associations with socio-economic factors of populations.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsWe used anonymized mobility data from tens of millions of devices to measure the speed and depth of social distancing at the county level between February and May 2020. Using linear mixed models, we assessed the associations between social distancing and socio-economic variables, including the proportion of people below the poverty level, the proportion of Black people, the proportion of essential workers, and the population density.Main outcomes and ResultsWe find that the speed, depth, and duration of social distancing in the United States is heterogeneous. We particularly show that social distancing is slower and less intense in counties with higher proportions of people below the poverty level and essential workers; and in contrast, that social distancing is intense in counties with higher population densities and larger Black populations.Conclusions and relevanceSocio-economic inequalities appear to be associated with the levels of adoption of social distancing, potentially resulting in wide-ranging differences in the impact of COVID-19 in communities across the United States. This is likely to amplify existing health disparities, and needs to be addressed to ensure the success of ongoing pandemic mitigation efforts.

This research aims at discussing the role played by international aid in alleviating poverty in Sub-Saharan African countries. The formation of this research is quantitative. This paper shall first define the variables through a short literature review, then develop a multidimensional paradigm based on the previous resource to understand southern African poverty better. In data collection and sampling strategy, I adopt secondary resources for its accuracy and timeliness, contributing to the research’s reliability. To guarantee the validity of the research, I hereby deploy a cross-sectional strategy to attain a relatively comprehensive overview of the status quo. The study shows that there is no significant correlation between poverty level and international aid.

This study estimates the negative impacts of the COVID-19 on poverty and unemployment in Indonesia. In doing so, this study develops and uses the SD model that reproduced similar patterns in terms of GDP, poverty, and unemployment. Estimated unemployment and estimated poverty under the COVID-19 are calculated for three different economic scenarios: the optimistic, the mid, and the pessimistic scenarios. This study concludes that Indonesia will experience rising unemployment and poverty in ranges (9-10) and (25-26) million people respectively by the end of this year – depending on projected economy growths. This study suggests that existing financial aids are sufficient to support rising unemployment and rising poverty level. However, if the Indonesia government cannot carefully slow the COVID-19 flow, higher financial supports are required to curb the negative impacts of the COVID-19.

Recent changes in health coverage benefits and increases in diabetes medication prices may have affected out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditures for people with diabetes. High OOP expenditures is a barrier to get adequate medical care. We assessed national trends in OOP expenditures overall and by OOP-component among adults aged 18-64 years with diabetes from 2001 to 2017 using data from the U.S. Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. OOP expenditures were defined as the amount paid by a family with one or more members with diabetes, including insurance premiums, deductions, copays, coinsurance and payments not covered by insurance. High OOP burden was defined as spending >10% of the family’s pretax income on OOP expenditures. We examined trends overall as well as by insurance type, income (as a ratio of federal poverty level, FPL), type of service, and whether patients used insulin. We tested for changes in trends using joinpoint analysis. OOP expenditures were adjusted to 2017 U.S. dollars. From 2001 to 2017, OOP expenditures decreased 4.3%, from $4328 to $4139, and the percentage of persons with high OOP burden fell 32%, from 28% to 19% (P Disclosure Y. Wang: None. J. Park: None. R. Li: None. E. Luman: None. P. Zhang: None.

Cultural humility debriefing provides learners with the opportunity to consider how they engage with clients and patients while keeping their own identities and biases in mind. In this article, we invite a deeper understanding of the cultural humility debrief by reviewing its history and uses, describing the state of mind and communication skills required for successful facilitation, and providing a step-by-step process as a framework for veterinary educators to implement effective cultural humility debriefing in practice. This teaching technique is rooted in established communication tools—specifically, permission seeking, open-ended questions, reflective listening, and empathy. Drawing on experience from an inter-professional clinic that serves people who live at or below the national poverty level, this article offers insights to veterinary educators so they can use the cultural humility debrief. By utilizing the outlined debriefing strategies in a clinical setting, it is possible to augment any existing veterinary curriculum and strengthen education around cultural topics.

Poverty is one factor that concerns a country not least in Indonesia in general and East Kalimantan Province in particular. With the increasing number of poor people in an area being a bad impact on the performance of the government itself, so the government must be able to work to overcome and reduce the number of poor people in the area, one of which is providing opportunities for broad work for the community, the purpose of this study is to analyze several factors that can be used in reducing poverty. In this study there are several independent variables used including infrastructure spending, investment, transfer funds and economic growth and with the dependent variables which are dependent on employment opportunities and poverty levels. In this study using a tool such as SPSS version 22 where to see the direct or indirect relationship between the independent variables on the dependent variable. The analysis test results obtained that the independent variable as a whole has an influence on the employment variable and also on the poverty level variable, the independent variable has a positive and significant effect indirectly on the poverty level variable with the employment opportunity variable as an intermediary .

One of the ways in which the government in Central Kalimantan Province moves the regional economy is to develop an expansionary region which is expected to be able to further improve the economy of the community with the potential to support the pace of economic growth in the region for the welfare of its people. The aim of this study was to analyze The Economic Performance of Community Welfare in the Development District of Central Kalimantan in 2010-2017. This study uses a quantitative method and panel data. Proxy Economic Performance is a variable of Economic Growth, Unemployment Rate and Poverty Level as an independent variable, Community Welfare is proxied to be the Human Development Index as the dependent variable. The results of the study show that partially Economic Growth and Unemployment Rate do not significantly influence Community Welfare while the Poverty Level affects the Welfare of the Community. Simultaneously Economic Growth, Unemployment Rate,and Poverty Level have a significant effect on communityWelfare. Keywords: Economic Performance; Economic Growth; Unemployment Rate; Poverty Level; Community Welfare

Introduction Prior research has shown that tobacco companies target point-of-sale (POS) marketing to low-income communities. This research assessed the association between demographic characteristics and venue type with purchasing tobacco products in response to marketing. Methods Using Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study Wave 1 Adult data, this analysis compared promotion awareness and purchase influence among current smokers. Results Tobacco promotions were more likely to be noticed at convenience stores, gas stations, or tobacco stores than at other outlets. Smokers who bought their cigarettes at these outlets were more likely to purchase a brand other than their usual brand because of marketing. Smokers below the poverty level had greater odds than others to have noticed tobacco ads and to indicate purchase influence. Conclusions Point-of-sale marketing is effective in garnering the attention of low-income populations and influencing their tobacco purchases. Enforcing retailers' adherence to regulations is vital.

Poverty is one of the problems in the economy and environment that must be resolved immediately. The factors that influence poverty are population growth, economic growth, and unemployment. This observation aims to find out the relation of environment, population growth, economic growth, and unemployment on the level of poverty in Maesan Subdistrict, Bondowoso Regency. The data in this observation is secondary data obtained from the Central Bureau of Statistics of Bondowoso Regency. The results of this observation indicate that in comparison the variables of population growth, economic growth, and unemployment, have a significant effect on the level of poverty and environment in Maesan District, Bondowoso Regency. According to the data we obtain from the field between the influence of population growth, the economy and unemployment on average the rate of growth is slow and the people are still quite backward, still need more attention for environment effect and there are concrete actions for the development of the Maesan region. Therefore the government's encouragement is very important to promote the community in Maesan District, Bondowoso Regency. Keywords: Population Growth, Maesan, Unemployment References Basri, Faisal H. 1998. Indonesian Economy Ages in the XXI Century, Distortion, Opportunities and Constraints. Jakarta: Erlangga. Boediono. 1993. Microeconomics. Yogyakarta: BPFE. Ellies S. 1994. The Dimension of Poverty. Jakarta: Kumarien Press Komariyah, Ani. 2013. Analysis of Several Factors Affecting Fishermen's Income: Case Study in Tembokrejo Village, Muncar District, Banyuwangi Regency. Jember: University of Jember Prawoto, Nano. 2005. "Understanding Poverty and Handling Strategy ". Journal of Economics and Development. Vol. 6 No. 1. FE UMY Simanjuntak, P. 1998: Introduction to FEUI's Human Resource Economics. Sukirno, Sadono. 1992. Introduction to Macroeconomics. Jakarta: LPFI-Press. Widarjono, A.2013. Econometrics Theory and Application. Yogyakarta: Econisia. Copyright (c) 2018 Geosfera Indonesia Journal and Department of Geography Education, University of Jember Copyright Notice This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share A like 4.0 International License

Study are as follows: To analyze the effect of economic growth, poverty level, government expenditure and open unemployment on the Human Development Index (HDI) of the Provincial Provinces in Sumatra for the period 2013-2017. Based on the results of the study that economic growth has a significant effect on the human development index. Poverty level has a significant effect on the human development index. Open unemployment has a significant effect on the human development index. Government expenditure has a significant effect on the Human Development Index. Keywords: Economic Growth, Poverty Level, Government Expenditures, Open Unemployment Rate, and Human Development Index.

INTRODUCTION: Cigarette smoking is substantially more prevalent and rates of smoking cessation are lower in low-SES adults. Financial strain may be one explanation for this. This study assessed the association between financial strain, quit attempts, and successful smoking cessation among adult smokers in the U.S. METHODS: Longitudinal data on adult current smokers (aged ≥18 years) from Waves 1 and 2 of the nationally representative Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study (2013–2015) were analyzed in 2017. Negative binomial regression and logistic regression models assessed the association between financial strain and (1) quit attempts and (2) cigarette abstinence, adjusting for important confounders. RESULTS: Smokers with financial strain made more quit attempts than smokers without financial strain (adjusted incidence-rate ratio=1.34, 95% CI=1.07, 1.68), but financial strain was not associated with smoking abstinence at follow-up (AOR=0.86, 95% CI=0.70, 1.05). Low income was associated with less smoking abstinence at follow-up (AOR=0.66, 95% CI=0.50, 0.87 for

The paper presents the results of the study, which was aimed at comparative statistical analysis of the main indicators of poverty of different socio-demographic groups of the population to identify patterns and characteristics of poverty in Russia. The information base of the study was the data of the Federal State Statistics Service, in particular the materials of the statistical Bulletin "Socio-economic indicators of poverty in 2013–2016". The statistical poverty assessment, presented by the author is carried out within the framework of the absolute concept of poverty, taking into account its main criterion – the size of the subsistence minimum. Data from the sample household budget survey (HBS) in 2016 allowed for a subjective approach to poverty assessment and a study of opinions of the Russian people on their own financial situation. The use of statistical data of the Federal State Statistics Service revealed the reduction of poverty by 2,1 times (from 29% to 13,5%) for the period from 2000 to 2016 and the excess of the average per capita income and average monthly wage of the subsistence minimum by more than 3,0 times. However, all this does not indicate the general welfare of the country's citizens. The directive-based subsistence minimum as a standard of consumption is highly underestimated and does not meet the most important needs of the modern man. The results of the sociological survey of household budgets confirm the social stratification of society: more than 86% of Russians consider themselves poor. Based on the comparative characteristics of the poverty level in the regions of the Russian Federation, regions with the level of poverty below, at and above the average Russian level are identified. 63,5% of regions are characterized by the level of poverty that exceeds the average Russian level, which proves the severity of poverty and socio-economic inequality in the country. The results of the study allowed determining the characteristics of poverty in Russia. First, the existence and social (children, youth, pensioners) and economic poverty of the working population (employees of the public sector). Second, interregional differences and high spatial differentiation of the level of poverty in the context of the regions of the Russian Federation. In the current situation, solving the problems of poverty in Russia and overcoming social inequality should be a priority of the government's domestic socio-economic policy.

In 2015, Indiana expanded eligibility for Medicaid under the Affordable Care Act (ACA) through a unique waiver, Healthy Indiana Plan 2.0, which requires enrollees to make monthly contributions to an account that is similar to a health savings account to receive full benefits. Enrollees who fail to make these contributions receive less generous benefits if their income is below the federal poverty level, and if it is 100-138 percent of poverty, they are locked out of coverage for six months. We estimated the impact of this expansion on coverage rates and compared the effects to results from other states that expanded Medicaid after 2014. We found that Indiana's coverage gains (relative to pre-ACA uninsurance rates) were smaller than gains in neighboring expansion states, but larger than those in other states. These results imply that while one potential reason for Indiana's lower gains relative to neighboring states was its cost-sharing requirements, expansion led to unquestionable coverage gains in the state.

Small farmers cooperative limited (SFCL) is one of the very effective microcredit programs. It supports the rural farmer especially poor, marginalized, disadvantage and women of society by providing the saving and credit facilities. It has aimed to improve the socio-economic status of people and reduce the poverty level. The study aims to identify the contribution of SFCL on socio-cultural and political empowerment of Nepalese women. The study was conducted in Ilam district among the 522 women beneficiaries of SFCL. The data were collected by applying the mixed method. Census method was used for this study. The analysis of data found that there was significant difference in socio-cultural and political empowerment of women after involving in SFCL program. Women have been empowered to maintain the social relationship, reduce the gender disparity, involve in social program, and participate in political program through SFCL activities. Women have expanded their network of relationship through saving and credit program. This study argues that women’s access to economic resources changes their social status at household and community level. The study shows the need of expansion of SFCL program in hard-to-reach areas also to empower the socially disadvantaged groups.

An important indicator of the welfare and living standards of the population is the level of the poor population in the given country. As practice shows, in economically developed countries the policy in the population income sphere is one of the key elements of economic management. In countries with transforming economies such as Armenia, the problem of population income regulation is extremely topical. In resolving many of social policy issues the need to compare the living standards of families with different structures arises. The work is devoted to the construction of equivalence scales which take into account the actual purchasing power differences of similar incomes in different size households.

OBJECTIVE To describe trends in income disparities in dental caries among U.S. children and adolescents during two decades of fluctuating economic growth. METHODS Data were from National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys conducted in 1988-1994, 1999-2004, and 2011-2014. The number of tooth surfaces with dental caries experience per child was computed for three age groups: 2-5, 6-11, and 12-17 years. Absolute and relative measures of inequality compared caries experience in families below the poverty level with families where income was at least three times the poverty threshold. RESULTS Conspicuous, inverse income gradients in dental caries were observed at each time period and in each age group. However, there was no consistent trend or statistically significant change in the degree of inequality between survey periods. CONCLUSIONS Persisting income disparities in dental caries among U.S. children and adolescents challenge public health dentistry to redouble efforts to redress the inequity.

Sufficient food availability in an area does not guarantee household food security. Household food security is a condition for the fulfillment of food for every household both in terms of quantity and quality. The purpose of this research was to determine the factors related to household food security in Medan City. The research design used was a cross-sectional design. The location was in Medan Kota and Medan Denai District that chosen purposively with criteria for poverty level is 15-20 percent. The household sample was taken randomly as 120 households with the criteria prosperity (Pra KS and KS 1,2,3). The result of the research shows that 67,5% of households were household food insecurity, and 32,5% of households were household food security. Household expenditure has a relationship with household food security (p= 0,000), while the age of the household head, number of family members, and education level did not show any relationship (p> 0,05). In conclusion, that household expenditure has a direct effect on the status of household food security in Medan City. There needs to be a strategy and active participation from the local government in overcoming the problem of household food security in Medan City.

This study examines the effect of foreign aids on poverty level in Nigeria using Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach. Data spanned from 1980-2015 were sourced from World Bank development indicators, Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin and National Bureau of Statistics. From the ARDL Bound test approach to co-integration, the result of the study showed that foreign aids help in reducing poverty, but does not have a significant effect on the level of poverty in Nigeria. The study therefore argued that foreign aids could be effective in Nigeria if multilateral and multidimensional aids system were adopted which should be directed to different areas in the Nigerian economy. Also, proper care and monitoring needs to be put in place in order to checkmate any attempt for corruption especially in a situation where private individuals would divert foreign aids to solve private needs.

A theoretical model of targeting in the public distribution system is set out. In any system of targeting there could be inclusion and exclusion errors. These errors could be reduced by search by the state. The state aims to minimise the costs of food administration subject to keeping the magnitude of the exclusion error bounded. Targeting involves a consideration of the objective poverty level, the official poverty level and the targeted poverty level by the state. The targeted poverty level could be less than the official poverty level if the extent of search is not adequate. The objective poverty level is an increasing function of the above poverty line issue price of food due to exclusion errors, a decreasing function of the procurement price of food and by definition the below poverty line issue price of food. The instruments in the hands of the state are the official poverty level, the above poverty line issue price for food, the procurement price of food and the extent of search. The compar...

Private forest was forest that land ownership by the people with a minimum area of 0.25 ha. In Lampung province generally cropping patterns were applied to private forests is agroforestry . Agroforestry was one of land use form in multicrown. It was consisting of a mixture of the trees, shrubs with an annual or plants often accompanied by cattle in one area. Agroforestry system contributed on ecological and economical to generate in farmers income. Especially in this village private forest contribution to the welfare of farmers were not yet known. This study aimed to : (1) Know how much the contribution of private forests for income of farmers in Sukoharjo I Village Sukoharjo District Pringsewu Regency ; (2) Know the poverty level of farmers from agroforestry ; and (3) Know the welfare level of farmers from agroforestry. This research was conducted in the Sukoharjo 1 Village, Sukoharjo District Pringsewu Regency. The samples of this research used simple random sampling. Selected respondents were 41 heads of families. The results showed that: 1) The contribution of private forest againts revenue was 83.27% or Rp 62,591,537.00 / kk / ha / year and non private forest was 12,573,171 (16.73%) ; 2) The level of poverty of family was rate of 7.32% included in the category of the poorest , 2.44% belong to the category of poor households , 2.44% belong to the category of poor households , and 87.80% of the respondents belong to the category above the poverty line; and 3) The level of welfare of family was 12,20% of respondents, it included in the category of pre-prosperous: 19.51% included in the category of prosperous phase I , 14.63% included in the category of prosperous phase II , 46.34% included in the category of prosperous phase III , and 7.32% included in the category of prosperous phase III Plus. Keywords: agroforestry, the contribution of income, level of poverty, level of welfare.

Small farmer's household never deppend on on-farm income, they must to get other income sources by allocating their family labour as must as possible.Although they are small farmers, they still regard their job is being farmer and the other off-farm activities just as part time jobs. Family labour allocation on off-farm activities is about four times then on-farm, the off-farm's share to household income are 60,31%.By off-farm activities household farmer welfare level increase from poverty level to become wealthy level or not be poor level. The fact is show that off-farm activities to become more important for small farmer's household.

Some 41 million Americans, many of them children, currently live below the official poverty level. As a proportion of the population, the number has been stable for several decades. But what it mea...