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The 2020 Annual General Meeting (AGM) and Young Investigators’ Forum of the Canadian Society for Clinical Investigation / Société Canadienne de Recherches Clinique (CSCI/SCRC) and Clinician Investigator Trainee Association of Canada/Association des Cliniciens-Chercheurs en Formation du Canada (CITAC/ACCFC) was the first meeting to be hosted virtually. The theme was “Navigating Uncertainty, Embracing Change and Empowering the Next Generation of Clinician-Scientists”, and the meeting featured lectures and workshops that were designed to provide knowledge and skills for professional development of clinician investigator trainees. The opening remarks were given by Jason Berman (President of CSCI/SCRC), Tina Marvasti (President of CITAC/ACCFC) and Nicola Jones (University of Toronto Clinician Investigator Program Symposium Chair). Dr. Michael Strong, President of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, delivered the keynote presentation titled “CIHR’s COVID-19 Response and Strategic Planning”. Dr. John Bell (University of Ottawa) received the CSCI Distinguished Scientist Award, Dr. Stanley Nattel (Université de Montréal) received the CSCI-RCPSC Henry Friesen Award (RCPSC; Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada) and Dr. Meghan Azad (University of Manitoba) received the CSCI Joe Doupe Young Investigator Award. Each scientist delivered talks on their award-winning research. The interactive workshops were “Developing Strategies to Maintain Wellness”, “Understanding the Hidden Curriculum: Power and Privilege in Science and Medicine”, “Hiring a Clinician Scientist Trainee: What Leaders Are Looking For” and “COVID-19: A Case Study for Pivoting Your Research”. The AGM included presentations from clinician investigator trainees nationwide. Over 70 abstracts were showcased, most are summarized in this review, and six were selected for oral presentations.

The 2019 Annual General Meeting and Young Investigators’ Forum of the Canadian Society for Clinical Investigation / Société Canadienne de Recherche Clinique (CSCI/SCRC) and Clinician Investigator Trainee Association of Canada / Association des Cliniciens-Chercheurs en Formation du Canada (CITAC/ACCFC) was held in Banff, Alberta on November 8–10th, 2019. The theme was “Positioning Early Career Investigators for Success: Strategy and Resilience”. Lectures and workshops provided knowledge and tools to facilitate the attendees’ development as clinician investigators. Dr. Jason Berman (President of CSCI/SCRC), Elina Cook (President of CITAC/ACCFC) and Drs. Doreen Rabi and Zelma Kiss (University of Calgary Organizing Co-Chairs) gave opening presentations. The keynote speakers were Dr. William Foulkes (McGill University) (Distinguished Scientist Award winner) and Dr. Andrés Finzi (Université de Montréal) (Joe Doupe Young Investigator Award winner). Dr. Robert Bortolussi (Dalhousie University) received the Distinguished Service Award for his work as the Editor-in-Chief of Clinical and Investigative Medicine and for being instrumental in the development of the Canadian Child Health Clinician Scientist Program. This meeting was the first to host a panel discussion with Drs. Stephen Robbins and Marcello Tonelli from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research. Workshops on communication, career planning and work-life balance were hosted by André Picard and Drs. Todd Anderson, Karen Tang, William Ghali, May Lynn Quan, Alicia Polachek and Shannon Ruzycki. The AGM showcased 90 presentations from clinician investigator trainees from across Canada. Most of the abstracts are summarized in this review. Eight outstanding abstracts were selected for oral presentation at the President’s Forum.

In a previous paper an expression was given by one of us for the Doppler effect in a de Sitter universe. In the present communication an attempt is made to obtain a more general expression for the Doppler effect, and for this purpose certain results have been derived relating to the properties of null geodesics in a general Riemannian space. In the paper referred to, the problem of defining spatial distance in general space was discussed and certain formulæ suggested which satisfy the essential conditions associated with the idea of spatial distance. This problem has now been approached from a different standpoint, and a new formula of more general form is now put forward. In the final section of the present paper a physical interpretation is given of the theorem relating to null geodesics which is proved in the first section. This involves a discussion of the concept of energy in general relativity, in order that a decision may be arrived at as to what law governs the transference of energy by radiation from one point to another. It appears that when the simplest and most natural assumptions are made for this purpose, then these are precisely the assumptions which are necessary to ensure the general consistency of relativity with the principles of quantum theory. This is illustrated by an application to a statical universe, and to the reddening of light in an expanding universe.

Cardew Dixon was born on 22 May , 1865, at Northallerton ,the eldest son of the Rev. G . T . Dixon, a Wesleyan minister. He is remembered as a day -boy , "pale, fragile, with flaxen hair and eyes of vivid blue,” in 1874—75, at the Quaker school in Kendal, where his powers of mental arithmetic amazed his schoolfellows. Becoming head of the school in a very short time, he was transferred to Kingswood School, near Bath , under T. G. Osborn , sometime Fellow of Trinity Hall, who was him self an accomplished mathematician . As a boy he was something of a prodigy ; the school examiner, finding that he obtained the maximum marks in papers set at the annual examination, one year deliberately set a problem that could not be done, only to receive from Dixonan elaborate proof of its impossibility. It was remarked that when he was working hardest and best he often seemed half asleep.

Andrew Russell Forsyth was born in Glasgow, 18 June 1858, the son of John Forsyth, whose family had come from Campbeltown. John had been intended for the profession of surgery and had been entered as a student in the University of Glasgow: but the death of his father, through injuries received while trying to save a child from being run over by a cart, put an end to that plan and compelled him to begin earning a livelihood at once as a working marine engineer. He married Christina Glen of Paisley, a woman of piety and character, who taught her son Andrew the elements of knowledge—he could read the Bible aloud fluently at the age of four—but in his sixth year she died.

Hector Munro Macdonald was born in Edinburgh in 1865, the son of Donald MacDonald, originally of Kiltearn, Ross-shire, and his wife Annie, daughter of Hector Munro of Kiltearn. Hector’s earliest education was in Edinburgh, but after the removal of his parents to Fearn, in Easter Ross, he went to school there, and afterwards to the Royal Academy, Tain, Old Aberdeen Grammar School, and the University of Aberdeen, where he graduated in 1886 with First-Class Honours in Mathematics and won a Fullerton Scholarship. Of the Aberdeen honours graduates in Arts of his year—twenty-two in all—six went on to Oxford or Cambridge, and of these, four ultimately became Fellows or University Professors. Macdonald proceeded to Clare College, Cambridge, taking the Mathematical Tripos in 1889. The list of Wranglers was one of considerable distinction ; Sir Gilbert Walker was senior, Sir Frank Dyson second, Macdonald fourth, and A. S. Ramsey (President of Magdalene) sixth. He was elected to a fellowship at Clare in 1890, and in 1891 was awarded a Smith’s Prize for an essay on “Stress in the Dielectric.”

A Well-Known treatise on Physics written in 1892 begins with the words:“A careful study of phenomena reveals to us only two things, or entities, as having an actual and objective existence. These two things are matter and energy. SO far as we can determine, therefore, these two entities, in their various forms, make up the whole of the physical universe.”Such was the accepted doctrine in the latter part of the nineteenth century. I want to show how it originated and to what extent we have now departed from it.

Robert Koch announced the discovery of tuberculin at the Tenth International Congress at Berlin, August, 1890. The publicity of the occasion, the fame of the author, above all the defiance of the disease to all treatment hitherto, lent peculiar interest to the discovery. The suddenness of the announcement was another factor. No one had even an inkling of the work leading up to it. The declaration of the discovery of the tubercle bacillus in 1882, though credited by many of the members of the critical audience in the Berlin Physiological Society to which it was presented, met with so much scepticism in the profession at large as to have been practically disbelieved. Most of the leading medical journals discredited it; many of them derided it. When the truth asserted itself the disbelievers found themselves punished for incredulity. So, although the problem was harder, belief was easier on this occasion. In

Cincinnati has always had an honored name. We have furnished our quota of statesmen, of soldiers, of artists and skilled artisans. We have had able editors, eminent jurists, eloquent divines. Ascending in the scale of genius, we had one astronomer and two real poets. If we have fallen short it has been in the trades and commercial life, for it is said that some of the railroads have put us on a side track, and one or two of the younger cities about us have left us behind. But no city in this country has ever surpassed us in medicine. Perhaps there may have been times when a better sermon could be heard, or a higher legal opinion obtained in New York, or some other Eastern city, but there never was a time when a diagnosis of a disease could be better made or an operation be better done elsewhere

THIS book is substantially a reprint of essays which have appeared at different times in various journals. The author has the advantage of a more profound knowledge of philosophy than most popular writers on science, and his comments are more sober and orthodox than might perhaps be anticipated from the somewhat flamboyant title. The scope is sufficiently indicated by chapter-headings such as “The Nature of Scientific Knowledge”, “From Physics to Philosophy”, “Logic and Modern Science”, and “Determinism, Uncertainty, and Free Will”. Fact and Fiction in Modern Science By Henry V. Gill. Pp. vi + 194. (Dublin: M. H. Gill and Son, Ltd., 1943.) 8s. 6d.